Comparative Assessment Of Quality Research Articles

A comparative study on semen quality and cryopreservation ability in Italian native chicken breeds

This study provides a comparative assessment of fresh semen quality and sensitivity to cryopreservation in several Italian chicken breeds. The research involved 145 roosters from 13 breeds. The results showed a wide variability in all the parameters considered among the different breeds, especially in the quantitative variables of fresh semen, such as volume and concentration. For the qualitative characteristics (sperm membrane integrity and motility parameters), the variability across breeds was more pronounced for frozen than fresh semen. Interestingly, apart from total motility in fresh semen, breed had a significant effect on all semen quality parameters in both fresh and thawed ejaculates. Considering the overall qualitative characteristics, the Robusta maculata, Siciliana, and Mericanel della Brianza breeds produced ejaculates with better semen quality compared to other Italian breeds. By evaluating the main parameters of semen quality, our results underline the potential of these traits to influence the reproductive success and genetic conservation. The Bionda piemontese, Bianca di Saluzzo, Livorno bianca, Pepoi, and Siciliana breeds showed better resilience to cryopreservation, suggesting the need for breed-specific protocols to optimise semen quality after thawing. Importantly, the research highlights the central role of semen quality for both immediate fertilisation success and long-term conservation efforts. Future studies integrating OMICS technologies could elucidate molecular markers influencing breed-specific differences, helping to refine cryopreservation techniques and improve conservation strategies for indigenous Italian chicken breeds. This work contributes valuable insights to global efforts aimed at safeguarding poultry genetic diversity and sustainability.

Comparative assessment of meat carcass quality of healthy and fasciolosis-affected animals

Background: Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease that primarily affects cattle in Armenia, leading to significant economic losses. Due to the absence of an integrated plan to combat fasciolosis in the Republic of Armenia, there is a lack of statistical data, and no systematic registration or diagnostic measures are conducted for animals affected by the disease. Additionally, milk and meat from animals undergoing curative and preventive treatments are often sold without considering the appropriate waiting period or the nutritional value of the products. As a result, the population and food industry receive food and raw materials that do not meet the required nutritional standards. Objectives։ The objective of this study is to investigate the nutritional value of meat carcasses obtained from animals suffering from fasciolosis and supplied to the population of the republic. This includes analyzing caloric content, protein levels, fat, ash, and moisture content. Approximately 70% of the cattle bred in small rural farms are locally acclimatized, low-yielding meat-and-dairy crossbreeds. Methods: The research was conducted in the laboratory of the Research Center of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Expert Examination at the Armenian National Agrarian University. Samples of meat carcasses and offal from infected animals were collected from slaughterhouses in the Ararat region. For the formation of research groups, the presence of pathogens in the liver and the extent of damage to the bile ducts were used as criteria. The samples were divided into three groups: The first group served as a control, consisting of muscle tissues taken from the carcasses of seven healthy cattle. The second group, labeled as slightly affected, included 16 cattle whose livers contained pathogens, though the infection of the bile ducts was not significantly pronounced. The third group, labeled as severely affected, included 15 cattle with livers whose bile ducts were severely damaged and calcified. Results: Although no qualitative deviations were observed in the organoleptic properties of meat from animals affected by fasciolosis, the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of this valuable food product have undergone significant changes. Specifically, caloric content decreased by 1.85-3.35%, protein levels by 8.49-12.3%, and fat content by 9.71-17.11%. In contrast, ash content increased by 8.45-25.35%, and moisture content rose by 3.86-8.41%. Conclusion: The scientific novelty of this study lies in the investigation of the decline in nutritional value observed in meat from animals with fasciolosis. The research results demonstrate that the chemical composition of meat carcasses from animals affected by fasciolosis is directly related to the degree of infection. Infected animals show a decrease nutritional value, primarily due to a reduction in the most valuable component—protein. Additionally, the ratio of protein to fat decreases, in contrast to the higher levels found in the meat of healthy animals. These changes lead to a reduction in the overall nutritional value of the meat carcass, resulting in the population consuming meat of lower nutritional quality. Keywords: fasciolosis, calorie content, meat carcass, large cattle.

Investigation of the Impact of Manufacturing Methods on Protein-Based Long-Acting Injectable Formulations: A Comparative Assessment for Microfluidics vs. Conventional Methods.

Therefore, rhCCL22-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles were prepared by conventional homogenization and microfluidics methods. The resulting microparticles were analyzed comparatively, focusing on critical quality attributes such as microparticle size, size distribution, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics, and batch-to-batch variations in relation to the manufacturing method. Our results demonstrated that the conventional method resulted in microparticles with denser surface porosity and wider size distribution as opposed to microparticles prepared by the microfluidics method, which could contribute to a significant difference in the drug-release kinetics. Additionally, our findings indicated minimal variation within batches for the microparticles prepared by the microfluidics method. Overall, this study highlights the comparative assessment of several critical quality attributes and batch variations associated with the manufacturing methods of protein-loaded microparticles which is crucial for ensuring consistency in efficacy, regulatory compliance, and quality control in the drug formulation manufacturing process.

Comparative Assessment of Multimodal Sensor Data Quality Collected Using Android and iOS Smartphones in Real-World Settings

Healthcare researchers are increasingly utilizing smartphone sensor data as a scalable and cost-effective approach to studying individualized health-related behaviors in real-world settings. However, to develop reliable and robust digital behavioral signatures that may help in the early prediction of the individualized disease trajectory and future prognosis, there is a critical need to quantify the potential variability that may be present in the underlying sensor data due to variations in the smartphone hardware and software used by large population. Using sensor data collected in real-world settings from 3000 participants’ smartphones for up to 84 days, we compared differences in the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the three most common smartphone sensors—the accelerometer, gyroscope, and GPS— within and across Android and iOS devices. Our findings show considerable variation in sensor data quality within and across Android and iOS devices. Sensor data from iOS devices showed significantly lower levels of anomalous point density (APD) compared to Android across all sensors (p < 1 × 10−4). iOS devices showed a considerably lower missing data ratio (MDR) for the accelerometer compared to the GPS data (p < 1 × 10−4). Notably, the quality features derived from raw sensor data across devices alone could predict the device type (Android vs. iOS) with an up to 0.98 accuracy 95% CI [0.977, 0.982]. Such significant differences in sensor data quantity and quality gathered from iOS and Android platforms could lead to considerable variation in health-related inference derived from heterogenous consumer-owned smartphones. Our research highlights the importance of assessing, measuring, and adjusting for such critical differences in smartphone sensor-based assessments. Understanding the factors contributing to the variation in sensor data based on daily device usage will help develop reliable, standardized, inclusive, and practically applicable digital behavioral patterns that may be linked to health outcomes in real-world settings.

In vitro comparative quality assessment of different brands of hydrochlorothiazide tablets marketed in Northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundThis study aimed to comparatively evaluate the quality and physicochemical bioequivalence of commercially available brands of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) tablets in community pharmacies in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsExperimental cross-sectional study design was applied using pharmacopeia and non-pharmacopeia methods. The difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factors were calculated to assess the in vitro bioequivalence of generic products with the comparator.ResultThe study results revealed that all investigated brands contained the required active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The friability test results were concordant with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) (<1%) for eight brands; however, brand NF3 (1.36%) failed to pass the specification limit. The hardness levels of the brands NF3 (24.20 ± 7.32 N), NF5 (32.19 ± 4.78 N), and NF9 (35.02 ± 3.12 N) were below the specification limit (39.23 N, USP 2019). The weight variation results of all generic products complied with the USP specification requirement. In the quantitative assay results, the minimum and maximum API contents were 97.4 ± 0.02 (NF6) and 105.8 ± 0.02 (NF8), respectively, which are within the limit specified by the USP (90%–110%). Similarly, all samples met the disintegration time limit (i.e., ≤30 min) and drug-releasing tolerance limit (API released more than 60% within 60 min) requirements. The f2 values were >50, and the f1 values were <15 for all sampled brands.ConclusionThe majority of the sampled brands of HCT tablets met the quality requirements as per USP official test specifications. From the similarity and difference factor values, all studied brands were shown to be equivalent.

Comparative assessment of air quality in Epe, and Olusosun dumpsites of Nigeria

Comparative assessment of air quality in Epe, and Olusosun dumpsites of Nigeria

Origin of spring water chemistry and its appropriateness for drinking requirements in a semi-arid environment (Ain Larbi, Algeria)

ABSTRACT A comparative assessment of water quality for drinking purposes was conducted in Ain Larbi area using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WA-WQI). The origin of minerals is assessed by a saturation index approach and the Gibbs diagram. Also, mineral correlation process and ion exchange mechanism are detected by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA results indicate that the groundwater quality in the Ain Larbi study area primarily results from weathering and geochemical alteration of rock. The saturation index and Gibbs diagram support these findings. The WA-WQI was calculated for each station based on physicochemical parameters. During the wet season, three out of five classes of WQI were observed in the present study, including excellent (25%), good (70%), and poor (5%). In the dry season, the classes excellent (25%), good (30%), and poor (45%) were represented. The present situation demonstrates how hydrogeological regimes and water–rock interactions affect groundwater ion concentrations. Our results contribute to identifying drinking water requirements in the Ain Larbi region, promoting sustainable water management.

Chemical analysis and antibacterial susceptibility of some brands of amoxicillin suspension marketed in Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria

AbstractPoor quality medicines present a serious public health concern and have a significant impact on national clinical and economic burden. This study was carried out for comparative quality assessment of different brands of amoxicillin suspension in Sagamu community in Nigeria to determine their suitability for the therapeutic purpose. Ten brands of 125 mg/5 mL amoxicillin suspension, marketed in Sagamu community pharmacies were procured and subjected to chemical analysis using the high‐performance liquid chromatography method according to the official procedures in United State Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the microbiological analysis on different clinical isolates which include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogene, and Staphylococcus aureus using agar disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The results of the high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed the percentage content of the brands A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J to be 97.39%, 57.078%, 91.565%, 98.137%, 61.694%, 103.337%, 91.454%, 106.683%, 75.109%, and 96.895% w/v, respectively. The result of the high‐performance liquid chromatography reveals the brands (A, C, D, F, G, H, and J) had a percentage within the required range and were deemed unsuitable for therapeutic use. In the microbiological analysis, all the brands passed the antibacterial susceptibility testing except for brand (B, E, and I) which were not susceptible to S. aureus due to their zone of inhibition being less than 15 mm. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure that only high‐quality drugs are made available to the population for optimal therapeutic benefit.

Comparative assessment of quality of life among adolescents with sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait: evidence from Odisha, India.

The present study aims to assess the quality of life (QOL) of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT) in hard-to-reach regions in Koraput district of Odisha state. 387 adolescents with sickle cell genes (HbSS = 52, HbAS = 135, HbA = 200) were selected through their medical records from southern parts of Odisha. A validated and pretested QOL scale was modified to assess the QOL. The questionnaires were modified by aiming to describe the proportion of adolescents who feel restricted in different domains, measuring the extent within each domain, and finding an aggregate score of QOL. Furthermore, to explore the expenditure on health, 552 households were selected randomly, of which 72 families had HbS individuals. This study found a significantly lower health-related QOL in adolescents with SCD. However, most psychosocial sub-domains, for instance, worry about the illness, frequency of angry days, feeling jealousness toward other normal adolescents, and negative feelings of sadness on some days, are similarly affected in adolescents with SCT and SCD. The overall QOL of SCD individuals is more affected (percentage of affected mean score = 60.93%), followed by SCT individuals (35.63%). Healthy adolescents' QOL is relatively unaffected (13% were affected). The yearly frequency of blood transfusion received (1.7 ± 0.4) and hospitalization (2.1 ± 0.9) was significantly higher in adolescents with SCD. The healthcare expenditure was significantly higher (3.6% to 81.3% of the family income) in families with HbS than in families without HbS (0.8% to 19.2%) (p < 0.05). The overall QOL was affected in both SCD and SCT adolescents. The focus should be given equally to both SCD and SCT individuals, in spite of only SCD individuals.

Comparative assessment of hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality for irrigation in an autochthonous karst aquifer with the support of GIS: case study of Altinova, Turkey

This study aims to present a comparative assessment of hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality in karst aquifers with the support of GIS which is essential to correlate the source of water with climate and geology, and to evaluate suitability of water for various uses. The study area is the Altinova region in Turkey where intensive agricultural activities prevail and travertine covers 85% of the study area. A total of 25 groundwater wells were monitored by seasonal field measurements and extensive water quality analyses for a period of one year to establish correlation between groundwater quality, its source, regional climate, and geology. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to assess the groundwater's suitability for irrigation based on electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium hazard, permeability index, residual sodium bicarbonate, Kelly’s ratio, and an irrigation water quality (IWQ) index. This multi-parameter evaluation was further integrated with geospatial analysis using ArcGIS, providing a detailed spatial understanding of hydrochemical variations across the area. Major cations and anions dominance were identified as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−, respectively. Spatial mapping identified high concentrations of Ca2+, TDS, TH, and SO42− in non-karstic areas, occasionally exceeding WHO guidelines. Nitrate concentrations displayed varied spatial distribution. The SAR values generally matched C2-S1 and C3-S1 classes, suggesting medium to high salinity risks and low sodium presence. Based on the IWQ index and observed correlations with total dissolved solids, the groundwater in Altinova’s karstic aquifer is considered suitable for irrigation, with salinization largely due to ionic interactions and geology. The presented comparative assessment provides a holistic approach for understanding hydrochemical characteristics of karst aquifers, and analyzing the impacts of natural factors and anthropogenic pollution sources on groundwater quality.

Quality of life of patients with an advanced stage of proliferative diabetic retinopathy after application of various vitrectomy technologies

Purpose: A comparative assessment of quality of life (QL) after the use of various vitrectomy (VE) technologies in patients with an advanced stage of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (ASPDR).Material and methods. We examined 132 patients aged 42 to 76 (average age 62.8 ± 2.4 years) who met the classification criteria of ASPDR: impossibility to estimate the area of neovascularization; the fundus of the eye in the posterior pole cannot be seen or can only partialy be seen using an ophthalmoscope; evidence of preretinal or vitreal hemorrhage in the posterior pole with an area of more than 4 optic discs and retinoschisis in the macular zone. All patients were divided into two groups, comparable in age, gender and visual status of the “healthy” eye: the main group (69 eyes), in which VE was performed according to the technique developed by the authors, and the control (63 eyes), in which the traditional VE technique was used. QL was assessed before surgery and 3 months after it using the VFQ-25 and QL-20 questionnaires.Results. QL was found to be higher when the new surgery technique was used: the data of VFA-25 showed a 12.9% increase (p &lt; 0.05) and QL-20 showed a 29.2% increase (p &lt; 0.01), which points to a higher clinical effectiveness of the newly developed surgical treatment technique than that of the traditional technique.Conclusion. The results obtained are related to the ophthalmological features of the developed surgical treatment of ASPDR: combined (phacoemulsification of cataracts + IOL + vitrectomy) one-stage intervention, lack of drainage of subretinal fluid, etc.), medication support (preliminary intravitreal administration of an angiogenesis inhibitor) and anesthesia (intervention under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation). The differences are most effectively identified using the special QL-20 questionnaire.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ROOT CANAL IRRIGATION QUALITY WITH EXPERIMENTAL INTRA-ROOT RESORPTION IN VITRO

Introduction. To date, intra-root resorption of teeth is poorly understood, although it is often encountered in dental clinics. This study aimed on assess and comparison of different methods of irrigation and antiseptic solutions activation used for root canal treatment, and focus on cleaning the area of simulated intra-root resorption. Methods. 24 extracted teeth were used, which the simulation of internal resorption was reproduced by dissection the inside of the root canal under the control of an electron microscope (Karl Kaps, Germany) in. Distilled water, sodium hypochlorite 5.25 %, sodium hypochlorite 3 %, chlorhexidine 2 % were used for comparative assessment of irrigation quality by staining with Indian Ink dye. Results. When using an endodontic needle and passive irrigation with the studied irrigation solutions, the dye remained on the inner surfaces of the root canal walls, which indicated their insufficient cleaning. The use of auxiliary cleaning methods - sound and ultrasonic irrigation nozzles - showed better cleaning of the root canal resorption zone. When using the sound activation of the irrigator with the EndoActivator device, the dye partially remained in the simulated resorption zone, while a significant part of the root canal system was cleaned. The use of ultrasonic activation of the irrigator with the P5 XS device showed that all dye-stained root canals of the samples were cleaned. Zones of simulated root resorption did not show any dye residues visually and under electron microscope control. Conclusions. The quality of root canal cleaning in case of intra-root resorption in terms of visual assessment of their transparency and under the control of an electron microscope was more pronounced when using methods of activating irrigation solutions with sound and ultrasonic activators.

Investigation and Comparative Assessment of Surface Water Quality for Drinking Purposes by Using Relief Algorithm, GIS, and Machine Learning: A Case Study of Mahanadi River Basin, Odisha (India)

Surface water is the best source of drinking water available. However, climate change, over-pumping, and a variety of contaminants have all led to the depletion of this valuable resource. Conducting surface water quality assessments for home usage, especially drinking water, is essential to safeguarding human health and effectively managing resources. In this study, this work has highlighted an evaluation of surface water quality of river Mahanadi, Odisha, for drinking purposes using Relief Algorithm (RA) based WQI (RA-WQI), with reliability-based MLs (Machine Learning) such as Weight of Evidence (WOE) have been employed. For this, water samples from 19 locations were taken for a period of 2018-2023, to test 20 physicochemical parameters in the selected sampling sites. The findings indicated that although pH changes, the water is alkaline and its value spanned from 7.73 to 7.9. The concentration of coliform and TKN is found to be higher at all locations. The highest levels of Cl- and SO42- are located close to the downstream area. Based on the results, anions and cations are observing a shift in the trend, i.e., Fe2+ &gt; B+ and Cl- &gt; SO42- &gt; NO3- &gt; F- respectively, throughout the occupied duration. Further, the calculated RAWQI revealed that 63.16% belong to poor water quality while 31.57% of sites come under the zone of excellent water. However, 5.26% of samples indicated an unsuitable water class. The analysis primarily revealed that at 8 samples, the main cause could be deterioration of domestic water, illegally dumped municipal solid waste, and agricultural runoff were the leading sources causing adulteration of the river’s water quality. As a result, a renowned ML models, such as WOE, were adopted and it suggests location SP-(9) was the most polluted in comparison with other locations, followed by SP-(8), (19), and (2) respectively. Following this, the analytic findings also suggests from the highest RA-WQI values that consists of 488, 243, 277 and 285 at this location. However, it was relevant that the degree of pollution at these stations was more closely linked to a wide range of expanding human activities, such as excessive water use, fertilizer effects, agricultural runoff, and industrial activity in and around the river corridor. According to the drinking water quality indices, the surface water in the area under investigation is classified as suitable for human consumption. Thus, the results illuminate the preservation and distribution of drinkable and irrigable surface water supplies, and provide decision-makers with a valuable resource for implementing successful surface water protection strategies in the area under study.

Comparative quality assessment of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties cultivated under organic production systems

Comparative quality assessment of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties cultivated under organic production systems

Comparative Assessment of Water Quality of Ikop Lake and Its Peripheral Fish Farms

Comparative Assessment of Water Quality of Ikop Lake and Its Peripheral Fish Farms

Evaluation of Chatbot Technology: The Case of Greece

In recent years, the field of Artificial Intelligence has made significant strides, particularly in advancing chatbots through Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology. Recently, however, there has been intense competition in this industry, with major tech companies consistently introducing new and improved solutions. Nevertheless, the Greek context introduces several unique challenges and obstacles to the adoption of modern solutions, owing to the distinctiveness and relative rarity of the Greek language, as well as the limited financial resources of the Greek economy. The objective of this study is to assess the performance of chatbots in terms of the quality of their responses, including relevance, naturalness, coherence, accuracy, and vocabulary, and to gauge user experience and satisfaction. An additional objective is to acquire a comprehensive comparative overview of chatbot performance in Greece, both on a per-question basis and when comparing related questions. The chosen method for evaluation is a guided interview employing closed-type questions. The intention is to gather structured and quantified data in an area where the typical internet user may not possess extensive familiarity or prior experience with such evaluations. Conclusions were drawn for each question, enabling a focused and comparative assessment of solution quality, identification of potential trends, and verification of response consistency.

Comparative Assessment of Spire and COSMIC-2 Radio Occultation Data Quality

In this study, we investigate the performances of a commercial Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) mission and a new-generation RO constellation, i.e., Spire and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate 2 (COSMIC-2), respectively. In the statistical comparison between Spire and COSMIC-2, the results indicate that although the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Spire is far weaker than that of COSMIC-2, the penetration of Spire is comparable to, and occasionally even better than, that of COSMIC-2. In our analysis, we find that the penetration depth is contingent upon various factors including SNR, GNSS, RO modes, topography, and latitude. With the reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and Radiosonde as the reference data, the identical error characteristics of Spire and COSMIC-2 reveal that overall, the accuracy of Spire’s neutral-atmosphere data products was found to be comparable to that of COSMIC-2.

Benthic diatom communities and a comparative seasonal-based ecological quality assessment of a transboundary river in Bangladesh.

Seasonality can play a crucial role in altering water quality in tropical rivers, and as a benthic community, diatom can show seasonal variation and changes in ecological status. During the present study, the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to determine the ecological status of a transboundary river, the Sari-Goyain River in Bangladesh. Samplings were carried out from upstream to downstream river sites in wet and dry seasons to observe the seasonal dynamics. The benthic diatom composition and physicochemical parameters showed seasonal variation in ecological water quality assessment. In the River, 42 different diatom species from 19 genera were recorded. The mean TDI values indicated an oligotrophic condition of the river in both seasons. But, the WQI values showed excellent and good water quality in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. So, the WQI was helpful in assessing seasonal variation of ecological water quality status in the Sari-Goyain River. For the long-term monitoring of the ecological status of the river, seasonal variation and WQI-based assessment should be considered.

Comparative Quality Assessment of Olive Oil Merchandized in Russian and Foreign Trading Enterprises

The lack of olive oil production in Russia and significant volumes of its imports determine the high importance of the correct identification and classification when imported into the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. The research aims at a comparative analysis of the quality indicators of unrefined olive oil samples of the highest quality produced and sold abroad as well as sold in commercial enterprises of the Moscow region. The authors determined that the labeling and organoleptic characteristics of all samples formally comply with the requirements of Russian regulatory documents. The refractive index of each of five samples studied corresponded to the standard one for olive oil at T = 20 °C (1.4677–1.4705) and amounted to n = (1.4679 ± 0.0002), the permissible values of peroxide numbers – no more than 0.15 meq/kg. There were inconsistencies in the fatty acid composition of the Sitia sample sold in Russia: the linolenic acid content was six times higher than the standard values, probably indicating a possible blend of olive oil with lower-cost vegetable oils, such as soy or rapeseed. In order to provide Russian consumers with high-quality and safe olive oil, there is a need to tighten control over the safety and counterfeiting detection of olive oil when crossing the customs border, as well as the national or interstate olive oil standard development with clear quality indicators regulation, harmonized with the international regulatory document requirements.

Comparative assessment of ground water quality in Kokrajhar, India.

Comparative assessment of ground water quality in Kokrajhar, India.