Comparative Analysis Of Development Research Articles

Responding to evolving military threat. Development of Polish Armed Forces after 2014

The article describes development and technical modernization of the Polish Armed Forces after 2014. It explores the linkage between development and modernization efforts and evolving military threat posed by Russia. Discussion on evolution of military threat posed by Russia constitutes a starting point for further analyses. Then, a comparative analysis of development and technical modernization plans adopted for Polish Armed Forces after 2014 and tangible results of modernization efforts undertaken during this period is presented. The article concludes with predictions on sustainability of development and modernization of the Polish Armed Forces.

Regulations for carbon capture, utilization and storage: Comparative analysis of development in Europe, China and the Middle East

The development of the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) supply chain will require the establishment of a regulatory and legal regime, both at the international and domestic level, to manage risks at various parts of the supply chain and to support technology investment. Within this regulatory and legal framework, the regional and domestic regime has been identified as a crucial factor that could facilitate or inhibit the creation of a CCUS supply chain at a larger scale. According to the relevant literature, policy backing for CCUS has been supported in several countries and jurisdictions which represent both the source and sink of carbon dioxide. To evaluate the legal and regulatory developments which underpin the global matching of CO2 sources and sinks, this article reviews and critically analyzes the legal and regulatory systems to address various challenges facing the CCUS development in Europe, China and the Middle East, because these jurisdictions have good representations, as sinks and sources of CO2, in developing the CCUS supply chain. These challenges include ensuring regulatory clarity to support CCUS development, integration of CCUS in the portfolio of climate change mitigation to create an enabling environment to improve the financial viability of CCUS, and ensuring consistency with international law. The findings of this article suggest that the regulatory systems in the three regions face various challenges and this article proposes some regulatory changes that are necessary for facilitating the CCUS supply chain at the domestic and regional level.

Regulations for carbon capture, utilization and storage: Comparative analysis of development in Europe, China and the Middle East

The development of the carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) supply chain will require the establishment of a regulatory and legal regime, both at the international and domestic level, to manage risks at various parts of the supply chain and to support technology investment. Within this regulatory and legal framework, the regional and domestic regime has been identified as a crucial factor that could facilitate or inhibit the creation of a CCUS supply chain at a larger scale. According to the relevant literature, policy backing for CCUS has been supported in several countries and jurisdictions which represent both the source and sink of carbon dioxide. To evaluate the legal and regulatory developments which underpin the global matching of CO2 sources and sinks, this article reviews and critically analyzes the legal and regulatory systems to address various challenges facing the CCUS development in Europe, China and the Middle East, because these jurisdictions have good representations, as sinks and sources of CO2, in developing the CCUS supply chain. These challenges include ensuring regulatory clarity to support CCUS development, integration of CCUS in the portfolio of climate change mitigation to create an enabling environment to improve the financial viability of CCUS, and ensuring consistency with international law. The findings of this article suggest that the regulatory systems in the three regions face various challenges and this article proposes some regulatory changes that are necessary for facilitating the CCUS supply chain at the domestic and regional level.

UKRAINE IN "GREEN" TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Topicality. Viklikni new world economy stipulated the necessity of modernization of economic development of countries for providing of constancy through �green� growth. An urgent problem is development of patterns of �green� growth for the countries of then soviet space. As well as before there is a necessity of increase of potential of these countries for an ecologization agricultural a sector; development of system long-term measures of, which significant in connection with sharpening of ecological problems; expansion of access is to �green� technologies and investments and transmission of practical experience of management the interested countries and organizations. A decision requires estimation of the state of realization of �green� direction of development of agrarian sphere of economy in the context of the European requirements of point-of-sale exchange and location Ukraine in the system of intergovernmental partnership by the estimation of the European system of indexes of �green� growth and possibility of its application in domestic practice, as an informative government and monitoring of the productivity of resource base of agrosphere base. Aim and tasks. A research purpose is an estimation of realization of �green� a vector growth in the agricultural sphere of economy of countries of East partnership by system of the offered indicators and location Ukraine in the context of the European policy of neighbourhood and strengthening of relations of countries after next thematic platforms is the proper management and stability in agricultural sphere, economic integration and approaching, guard of environment. Realization of purpose stipulated the decision of scientifically research tasks: ground the necessity of forming of change of agricultural paradigm for the countries of East Europe, to analyse the tendencies of introduction of �green� growth, to lead to expedience of the use of indexes of �green� growth, statistical measurings considered within the limits of national methodology. Research results. As a result of analysis the degree of readiness of countries is set to deep integration, main vectors of introduction of �green� growth in the countries of East partnership from ES, the European measuring of �green� growth is resulted in the agrarian sphere of economy, grounded requirement to the national system of statistical account of �green� transformations at agro sphere. Conclusion. An ecological factor became the inalienable constituent of the economy growing, but by the not source of growth. The key indicators of �green� growth are plugged in the major documents of development of country, but they do not settle accounts for lack of the proper standards of statistics and account. It stipulates impossibility of leadthrough of comparative analysis of development of countries in comparison with regional and world results. Taking into account realities, effectively to manage ES of not be able transformations of economy of countries-partners. For this reason an orientation on �green� growth is will of country and its step to realization of modern calls. The place of Ukraine changed in the processes of �green� transformations, but by the state on 2017 Ukraine can be considered a leader. Ukraine found out liking of transition for more �green�, effective and proof economy, activations of efforts for adaptations to the changes of climate and softening of their consequences, and also to the decision of ecological problems in the agrarian sphere of economy. Preparation of plans of quality management of earths, authentication of agro ecological risks, lead through of strategic ecological estimations and estimations of influence on the environment of agro ecological projects, improvement of statistical information and access to ecological information it is possible to examine as key steps of eco-oriented growth development ofagricultural sphere in Ukraine. Can be drawn on research results as analytical and informative basis for subsequent scientific developments in the field of estimation of influence of �green� transformations on steady development agrarian a sector in the countries of East partnership.

Здравеопазването като част от системите за социална защита – сравнителен анализ на развитието в страните от Eвропейския съюз (Health As a Part of the Social Protection System - A Comparative Analysis of Development in the European Union Countries)

Bulgarian Abstract: Социалната политика като набор от принципи, правни норми, дейности и институции, насочени към създаване на условия, гарантиращи качеството на живот на гражданите на една страна, е израз на социалните отношения между държавата и нейните граждани. Социалната политика определя безопасността (социална, здравна, икономическа) и сигурността на хората в обществото. English Abstract: Social policy as a set of principles, legal norms, activities and institutions, aimed at creating conditions that ensure the quality of life of the citizens of a country, is an expression of the social relations between the state and its citizens. Social policy determines safety (social, health, economic) and security of the individuals in society.

Сравнительный анализ развития городского пассажирского транспорта Екатеринбурга и Праги

Сравнительный анализ развития городского пассажирского транспорта Екатеринбурга и Праги

A Comparative Analysis of Developments in Central Bank Balance Sheet Composition

In this paper we analyse developments in the composition of central bank balance sheets for a large set of central banks in a unified framework. Since 2007, central banks in advanced economies have experienced pronounced changes in balance sheet composition as a consequence of unconventional monetary policy measures. In addition, we document a convergence in balance sheet composition from 2007 until 2009, as the initial crisis response was fairly homogeneous across advanced economies, mostly driven by financial stability concerns. However, since 2009 design of balance sheet policies has been more diverse, reflecting diverging policy challenges across regions. By contrast, balance sheets of central banks in emerging market economies have remained broadly unchanged in terms of composition in the period under review.

RNA-seq analysis of the gonadal transcriptome during Alligator mississippiensis temperature-dependent sex determination and differentiation.

BackgroundThe American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) displays temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), in which incubation temperature during embryonic development determines the sexual fate of the individual. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain a mystery, including the influence of initial environmental temperature on the comprehensive gonadal gene expression patterns occurring during TSD.ResultsOur characterization of transcriptomes during alligator TSD allowed us to identify novel candidate genes involved in TSD initiation. High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on gonads collected from A. mississippiensis embryos incubated at both a male and a female producing temperature (33.5 °C and 30 °C, respectively) in a time series during sexual development. RNA-seq yielded 375.2 million paired-end reads, which were mapped and assembled, and used to characterize differential gene expression. Changes in the transcriptome occurring as a function of both development and sexual differentiation were extensively profiled. Forty-one differentially expressed genes were detected in response to incubation at male producing temperature, and included genes such as Wnt signaling factor WNT11, histone demethylase KDM6B, and transcription factor C/EBPA. Furthermore, comparative analysis of development- and sex-dependent differential gene expression revealed 230 candidate genes involved in alligator sex determination and differentiation, and early details of the suspected male-fate commitment were profiled. We also discovered sexually dimorphic expression of uncharacterized ncRNAs and other novel elements, such as unique expression patterns of HEMGN and ARX. Twenty-five of the differentially expressed genes identified in our analysis were putative transcriptional regulators, among which were MYBL2, MYCL, and HOXC10, in addition to conventional sex differentiation genes such as SOX9, and FOXL2. Inferred gene regulatory network was constructed, and the gene-gene and temperature-gene interactions were predicted.ConclusionsGonadal global gene expression kinetics during sex determination has been extensively profiled for the first time in a TSD species. These findings provide insights into the genetic framework underlying TSD, and expand our current understanding of the developmental fate pathways during vertebrate sex determination.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2396-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЕКТОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ЛЕГКОРЕЛЬСОВОГО ТРАНСПОРТА МОСКОВСКОГО РЕГИОНА И «БОЛЬШОГО ПАРИЖА»

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЕКТОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ЛЕГКОРЕЛЬСОВОГО ТРАНСПОРТА МОСКОВСКОГО РЕГИОНА И «БОЛЬШОГО ПАРИЖА»

Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) populations from Kenya and South Africa.

Comparative analysis of development and survivorship of two geographically divergent populations of the Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch designated as Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from Kenya and South Africa were studied at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35 °C). Temperature range for development and survival of both populations was 15–35 °C. The developmental duration was found to significantly decrease with increasing temperature for Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from both countries. Survivorship of all the immature stages of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from Kenya was highest over the range of 20–30 °C (87–95%) and lowest at 15 and 35 °C (61–76%). Survivorship of larvae of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from South Africa was lowest at 35 °C (22%) and 33 °C (0.33%), respectively. Results from temperature summation models showed that Ceratitis rosa R2 (egg, larva and pupa) from both countries were better adapted to low temperatures than R1, based on lower developmental threshold. Minimum larval temperature threshold for Kenyan populations were 11.27 °C and 6.34 °C (R1 and R2, respectively) compared to 8.99 °C and 7.74 °C (R1 and R2, respectively) for the South African populations. Total degree-day (DD) accumulation for the Kenyan populations were estimated at 302.75 (Ceratitis rosa R1) and 413.53 (Ceratitis rosa R2) compared to 287.35 (Ceratitis rosa R1) and 344.3 (Ceratitis rosa R2) for the South African populations. These results demonstrate that Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 from both countries were physiologically distinct in their response to different temperature regimes and support the existence of two genetically distinct populations of Ceratitis rosa. It also suggests the need for taxonomic revision of Ceratitis rosa, however, additional information on morphological characterization of Ceratitis rosa R1 and Ceratitis rosa R2 is needed.

A comparative analysis of development in Southeast European countries

There are different kinds of indicators which measure levels of development. The use of varying methods could alter the ranking of a particular country. In this paper, Southeast European countries are ranked according to the World Bank, the UNDP and the I-distance method. The aim of the paper is to provide a comparison between the ranking results obtained with those methods for the period 2007–2012. The principal objective of the study is the ranking of SEE countries using the I-distance technique – a multivariate statistical method for ranking entities – and to discover whether this method gives a better ranking of countries than income per capita and the HDI. To answer this question, similar variables of economic development are used within the research methods. Due to the observed period, some government finance variables are also included. Despite certain limitations, such as lack of data for SEE countries, the results show that the ranks of countries are highly similar regardless of the method used. Nevertheless, there are some differences in the countries’ rankings in some years: there are small differences from year to year both in terms of HDI and GNI per capita. However, the I-distance method shows greater differences between countries.

Стандартизация в сервисном аудите

The authors of the article studied opportunities and prospects of development of the enterprise service standards complex and defined the components of this complex. It appears that the service standards complex is necessary also for service audit. In the article the service audit is considered as a part of internal audit system and as a part of voluntary external audit. Due to this, it is necessary to ensure the continuity of practice of these types of audit with reference to the developed methodology of service audit. It is expected that the service audit is directed at the assessment of completeness of the service provided by the company and its conformity with needs of consumers. The proposal of the service audit conception presupposes the necessity to define what objects are to be standardized, what set of standards are to be created in order to conduct service audit and achieve representative results. Therefore, the authors presented the results of comparative analysis of development of inner audit methodology with regard to its procedures and principles standardization. The article comprises the main principles of service audit standardization that includes analogue method. Particularly, it was proved that it was expedient to single out the service standards complex and the complex of principles (standards) of service audit conduction. According to the authors, the first group includes service standards of various stages of the proposed product lifespan. The complex of principles (standards) of service audit constitutes the standards that allow to define the object and the subject of service audit, auditor requirements, the procedure of preparation and implementation of a service audit program, requirements for service audit results report etc.

Devolution, delegation and the Westminster Model: a comparative analysis of developments within the UK, 1998–2009

The delegation of functions to a range of quasi-autonomous bodies has formed a major challenge to the operation of representative democracy, in both administrative and democratic terms, since the formation of the modern state. These challenges have been more pronounced within Westminster-style democracies that are founded on the logic of ministerial departments and the convention of individual ministerial responsibility to Parliament. Towards the end of the twentieth century, these challenges became more pronounced as the centrifugal dynamics of New Public Management led to what has been termed the ‘unravelling’ or ‘unbundling’ of the state. In many countries around the world concerns regarding a ‘democratic deficit’ and patronage stimulated reform campaigns demanding territorial devolution in the belief that new regional democratic structures could increase accountability and transparency. This was particularly true in the UK where proponents of devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland claimed that such a reform would lead to a ‘bonfire of quangos’. This article draws upon theories derived in relation to multi-level governance in order to frame an analysis of how devolution has altered the sphere of delegated governance. This reveals a complex pattern of resource dependencies, motivations and incentives that have led to markedly different reform trajectories but certainly not the ‘end of the quango state’.

If you can't Beat them, Join them? Explaining Social Democratic Responses to the Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe

Over the last three decades many Western European social democratic parties have been challenged by populist radical right parties. The growth and success of parties on the right flank of the party system represents a triple challenge to the social democrats: they increase the salience of issues traditionally ‘owned’ by the right; they appeal to working-class voters who traditionally support the centre left; and they may facilitate the formation of centre-right governments. This article explores social democratic parties’ strategic options in the face of this challenge, and tests the widespread assumption that the centre-left parties respond by taking a tougher stance on issues related to immigration and integration. Comparative analysis of developments in Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway reveals significant variation in the substance, scope and pace of the strategic responses of their social democratic parties. And it suggests that those responses are influenced not only by the far right but also by the reactions of mainstream centre-right parties and by parties on their left (and liberal) flank. Internal disunity, potential or actual, is also an important factor.

Comparative Analysis of Development of Retail and Shopping Centres After 1990 in Ljubljana and Zagreb

In the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia, along with other Central and Eastern European countries, began a process of economic transition from centrally planned to market economy. The main goal of the paper is to compare developments of new forms of retail outlets in Zagreb and Ljubljana after 1990 and to explain similarities and differences in the trend of retail development in two capital cities. The second goal is to determine the level of development of social functions of retail centres and to determine similarities and differences in the function of retail centers in Zagreb and Ljubljana.

The development of key training policies in England and Australia: a comparison

Public policies on training are firmly rooted in the historical, political, economic and social context of their countries. This paper explores the acceptability of such policies to stakeholder groups including learners and employers, and its impact on policy take-up, viability and longevity. The paper uses a comparative analysis of developments in the English and Australian systems in three key areas, using elements of public policy theory, to explain the factors affecting stakeholder acceptance of training policies. The data was gathered through a series of interviews with stakeholders in England and Australia in 2005. The paper focuses on the role of employers and the importance of employer acceptance to the successful implementation of training policy. The paper finds that the successful implementation of training policies depends upon participation in the system by all the stakeholders. The successful implementation of qualifications and apprenticeship policies in Australia rests on a foundation of institutions that support neo-corporatist employer and union participation in policy-making as well as a public trust in past policies that seems to be lacking in England. The degree of employer involvement via neo-corporatist mechanisms such as concertation has a highly significant impact on the success of national training policies.

Continuity in Environments

In current television business rhetoric it is often assumed that television channels are `dying' as a consequence of digitalization and convergence. The article argues that such scenarios tend to be based on too restricted notions of what broadcasters' assembling of programmes consists of. To readdress this issue the article proposes the basic concepts of `continuity' and `environments'. It argues that established practices of television channel construction have not just been about building channel-based continuity but also about promoting cross-channel continuity within the context of an overall designed environment. The conceptual argument is supported with results from a comparative analysis of developments in Nordic public service television.

A Comparative Analysis of Developments in Industrial Democracy

The purpose of this article is to analyze recent developments in industrial democracy (worker participation in management) in a comparative perspective. To give the article focus, the period from the mid‐1980s onward is selected for analysis, and four countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia) are targeted for systematic examination. Developments in both indirect and direct participation are explained on the basis of elements in the models that we present. Three particularly strong conclusions emerge. First, there are clearly a number of common forces that have affected developments in each country, but the precise forms of participation that have emerged vary in many key respects. Second, organizational changes at the level of the firm appear to be particularly important in the recent period. And finally, the very complex patterns that are observable reinforce our theoretical arguments of the importance of a complex multivariate approach.

Restitution of Unlawfully Levied Taxes: Survey and Comparative Analysis of Developments in Canada, Australia, and England

The common law traditionally has not been sympathetic to taxpayers wishing to recover unlawfully levied taxes from public authorities. Because a mistake of law did not, as a general rule and in itself, give rise to a right to restitution, and because courts refused to find that the mere fact that monies had been demanded by public authorities amounted to compulsion, taxpayers were often left without a remedy. Fortunately, important judicial developments have occurred in Canada, Australia, and England in the past decade. The demise of the infamous mistake of law rule and the recognition in England of the Woolwich principle have facilitated the recovery of unlawfully levied taxes. Yet, these developments have revealed profound differences as to which defences should be made available to public authorities. The "fiscal chaos" and "passing on" defences proposed by three Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Air Canada case have not been well received in Australia and England. This article traces the evolution of the traditional common law approach to the problem of unlawfully levied taxes, offers a survey of the judicial developments in this area since the past decade and proposes a comparative analysis of the approaches adopted in each jurisdiction.

Post-Fordism, the welfare state and the personal social services: a comparison of Australia and Britain

The Post-Fordist welfare state thesis locates contemporary social welfare change within a wider analysis of the transformation of capitalist accumulation regimes. Whilst this analysis is useful in directing attention to macro socio-economic change, it has for the most part contained three shortcomings. First, the Post-Fordist thesis has overemphasized the role of historical 'breaks' in the development of social welfare as it purportedly passes from Fordism to Post-Fordism. Second, the thesis has assumed a degree of convergence between welfare states as a result of global economic forces. In doing so, it has underemphasized the mediating impact of existing institutional arrangements within nations. Third, the thesis has assumed, rather than demonstrated, the specific changes which are alleged to be taking place in various fields of social welfare. As a consequence, aspects of continuity in social welfare have been neglected. These three lacunae are addressed through a comparative analysis of developments in the personal social services in Australia and Britain. Services to older people are employed as the specific context of comparison in relation to three dimensions of measuring transformation along a Post-Fordist trajectory: a shift from a unitary economy to a mixed economy of service provision; changes in the model of service delivery and consumption; and strengthening the governance function of the central state. This comparative analysis suggests the need for refinement of the Post-Fordist welfare state thesis concerning the restructuring of social welfare and its impact on the personal social services.