Comparative Phytochemical Analysis Research Articles

Comparative phytochemical analysis of five Egyptian strawberry cultivars (Fragaria×ananassaDuch.) and antidiabetic potential of Festival and Red Merlin cultivars

This work aims to explore the differences in phytochemical composition and biological properties of five strawberry hybrids (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), and highlights the non-edible part (byproduct) as a source of self-remedy natural herb along with fruits. HPLC/DAD/HRESIMS technique was used in the dereplication of ten ethanolic extracts of five strawberry cultivars leaves and fruits (Festival, Red Merlin, Suzana, Tamar and Winter Dawn). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were established using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of leaves and fruits from Festival and Red Merlin cultivars were selected to investigate their anti-hyperglycemic activity using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Oxidative stress markers, lipid profile and kidney and liver function tests were assessed. The results revealed different chemical profiles of ten samples with the identification of 37 metabolites, represented mainly as flavonoids and phenolic acid derivatives. Phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of seven known phenolic compounds; quercetin, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, p-tyrosol, methyl gallate, trans-tiliroside and eutigoside A. Suzana cultivar was the richest cultivar with flavonoids and total phenolics except for the total flavonoid content in leaves referred to Festival cultivar. Ethanolic extract of leaves, especially Festival cultivar was the most bioactive one. The results established the role of strawberry leaves along with fruits as an antioxidant and hypoglycemic natural remedy.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of Lepidium latifolium L. sprouts from Ladakh Himalayas suggest a novel combination of 2-propenyl and benzyl glucosinolate

Lepidium latifolium L. from Ladakh Himalayas is a high source of 2-propenyl glucosinolate (GLS). To utilize it as a functional food, differently aged sprouts (1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, 4th-, and 8th-week) were evaluated for phytochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties. A combination of 2-propenyl and benzyl GLS was found in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher quantity during the first four stages. Benzyl GLS decreased during the 8th-week stage, with a concomitant increase in 2-propenyl GLS. The content of GLSs was found under the transcriptional regulation of the MYB transcription factors. Despite the similar metabolic content of GLSs, higher myrosinase activity during the 3rd-week might increase their bioavailability. Lepidium sprouts also contain higher amounts of nutritionally important vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids than observed in other Brassica species. The antioxidant potential in sprouts corroborated with the content of phenols and flavonoids and was higher during the first three weeks. Our results suggest that sprouts during the 3rd-week stage showed a unique combination of GLSs and qualitative and quantitative phytochemical superiority, hence could be promoted as a functional food.

Comparative quantitative phytochemical and HPTLC analysis of two Euphorbiaceae family plants under the name Dugdhika

Euphorbia hirta and Euphorbia thymifolia are plants with the same regional name “Dudheli” in Gujarat region, India. The present study has been conducted with comparative analysis of two plants, E. hirta and E. thymifolia, for total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and quantification of biomarkers (rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin) by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were evaluated by Folin‒Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. An improved HPTLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of rutin, quercetin, and gallic acid. TPC was found more in the methanolic extract of E. hirta, and TFC was found almost the same in ethyl acetate extracts of both plants. Both plants showed the presence of rutin, quercetin, and gallic acid. The results of the HPTLC study provided a valuable bioactive marker content comparison between two species of the Euphorbiaceae family.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of the fruits of four Florida-grown finger lime (Citrus australasica) selections

Finger lime (Citrus australasica F. Muell.), a citrus species native to Australia, is a distinct finger-shaped fruit with unique caviar-like pulp and skin color variations. In addition to visual and sensory characteristics, finger lime has recently gained attention from the American citrus industry due to its tolerance to a devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB). Here, we characterized the phytochemical profiles (including acid and sugar) of four Florida-grown finger lime selections: two with red pulp, one with pale pink pulp, and one with white pulp. Two-three-fold higher levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were observed in the peel compared to the pulp in the four selections. Selections with red pulp had more antioxidant capacity and higher phenolic compound content in both types of tissues than in the selections with white pulp. Citric acid was found abundant in all four selections making the selections a major source of organic acid. The overall results suggested that finger limes are rich in health-benefiting and flavor contributing compounds; more specifically, Florida-grown red selections of finger lime are richest in phytochemicals, vitamin c, citric acid, and sugars among evaluated genotypes, therefore, making them strong alternative for production in Florida and consumption.

Novel insights into the biopharmaceutical potential, comparative phytochemical analysis and multivariate analysis of different extracts of shea butter tree -Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn

Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn. (Family: Sapotaceae), is a well-known medicinal plant but with no consolidated published literature to substantiate its traditional uses. This research aimed to investigate the pharmaceutical potential of V. paradoxa extracts and attempts to compare the biological profiles and phytochemical analysis prepared by different extraction protocols. For preparation of the V. paradoxa leaves and stem bark extracts, four extraction techniques and two different solvent types were employed. First analysis included identification of bioactive compounds by use of high-resolution Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight instrument. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated as radical scavenging potential, reducing potential, total antioxidant capacity (phosphomolybdenum) and metal chelating power. The last evaluation step included analysis of the inhibitory properties of V. paradoxa extracts against key enzymes related to main health problems. Our findings revealed key details on phytochemical profiling of the V. paradoxa plant, whereas 17 phytochemicals were identified in leaves and 14 in stem bark. Antioxidant assays showed that extracts obtained by maceration extraction process exhibit potent antioxidant capacities. Extracts prepared by HAE generally showed the highest enzymatic activities. The presented findings confirmed the need for further studies geared towards discovery and development of novel bioactive components from V. paradoxa leaves and stem bark.

Preliminary Comparative Phytochemical, Elemental and Acute Toxicity Analyses of Selected Conventional and Herbal Medicines

Use of herbal medicines for treatment, management and prevention of different diseases is as old as man. In the last few decades, there has been an upsurge in the use of complementary and alternative medicines, which includes herbal medicines, either alone, or combined with conventional medicines. Furthermore, some 75–80% of persons living in the less developed countries depend on traditional medicine (mostly herbal medicines), for their healthcare needs. Despite the general belief worldwide that herbal medicines are safe, with no toxic effects because they are of natural origin, numerous reports such as cases of liver and neuro toxicities from using Cimicifuga racemosa and Valeriana officinalis solely, confirm that this belief is not necessarily valid. The aim of this study was to determine some toxicological parameters of selected conventional and herbal medicines with special reference to antimalarials. The conventional antimalarials studied were artesunate (AS), artemeter/lumefantrine (AL) and pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine (SP) while the herbal medicines were the antimalarial Herb 25(R) (25), herbal blood purifier (BP) and herbal orange rind (OR). In addition to qualitative phytochemical analyses, acute toxicity was determined in 7‐day old cockerels, following oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, using Lorke’s method. For metal analyses, samples were wet digested with nitric and perchloric acids, and the concentrations of Cadmium (Cd), Calcium (Ca), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method. Conventional medicines studied contained no phytochemicals (as expected), while the herbal medicines were found to contain bioactive constituents such as anthracenes, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and triterpenes ‐ which were possibly responsible for the latter’s therapeutic effects and toxicity. The p.o./i.p. LD50 values in mg/kg were: AT‐(470/3,807), AL‐(288/3,807), SP‐(1,264/>5,000), 25‐ (141/2,154), BP‐(141/1,264) and OR‐(774/>5,000). Thus, both conventional and herbal medicines had similar LD50 values although those of herbal medicines tended to be lower, implying higher toxicity. Conventional and herbal medicines contained medicinal elements, namely: Ca, Fe and Zn. Nutritional elements present were Cu, Mg and Mn, although Cu could also be toxic if levels are sufficiently high. Levels of Cd, one of the toxic metals found to be present in nearly all the samples were <0.009 ppm which was below the standard limits set by regulatory bodies like FDA (<0.08 ppm), Health Canada (<3 ppm) and WHO (<0.3 ppm). Levels of another toxic metal, Cr, present in concentration range of 0.56–1.35 ppm, were also below WHO limit of 15 ppm. Co and Ni were below detection levels in all samples ‐ conventional and herbal. Based on the toxicological parameters examined, the herbal medicines were likely to be slightly more toxic compared to the conventional medicines; debunking the widely‐held view that, herbal medicines are always safer than conventional medicines.

Comparative Phytochemical analysis of stem and root extracts from Rauwolfia serpentina

Comparative Phytochemical analysis of stem and root extracts from Rauwolfia serpentina

Comparative Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Tamalakyadi Decoction with Its Modified Dosage Forms

Background and Objective Tamalakyadi decoction (TD) is a classical formulation mentioned in authentic traditional medicine text Sarasankshepaya under nasal diseases and used as a remedy for allergic rhinitis. It consists of 12 plant ingredients. Decoction preparations are widely used in Sri Lankan traditional system and considered effective and safe for treating many disorders. However, decoctions have to be used only in fresh state due to shorter shelf life and loss of stability. This decoction preparation method leads to decreasing the patient compliance and is also time consuming. Hence, the objective of the present study was to convert TD to consumer friendly novel dosage form, namely, freeze dried, spray dried, and traditional ganasara forms. Methodology Therefore, we compared the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of TD with its modified dosage forms. The chemical comparison of four dosage forms comprises phytochemical screening, TLC and HPTLC fingerprint profiles and the antioxidant activities by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). Results Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids in all dosage forms. However, the saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids were more prominent in TD and freeze dried preparation than the other two preparations. HPTLC fingerprint pattern of freeze dried dosage was more similar with HPTLC fingerprint pattern of TD in terms of number of peaks and their intensity compared to that of spray dried and ganasara dosage forms. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH, FRAP, TPC, and TFC were higher in decoction and freeze dried preparation than in spray dried and ganasara preparation. Conclusion Freeze dried TD is the most suitable ready to use preparation having similar chemical properties and antioxidant activities to TD.

Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn.

Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn.

COMPARATIVE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA AND CALOTROPIS PROCERA ROOTS

Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites produced by all plants in which some has medicinal uses. The comparative Qualitative and Quantitative phytochemical analysis of root extracts in aqueous, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Calotropis gigantea and calotropis procera Linn. were investigated. The comparative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols group in varying concentrations. The comparative studies result of the above two plants gives a basis of its use in traditional medicine to manage ailments and disorders. It also contains some biologically active constituents worthy of further investigations. Keywords: Comparative, Qualitative, Quantitative, phytochemical, Calotropis gigantea and calotropis procera Â

Comparative analysis of phytochemicals and activity of endogenous enzymes associated with their stability, bioavailability and food quality in five Brassicaceae sprouts

Five Brassicaceae sprouts (white cabbage, kale, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, arugula) were comparatively analyzed based on phytochemicals (polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls, ascorbic acid) content and accompanying enzymes associated with phytochemical stability and bioavailability (peroxidases, myrosinase, and polyphenol-oxidase) that consequently impact food quality. Significantly high content of polyphenols and glucosinolates, as well as a high antioxidant activity were found in white cabbage, followed by kale sprouts. In addition, white cabbage contained higher amount of fibers and lower polyphenol-oxidase activity which potentially indicates prevention of browning and consequently better sprout quality. Arugula and broccoli showed higher activity of myrosinase that may result in higher bioavailability of active glucosinolates forms. According to our data, sprouts are cheap, easy- and fast-growing source of phytochemicals but also they are characterized by different endogenous enzymes activity. Consequently, this parameter should also be taken into consideration in the studies related to the health benefits of the plant-based food.

Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf of Wedeliatrilobata, Achyranthesaspera and Chrysanthemum from the Twin–City (Durg & Bhilai), Chhattisgarh, India: A Comparative Study

The phytochemicals present in the plants are responsible for the biological activities and therapeutic properties of the various medicinal plants. They function as antioxidants in health promotion by preventing oxidant-damage which is the main cause of many diseases. The present study deals with the comparative analysis of phytochemicals in the methanolic and chloroformic leaf extracts of three important and commonly growing medicinal plants from ‘Twin - City’ (Durg & Bhilai), Chhattisgarh, India. These plants are Wedeliatrilobata, Achyranthesaspera and Chrysanthemum. The significant phytochemicals qualitatively analysed were Cardiac glycosides, Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Tannins and Saponins, for which the standard protocol was followed. The leaf extracts in methanol of Wedeliatrilobata and Chrysanthemum were found to have rich contents of phytoactive compounds as compared to their respective chloroformic extracts. Comparatively the leaf extracts of Achyranthesaspera were detected for less presence of phytochemicals. However, Cardiac glycosides, Steroids and Flavonoids were present in sufficed amounts in the leaf of Achyranthesaspera.

UPLC–MS/MS quantitative analysis and structural fragmentation study of five Parmotrema lichens from the Eastern Ghats

Comparative phytochemical analysis of five lichen species [Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale, P. andinum (Mull. Arg.) Hale, P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale, P. grayanum (Hue) Hale, P. austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale] of Parmotrema genus were performed using two complementary UPLC–MS systems. The first system consists of high resolution UPLC-QToF-MS/MS spectrometer and the second system consisted of UPLC–MS/MS in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode for quantitative analysis of major constituents in the selected lichen species. The individual compounds (47 compounds) were identified using Q-ToF-MS/MS, via comparison of the exact molecular masses from their MS/MS spectra, the comparison of literature data and retention times to those of standard compounds which were isolated from crude extract of abundant lichen, P. tinctorum. The analysis also allowed us to identify unknown peaks/compounds, which were further characterized by their mass fragmentation studies. The quantitative MRM analysis was useful to have a better discrimination of species according to their chemical profile. Moreover, the determination of antioxidant activities (ABTS+ inhibition) and Advance Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) inhibition carried out for the crude extracts revealed a potential antiglycaemic activity to be confirmed for P. austrosinense.

Comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of indige-nous spices

The necessity of culinary herbs in human life, spices plays a major role as they are versatile in feature. Indigenous spices, the spices which is cultivated and developed naturally in its own place (India). This current research was to compare and analyse the phytochemical and total phenolic content of indigenous spices. The major indigenous spices which we are using in day to day life such as Elletaria cardamomum (cardamom), Cinnamomum vernum (Cinnamon), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), Coraindrum sativum (Corainder). The phytochemical analysis tests such as test for carbohydrates, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were done using the extract of above mentioned spices. The phenolic content was measured using folin ciolcaletu’s reagent. The phytochemicals such as phylobattaninns, carbohydrates, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were present in the collected indigenous spices. The comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of selected indigenous spices was found and its uses were compared.

Comparative phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content in citrus fruit peel (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon)

Plants are valuable source of natural products for maintaining health in human beings. Phytochemicals present in plant extracts have potential antioxidant, antimicrobial properties which may be useful in therapeutic applications. This study aims to compare and analyse the phytochemicals and estimate the phenolic content in two varieties citrus fruit peel namely sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and lemon (Citrus limon). The peels of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon were collected and the total phenolic content was calculated using Follin ciolcaletu’s reagent. The phytochemicals such as phylobatannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids were present in the citrus fruit peels extract. The amount of terpenoids was found in greater amount in lemon peel than in orange peel. It was also found that alkaloids were present in greater amount than the other phytochemicals in orange and lemon peel. Preliminary photochemical analysis and estimation of total phenolic content was done in Citrus fruit peel. Thus, it is established that orange and lemon peel can be used medicinally for their antibacterial and anti cancerous activities due to the presence of significant amount of alkaloids in them.

Comparative phytochemical analysis of volatile organic compounds by SPME-GC-FID/MS from six coniferous and nine deciduous tree bark species grown in Turkey

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of six coniferous tree barks (A. nordmanniana, P. brutia, P. orientalis, P. pinaster, P. sylvestris, C. libani) and nine deciduous tree barks (E. globulus, R. pseudoacacia, Q. pontica, A. glutinosa, C. sativa, F. orientalis, P. tremula, C. equisetifolia and A. dealbata) were analyzed by the solid phase micro extraction (SPME) method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). The SPME-GC-FID/MS analysis revealed 96 VOCs in the coniferous samples and 83 VOCs in the deciduous samples. Monoterpene hydrocarbon components of the coniferous barks were the main constituent within the ratios of 14.8%, 31.4%, 39.3%, 40.4%, 26.6% and 51.3% area, respectively. Limonene (1.2%, 6.0%, 8.2%, 28.8%, 4.9% and 4.7%, respectively) was the major monoterpene component of the VOCs of the coniferous tree barks. The major VOC constituents of the deciduous tree barks were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (57.8%, 52.6%, 96.8%, 64.7%, 35.6%, 16.2%, 99.0%, 53.4% and 54.3%, respectively) and allo-aromadendrene in E. globulus (45.9%), aromadendrene in R. pseudoacacia, Q. pontica, A. glutinosa, P. tremula, C. equisetifolia and A. dealbata (45.7%, 81.5%, 44.8%, 93.8%, 28.3%, and 43.1%, respectively), hexanal in C. sativa (39.4%), and hexanoic acid ethyl ester in F. orientalis (32.4%).

Comparative phytochemical analysis of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees: Implications on attenuation of pro-oxidants and pathogen virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans model system

Background: Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees (P. thyrsiflorus) of Acanthaceae family is endogenous to sub-tropical Himalayas. It has been reported to be used traditionally in Jaintia tribe of Meghalaya, India for treatment of many ailments.Objectives: The aim was to detect the active compounds present in the leaves for evaluation of in vitro free radicals scavenging potentials. Leaves protective actions in vivo will be investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system utilizing wild type and mutant strains and the phenomena of host-pathogens interactions.Materials and methods: Gas chromatography/ Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for detection of different compounds present. The versatility of leaf extracts to scavenge different free radicals generated in vitro was assessed with different in vitro methods. Survival analysis of wild type and mutant strains C. elegans under enhanced pro-oxidants exposure was investigated in vivo. Fast killing assay was also performed to study the extracts modulatory activity on host C. elegans survival under pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.Results: Forty compounds were detected in methanolic fraction of the extract with variable percentages. Both aqueous and methanol extract possessed remarkable, versatile free radical scavenging activity irrespective of the types of free radical generated. The in vivo experiments are in compliance, with observable increased survival ability percentage of C. elegans under intense exogenous oxidative stress and pathogen infection.Conclusion: Our findings enlightened the different compounds present with versatility of P. thyrsiflorus in tackling different free radicals generated both in vitro and in vivo that highly support for its candidature as a good antioxidant source. Our findings may justify the historical relevance of this plant in herbal remedies that could form the basis for inquiry of new active principles.Keywords: Free radicals, Oxidative stress, Caenorhabditis elegans, Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Phytochemicals

A comparative phytochemical analysis of Wrightia species of family apocynaceae by spot tests

The phytochemical analysis of four species of medicinal plants from district Saharanpur was done. The plants were Wrightia coccinea , Wrightia tinctoria , Wrightia mollissima and Wrightia tomentosa , members of the genus Wrightia (Family: Apocynaceae).Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoid. The presence of these phytochemicals can be correlated with medicinal potential of these plants.

Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Chinese and Bay Starvine (Schisandra spp.): Potential for Development as a New Dietary Supplement Ingredient

ABSTRACTSchisandra chinensis (Chinese starvine) is a popular dietary supplement with a rich history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. Schisandra glabra (bay starvine) is the only North American representative of the genus, and little is known about its history of traditional use, chemistry, and potential biological activity. In this study, we conducted comparative high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis on S. glabra and S. chinensis fruits. Additional characterization of S. glabra was performed by liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS). Quantitative analysis of four bioactive marker compounds revealed that S. glabra does not have statistically higher levels of schisandrin A or schisandrol B than S. chinensis. S. glabra has lower levels of schisandrol A and γ-schisandrin. Total phenolic contents of the two species' fruits were not statistically different. S. glabra had higher total tannin content than S. chinensis. We discuss the relevance of this analytical analysis to the study of S. glabra as a potential dietary supplement ingredient and give specific consideration to the conservation challenges involved in commercially developing a regionally threatened species, even in semicultivated conditions.

In vitro Propagation and Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Wild Plant and Micropropagated Cleome rutidosperma DC.

Plants are widely used by all sections of the society either as folk medicines or as pharmaceutical preparation of modern medicine. In vitro propagation of plants holds great promise for conservation and enhancement of valuable medicinal plants. Cleome rutidosperma has been used in indian ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of a wide number of health disorders. The present study deals with the influence of different plant growth regulators (PGR) including kinetin (Kin), 6- Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the growth of plant and the identification and comparison of bioactive constituents of wild and in situ propagated C. rutidosperma plant using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Nodal segments used as explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplied with different concentrations of PGRs. Multiple shoot generation was achieved after 28 days of incubation. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of ten compounds of micropropagated and seven compounds of wild plants were identified. The result concluded that various concentration of PGR had a significant role in in vitro regeneration of plant and showed that the phytoconstituents of micropropagated plant is comparatively higher than that of wild plant.