Comparative Analysis Of Behavior Research Articles

Comparative analysis of cavitation erosion behavior in wire-arc directed energy deposition and cast nickel-aluminum bronze alloys.

In this study, the cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED) nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloys is compared with that of cast alloys, and the synergistic effect between corrosion and CE is investigated. The CE resistance of the wire-arc DED NAB alloy is better than that of the cast alloys. The CE of NAB alloys preferentially occurs at the boundaries of the α-Cu and residual β phases, and in the matrix around the κ phase. The residual β phase exhibits greater damage than the α-Cu phase. Throughout the CE, the alloys are dominated by local corrosion characteristics (selective-phase corrosion), while the wire-arc DED NAB alloys exhibit superior uniform corrosion characteristics. Notably, the uniform corrosion characteristics of all alloys are enhanced after CE. The mass loss caused by the synergistic effect of the cast NAB alloy and wire arc DED NAB alloy accounts for 56% and 52% of the total mass loss, with the corrosion-induced CE increment exceeding that of the CE-induced corrosion increment.

A comparative analysis of abrasive wear behaviors and mechanisms of pearlitic and carbide-free bainitic steels for grinding mill liners under varied impact loads

A comparative analysis of abrasive wear behaviors and mechanisms of pearlitic and carbide-free bainitic steels for grinding mill liners under varied impact loads

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. anthocyanin-infused starch, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol based composite films: Comparative analysis of physical, UV barrier, antioxidant and intelligent behavior.

Rhododendron arboreum Sm. is found abundantly in the Himalayan region of Nepal and other Asian countries, and anthocyanins extracted from its flower were utilized to develop intelligent food packaging films. The films were synthesized by blending chitosan (CS) with starch (ST), CS with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and ST with PVA, incorporating anthocyanin from R. arboreum. A comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate their potential applications in food packaging. Analytical techniques like FESEM, IR spectroscopy, XRD, and TGA confirmed strong interactions between the polymer matrix and anthocyanins through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction. All samples containing anthocyanins exhibited effective UV light barrier properties, with the PVA/ST/ACNs films showing UV blocking up to 450 nm and exhibiting superior antioxidant properties. The pH sensing ability, antioxidant properties, and ammonia sensitivity depend both on anthocyanin and the composition of the polymer matrix. Ammonia sensitivity was highest for PVA/ST/ACNs (70.1 %), followed by PVA/CS/ACNs (47.8 %) and CS/ST/ACNs (5.6 %). Chicken meat packaged with PVA/ST/ACNs films for 48 h showed TVB-N at 46.39 mg/100 g, pH 8.6, and film color changed from reddish pink to greenish-yellow, signifying spoilage. These findings suggest potential for the film as intelligent packaging to monitor meat freshness, correlating TVB-N, pH, and film color.

Comparative Analysis of Small Deflection Behavior in Cantilever Beams Using Structural Steel and Aluminum Alloy

This research investigates the deflection change of cantilever beams made of structural steel (S355) and aluminium alloy (6061) under small deflection conditions. The main objective is to compare their performance in several aspects of load carrying capacity, deflection and safety systems through theoretical calculations and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The research highlights that S355 exhibits higher stiffness and lower deflection compared to 6061 under the same load. However, 6061 demonstrates a higher safety factor, making it more suitable for applications where lightweight and safety margins are prioritized. The results provide insights into material selection for structural and mechanical applications, particularly where trade-offs between deflection and safety must be considered.

Comparative Analysis of Dietary Behavior in Children and Parents During COVID-19 Lockdowns in Greece: Insights from a Non-Representative Sample

Background/Objectives: Home isolation measures during the COVID-19 lockdown periods may have influenced individuals’ lifestyles. The COVEAT study aimed to identify differences in children’s and their parents’ dietary behavior, children’s body weight and parental body mass index (BMI) between two lockdown periods implemented in Greece. Methods: In total, 61 participants (children 2–18 years and their parents) completed questionnaires about their lifestyle, body weight and height, and family socio-demographic data, during both lockdown periods (LDs) implemented in Greece (LD1 in March–May 2020; LD2 in December 2020–January 2021). Results: No significant differences in parents’ BMI and fluctuations in children’s/adolescents’ body weight and BMI were observed in LD2 compared to LD1. Regarding dietary behavior, in LD2 fewer parents were found to have dinner and prepared home meals and more families reported to order fast food. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the consumption of fresh and prepacked juices and an increase in fast-food consumption were observed for children/adolescents in LD2 compared to LD1. Conclusions: The findings of the COVEAT study indicate that each lockdown period had a different impact on children’s/adolescents’ and their parents’ dietary behavior, with less favorable changes observed in LD2, suggesting that the implementation of additional lockdowns may have had a negative impact on individuals’ lifestyles.

Comparative analysis of volume change behavior of expansive road subgrades stabilized with waste paper sludge

Expansive soils have a high tendency for volume change in case of fluctuations in moisture content, potentially causing significant damage to light structures, particularly road pavements. This paper investigates the influence of waste paper sludge () as an alternative sustainable stabilizer on the volume change behavior of expansive road subgrade soils of different origins. For this purpose, was added to the expansive soils at ratios of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% by dry weight of the soils. A series of Atterberg’s limit, swelling, shrinkage, compaction, and consolidation tests were performed on pure soils and soil specimens with to attain a comprehensive understanding of the role that plays in the volume change behavior of expansive soils. The experimental test results showed that the addition of led to a considerable decrease in the plasticity and swell-shrink potentials of subgrade soils. The consolidation settlement of expansive road subgrades was also reduced to some extent with . Moreover, the statistical analysis of the test data indicated a significant relationship among different swelling-shrinkage parameters. The experimental results presented here suggest that the may be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable stabilizer to reduce the volume change sensitivity of expansive road subgrade soils.

Impact of Biologic and Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drug (DMARD) Therapies on Oral Health in Rheumatologic Patients: A Case-Control Study.

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) and biological therapies are known to alter immune function, which may increase the risk of oral infections and mucosal changes. Immunosuppression induced by these medications can make patients more susceptible to conditions like oral candidiasis. Furthermore, there is limited research exploring the long-term oral health outcomes associated with these treatments, particularly in rheumatologic patients who are already at a higher risk of systemic inflammation. This study aims to address these gaps by assessing the impact of these therapies on oral health status and quality of life. This case-control study assesses oral health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis receiving DMARD or biologic therapy. One hundred and fifty individuals were examined (50 cases on biological therapy, 50 cases on DMARDs, and 50 controls). Individuals undergoing systemic/biologic therapy for rheumatologic diseases were enlisted from outpatient clinics at Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. All participants underwent a standardized oral health (OH) and quality of life (QoL) assessment following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, whichincluded both a questionnaire and an OH examination. Controls (healthy individuals) matched for age and sexwere recruited from Khanzad Specialized Dental Teaching Center in Erbil, Iraq. The OH documentation of patients with rheumatologic diseases was recorded through oral examinations and medical chart reviews, which also included an assessment of the disease activity of each rheumatoid disease. Comparative analysis of OH behaviors showed significant differences between the groups. Patients receiving biologic therapies reported a lower frequency of regular dental check-ups compared to the DMARD and control groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the use of interdental cleaning aids was less common among biological therapy patients, which may have contributed to the higher prevalence of periodontal issues observed in this group. Oral mucosal lesions (OML) were most prevalent in the DMARDs group with 37 participants (74%), followed by the biological group with 34 participants (68%), and least in the control group with 16 participants (32%) (p < 0.001). Dry mouth affected 38 participants (76%) in the biological group, 28 participants (52%) in the DMARDs group, and eight participants (16%) in the control group (p < 0.001). The DMARDs group also exhibited a significantly higher incidence of decayed and missing teeth compared to the biological and control groups (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively). In the biological group, the most common OMLs were candidiasis in 11 participants (22%)and ulceration in nine participants (18%), while in the DMARDs group, candidiasis affected 12 participants (24%) and ulceration affected seven participants (14%). Patients with rheumatologic disease have poorer OH and OH-related QoL, more dry mouth, more decay, and missing teeth compared to control. Regarding OML, patients with rheumatologic disease are more susceptible to candidiasis. The findingsindicate a need for routine OH monitoring and preventive strategies in these patient populations.

A global comparative analysis of local recreation behaviors and values in peri-urban forests

Recreation is an essential ecosystem service (ES) provided by urban and peri-urban forests. In the context of adapting forest management to social demands, it is important to understand recreation behavior and the value that people place on their recreation. This study presents a comparison of recreation behavior and willingness to pay (WTP) across four peri-urban forests located in Freiburg (Germany), Oakville (Canada), Xi'an (China) and Zomba (Malawi). WTP was asked under two contingent valuation scenarios, one to improve the forest management according to the respondents' preferences for forest characteristics and the other to sustain the forest under climate change impacts. We conducted on-site surveys, focusing on the inhabitants of the associated cities. While the recreationists were generally satisfied with the forest infrastructure (e.g., paths), they were rather dissatisfied with the facilities (e.g., sanitation and drinking water). The mean annual WTP (adjusted by purchasing-power-parity, PPP) to improve the forest management was 21.07US$ PPP in Freiburg, 18.53US$ PPP in Oakville, 8.32US$ PPP in Xi'an, and 3.52US$ PPP in Zomba. Under climate change impacts, the mean annual WTP was 27.96US$ PPP in Freiburg, 19.29US$ PPP in Oakville, 7.52US$ PPP in Xi'an, and 3.53US$ PPP in Zomba. The statistical analysis revealed a positive effect of income on WTP in Freiburg, Oakville, and Xi'an. In addition, in Freiburg, education increased WTP, while in Xi'an, younger participants were more likely to pay. In Freiburg and Zomba, belief in climate change was found to increase the probability of WTP under the climate change scenario. Regarding the payment vehicle, a local tax and a voluntary donation were preferred in Freiburg and Oakville, an entry fee in Xi'an, and there was no preference in Zomba.

Impact of Oral Non-periodontal Pathogens (Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus) in the Induction of Cognitive Memory Impairment

Cognitive memory formation (CMF) plays a major role in the survival of all living organisms in their day-to-day life. Formation of this cognitive memory may depend on exposure to a new/continuous stimulus for a limited period. Formed cognitive memory is further categorized into two different categories based on their time of existence i.e. short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM and LTM are differentiated based on protein synthesis-mediated memory formation. STM uses already existing proteins for memory formation which lasts for a limited time. Compared to STM, LTM uses protein synthesis machinery to form new proteins. Newly formed proteins may result in the formation of LTM which lasts for the entire life span. The present study showed the role of specific oral microorganisms (Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus) in the induction of cognitive impairment in a serene habituated environment. To identify the level of cognitive impairment induction, we have used a comparative two-step (non-infusive and infusive) behavioural analysis. Behavioural scores of non-infusive behavioural analysis (NBA) showed that a serene habituated environment does not have any impact on CMF. Compared to NBA, infusive behavioural scores showed that oral microbial infusions may have an impact on CMF. Comparative two-step behavioural analysis showed that microbial colonization of non-periodontitic microorganisms may also result in the induction of memory impairment in the brain. Formation of memory impairment may depend on the transport of toxins/primary/secondary metabolites from the gut to the brain through the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Comparative Behavior Analysis of Cy5-Pyrimidine Nucleotides in the Rolling Circle Amplification

Two pairs of Cy-5-labeled dU and dC triphosphates with similar electroneutral fluorophore structures differing in the length of the hydrocarbon linker between the fluorophore and the nitrogenous base were synthesized. A comparative analysis of their substrate behavior in the rolling circle amplification (RCA) using Bst 3.0 DNA polymerase was carried out. It was found that nucleotides with a long linker between the fluorophore and pyrimidine base are more efficiently incorporated into the growing DNA chain, while nucleotides with a short linker inhibit RCA less. In each of the dU and dC pairs with similar fluorophores and linkers, fluorescently labeled uridine derivatives demonstrated a high embedding density. It was found that with simultaneous incorporation of labeled dU and dC, the inhibitory effect does not summarise. This gives grounds for a more careful study of various Cy5-dC variants in order to increase a sensitivity of the analysis with simultaneous introduction of labeled dU and dC.

Nanoscale friction and wear of graphite surface in ambient and underwater conditions

The tribological properties of graphite are extremely sensitive to surrounding environment, which affects its longevity and friction reduction performance. This study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the effects of a liquid environment on interactions at the sliding interface, thereby influencing the nanoscale tribological properties of graphite surfaces. By combining atomic force microscopy experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, we conducted a comparative analysis of friction and wear behavior of graphite under two different environmental conditions: ambient (air) and underwater condition. Our investigations explored both the step edge and interior (step-free) graphite surfaces. The experimental results revealed a notable contrast in the frictional and wear behavior of graphite at nanoscale in these two environments. The interior surface exhibited a friction coefficient (COF) of approximately 0.003 and 0.006 against a diamond-coated surface in ambient and underwater conditions, respectively. Interestingly, the underwater environment not only increased friction but also significantly compromised the wear resistance of graphene layers near the graphite surface compared to the ambient environment, as evidenced in both step edge and interior step-free regions. The interior region sustained up to ∼7400 nN load in ambient condition but failed at ∼1500 nN under water. Similarly, the step edge failed at ∼375 and ∼187.5 nN in ambient and underwater conditions, respectively. Our simulations revealed that the increased friction in underwater condition is due to resistance of surrounding water molecules during tip sliding. The presence of water at tip-graphite contact interface generated substantial localized stress, leading to the initiation of wear and revealing the pronounced effect of water on the wear characteristics of graphite in underwater condition.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Hyper-Personalization in Digital Marketing: A Comparative Analysis of Predictive Models and Consumer Behavior

In this research, the impact of AI in improving the extent of hyper-personalization in digital marketing is explored by comparing and contrasting the outcomes of the various predictive models with consumers' behavior. With the change in customer demands, companies are now incorporating AI technologies in the production of services and products that cater to the customer's needs. Thus, the study uses quantitative and qualitative interviews to examine the extent to which the different types of predictive models can contribute to hyper-personalization initiatives. Studies show that organizations that have adopted hyper-personalization through AI reap significant benefits in terms of customer interaction, satisfaction, retention, and higher conversion rates arising from segmented marketing. However, data privacy issues and issues related to the ethical use of the data are also pointed out, which have to do with data responsibility. As such, the study establishes that applying best practices and developing superior and sophisticated forms of AI enables organizations to build valuable and relevant customer experiences that lead to organizational success in the current environment.

Comparative Analysis of Dielectric Behavior under Temperature and UV Radiation Exposure of Insulating Paints for Electrical Equipment Protection—The Necessity of a New Standard?

This paper describes the behavior of some epoxy, acrylic and polyurethane paints used in the protection of electrical equipment under the action of different degradation factors. The degradation factors chosen were temperature and UV radiation. The behavior of the paints under the action of these factors was interpreted by the variation of the tangent of the dielectric loss angle (tg Delta) as well as by FTIR and TG DSC analyses. Tg Delta was considered the reference dielectric characteristic because it best simulates the functionality of the material. The results presented in this paper lead to the conclusion that exposure to thermal cycles and UV radiation is necessary for each paint to give indications about their possibility of use in these conditions. At the same time, the evaluation of thermal stability, even if the exposure is at lower temperatures (than those at which we performed the tests) and/or for shorter periods, is very important for placing the paint in an insulation class. The tests that were the subject of this work provide us with the following information about the three types of paints analyzed: the highest resistance to thermal cycles is presented by S3, followed by S2 and then S1; thermal endurance tests place the polyurethane paint (S3) in insulation class E and the epoxy paint (S1) in insulation class B; and the tests to determine resistance to UV radiation qualify the best paint as acrylic (S2) and the worst as polyurethane (S3). Thus, it can be said that in applications where it is necessary for the protective film to withstand high temperatures, the use of S3 paint (polyurethane) is recommended, and in applications where the films are kept under the influence of UV radiation for a longer time, it is recommended to use coded paint S2 (acrylic). The results presented in this paper lead to the conclusion that the exposure to thermal cycles simulating the use in outdoor conditions and the resilience of paints under UV radiation conditions must be performed for each paint according to its specific use, and the dielectric characteristics must be carefully evaluated because they can reach values under the accepted limit—e.g., thermal stability evaluation—even if the exposure is at lower temperatures and/or for shorter periods. The conclusions of the experimental work must be generalized at different types of electrical insulating paints, and maybe a new standard is necessary to assess the paints’ behavior under usage conditions, with the paints needing to be treated separately from the classical polymeric insulation systems.

Seasonality Effects, Stock Exchange and Foreign Exchange Markets: Comparative Analysis of Volatility Behavior During Covid-19

This study investigated the effects of seasonality on stock exchange and foreign exchange markets of two WAMZ and two BRICS countries which include Nigeria, Ghana, and Brazil and China. The Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) regression approach and the Markov-regime switching methodologies were executed. The parsimonious ARIMA estimates reported Nigeria’s stock returns demonstrated lower volatility (SIGMASQ = 0.000141) than Ghana’s stock returns (SIGMASQ = 0.004003). Similarly, Nigeria had a lower returns volatility than Ghana (SIGMASQ = 0.001829 &lt; 0.07727) in the foreign exchange market of their respective local currencies in relation to the US dollar during the covid-19 era. Comparatively, Nigeria’s stock and foreign exchange market performance showed lower returns volatility behaviour than Ghana’s markets during the covid-19 period. Brazil’s stock returns and the foreign exchange market return on the Brazilian Real had higher volatility compared to the Chinese stock market returns and the return on the Chinese Yuan exchange rate vis-à-vis the US dollar during the covid-19 era. Comparatively, Brazil’s stock and foreign exchange performance showed higher returns volatility behaviour than China during the covid-19 period. The ARIMA estimates were upheld by the Markov-switching regression results which reveal highest volatility effect of the foreign exchange market in Ghana and Brazil. Ghana's stock market volatility reverted more quickly than that of Nigeria, while in the second and third regimes, volatility of the Nigeria's stock exchange reverted more speedily than that of Ghana. The Markov estimates also reveals that China had more time than Brazil for stock market volatility to be repaired in the first regime, 40.43 months as against 36.77 months but a much lower time for China’s stock volatility to be restored in the second and third regimes, during and after the covid-19 pandemic. The expected durations in the regimes for the Brazilian forex market are 40.96, 47.98, and 33.99 months compared to 29.78, 27.55, and 21.65 months in the first, second, and third regimes. The study thus established that volatility on the returns of the Brazilian foreign exchange market before, during, and after the covid-19 pandemic takes longer time to die off unlike in the case of China’s forex market. The empirical findings validate the significance of the business cycle theory in these markets. Accordingly, our findings explicate the presence of sizable effects of cyclical swings on the stock and foreign exchange markets of Ghana, and Brazil compared to that of Nigeria and China respectively.

The first engineering application of 10MN CFRP cables in cable-stayed bridge in China

Existing engineering applications typically involve carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) cables with relatively small ultimate tensile forces (less than 10MN). This study presents the engineering application of China's first thousand-ton-grade CFRP cable-stayed bridge. The optimal steel and CFRP hybrid cable system was determined through a comparative analysis of structural behavior and life cycle cost. Thereafter, the CFRP cable, consisting of 121 strands of φ7 CFRP tendons, along with its anchoring system, was designed and manufactured with a theoretical ultimate tensile strength of 10,710 kN (Pb). Subsequently, the mechanical properties of 7–121 CFRP cable were investigated and experimentally verified. The tensile test revealed a satisfied ultimate tensile bearing capacity of 10,805 kN. Furthermore, after two million fatigue cycles, the CFRP cables retained approximately 90 % of their theoretical ultimate force, highlighting their excellent fatigue resistance. Besides, no damage occurred with a maintained tension force of 0.45 Pb at a temperature of 150 °C for a duration of at least 30 min, meeting the requirements of specification. Moreover, the key procedures of CFRP cable installation were also claimed. This study aims to further promote the application and development of CFRP cables in larger span and even super-long span bridges.

Comparative Analysis of Adaptation Behaviors of Different Types of Drivers to Steer-by-Wire Systems.

As one of the advanced automotive chassis technologies, the steer-by-wire system offers a high level of precision, responsiveness, and controllability in the driving experience. It can also adjust and optimize parameters to adapt to the preferences of different drivers. However, when faced with the steer-by-wire system, both experienced drivers and novice drivers are in the novice stage, exhibiting learning or adaptation behaviors when using this steering system. In this paper, a small-scale pilot evaluation was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey and driving-simulator experiment, and the learning behavior and adaptability of four experienced and four novice drivers to the steer-by-wire system were analyzed when using the traditional steering system. The study found that experienced drivers show significant changes in their adaptation to the steering system, mainly due to their habitual driving with traditional steering systems. In contrast, novice drivers show no significant changes in their adaptation to the steering system, which is attributed to their lack of driving experience and skills, resulting in less sensitivity to changes in the steering system. Additionally, the study found that novice drivers under the steer-by-wire system grasp control over speed and steering-wheel angle more quickly. This research provides a reference for improving drivers' learning and adaptation abilities to the steer-by-wire system and optimizing the design of the steer-by-wire system.

Entropy generation and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux analysis of binary and ternary hybrid Maxwell nanofluid flows with slip and convective conditions

Hybrid nanomaterials significantly enhance thermal systems through improved thermal conductivity, efficient energy storage, and customized thermomechanical properties. Due to their superior thermophysical characteristics, binary/ternary hybrid nanofluids are crucial in fields such as industry, biomedicine, transportation, and pharmaceuticals. This study examines the hydromagnetic flows and heat transfer properties of binary (CuO+Fe3O4/sodium alginate) and ternary (CuO+Fe3O4+MoS2/sodium alginate) hybrid Maxwell nanofluids over a radially stretching rotating disk. The governing flow equations incorporate Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, mixed convection, velocity and thermal slips, nonlinear radiation, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. These axisymmetric partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables, and the spectral quasilinearization method (SQLM) is applied for numerical solutions. Results reveal the effects of relevant parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and heat transfer rates. Novelty lies in the comparative analysis of flow behaviors and entropy production rates between binary and ternary hybrid Maxwell nanofluids. When the heat source is included, the Nusselt number increases by 12.9% for ternary nanofluids and 16.07% for binary nanofluids as the thermal relaxation number increases from 0.5 to 1.5. Furthermore, the ternary hybrid nanofluid shows greater resistance to Lorentz and porous medium forces and exhibits a higher temperature distribution and better thermal management capabilities compared to the binary hybrid nanofluid.

Comparative Analysis of Cure Behaviors, Mechanical Properties, and Swelling Resistance in EPDM/SBR Composites with HNTs, APTES-Modified HNTs, and RH-Modified HNTs

Comparative Analysis of Cure Behaviors, Mechanical Properties, and Swelling Resistance in EPDM/SBR Composites with HNTs, APTES-Modified HNTs, and RH-Modified HNTs

A Comparative Analysis of Student Behavior and Teacher Experiences in Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) and K-12: Insights from English Teachers

A Comparative Analysis of Student Behavior and Teacher Experiences in Revised Basic Education Curriculum (RBEC) and K-12: Insights from English Teachers

A Comparative Behavior Analysis of Cy5-Pyrimidine Nucleotides in Rolling Circle Amplification

A Comparative Behavior Analysis of Cy5-Pyrimidine Nucleotides in Rolling Circle Amplification