Comparative Cost Analysis Research Articles

EE161 Economic Burden Associated with Stroke: A Comparative Analysis of Post-Stroke Care Costs

EE161 Economic Burden Associated with Stroke: A Comparative Analysis of Post-Stroke Care Costs

Treatment delay from onset of occipital neuralgia symptoms to treatment with nerve decompression surgery: a prospective cohort study.

The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the time between onset of occipital neuralgia symptoms and nerve decompression surgery, (2) perform a cost comparison analysis between surgical and nonsurgical treatment of occipital neuralgia, and (3) report postoperative results of nerve decompression for occipital neuralgia. Subjects (n = 1112) who underwent screening for nerve decompression surgery were evaluated for occipital neuralgia. Of those, 367 patients (33%) met the inclusion criteria. Timing of occipital neuralgia symptom onset and pain characteristics were prospectively collected. Cost associated with the nonsurgical treatment of occipital neuralgia was calculated for the period between onset of symptoms and surgery. A total of 226 patients (73%) underwent occipital nerve decompression. The average time between onset of occipital neuralgia and surgery was 19 years (7.1-32). Postoperatively, the median number of pain days per month decreased by 17 (0-26, 57%) (P < .001), the median pain intensity decreased by 4 (2-8, 44%) (P < .001), and median pain duration in hours was reduced by 12 (2-23, 50%) (P < .001). The annual mean cost of nonsurgical occipital neuralgia treatment was $28 728.82 ($16 419.42-$41 198.41) per patient. The mean cost during the 19-year time frame before surgery was $545 847.75($311 968.90-$782 769.82). This study demonstrates that patients suffer from occipital neuralgia for an average of 19 years before undergoing surgery. Nerve decompression reduces symptom severity significantly and should be considered earlier in the treatment course of occipital neuralgia that is refractory to conservative treatment to prevent patient morbidity and decrease direct and indirect health care costs.

Comparing time and cost performance of DBB and DB public construction projects in Kuwait

Kuwait is an enormous construction site as many vital public projects are under construction or in preparatory stages to achieve the vision of a New Kuwait by 2035. However, the new Public Tenders Law No. 49 of 2016 authorized the sole operation of the Design-Bid-Build (DBB) method as the delivery system method, preventing the employment of Design-Build (DB). Hence, this research undertook a comparative analysis of cost and time performance of DBB and DB public construction projects in Kuwait for the first time, marking the originality of this study. Moreover, 160 projects were collected from four government entities. Then, the total collected projects were categorized based on contract types and project sizes depending on contract cost. This research has recognized that DB has superior performance compared to DBB regarding cost growth for all collected projects, both contract types, projects of less than 300,000 KD, and projects between 300,000 and 12 million KD. No statistically significant differences between DBB and DB projects regarding schedule growth were found for all collected projects, both contract types and project sizes. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the DBB projects’ construction intensity was faster than that of DB projects with a value between 300,00 KD and 12 million KD. For projects that had a value of more than 12 million KD, the DB projects’ construction intensity was faster than that of DBB projects. Hence, it is concluded that the issue is not with the DB delivery systems themselves, but rather with the deployment of these systems.

Comparative cost analysis of Synthetic Natural Gas distribution pathways in the context of Nepal

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) produced using Green Hydrogen, and carbon dioxide not only helps to reduce the harmful greenhouse gas emission but also can help Nepal to reduce its dependency on imports for fuel used in the industrial sector. For Nepal to utilize its full potential in Green Hydrogen for industries and household cooking, SNG can be an attractive alternative due to its storage, transmission, and controlled combustion advantages. Europe has been a frontier in SNG production, relying on its already-built Natural Gas network for distribution. Unlike Europe, Nepal doesn’t have any previously built gas pipeline network. Large biogas plants distribute the produced gaseous bio-CNG in cylinders. But unlike LPG, which can be liquified through pressurization (836 kPa at 20°C) only, SNG can only be liquified cryogenically (-162°C at 20 kPa), which requires a tremendous amount of energy. This study compares the costs of the distribution of SNG in gaseous form through gas pipelines and cylinders. A case study is performed in the Butwal Industrial Area of Nepal, in which data is gathered from primary and secondary sources to design the gas pipeline network and estimate the costs associated with distributing SNG using both pipelines and cylinders. It has been found that the capital cost (CAPEX) and the annual operating cost (OPEX) are significantly lower for pipeline distribution compared to the distribution using cylinders. The Net Present Value (NPV) of total costs for pipeline distribution was found to be NPR 12,002,821 compared to NPV of NPR 35,417,390 for cylinder distribution. Hence, distributing produced SNG using pipelines is more cost-effective than distributing using cylinders inside the industrial area of Nepal.

First-Time Application of Underwater Live Concrete for Economic Retrofitting of Damaged Bridge Piers in Bangladesh

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the use of underwater concrete (UWC) in the retrofitting restoration of bridge piers in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, UWC is a comparatively new technology, and this investigation represents the first instance of its application in practice. This study’s primary objective was to produce self-compacting, self-fresh concrete with minimal mass loss. To accomplish this objective, antiwashout admixture (AWA) was added to the concrete mix at varying weight percentages (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and –0.5%) to determine the optimal dosage of AWA that would result in the least amount of concrete washout. The slump and runoff resistance of the concrete mixture were evaluated, and it was observed that a certain percentage of AWA addition resulted in minimal cement mass loss. Furthermore, cost reduction was a major concern of this study, as it is essential to minimize project expenses. Thus, comparative cost analyses of various repair techniques were conducted to determine the most cost-effective approach for future underwater repairs.

Comparative life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of centralized and decentralized urban drainage systems: A case study in Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou, China

Rapid urbanization and global climate change are increasing the vulnerability of cities to urban flooding, thereby posing significant challenges to the design and implementation of urban drainage systems (UDS). Traditional centralized UDS have been found ineffective in mitigating the uncertainty of future flood risks. Consequently, the need to explore resilient alternatives, such as decentralized UDS, has gained importance. Of particular interest is the coupled approach of grey infrastructure (GREI) and low-impact development (LID), which merges the drainage capabilities of GREI with the versatility and sustainability of distributed green infrastructure. However, there are limited studies assessing the environmental and economic impacts of both centralized and decentralized LID-GREI UDS using integrated Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methods. This study, using Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou, China, as a case study, found that decentralized UDS outperformed centralized UDS from both environmental and economic perspectives, mainly due to smaller pipeline scale and lower maintenance frequency. Furthermore, though the LID-GREI UDS showcased more substantial environmental impacts and higher economic costs compared to GREI UDS, the hydrological benefits obtained from LID operation can counteract part of these environmental impacts. In a unique perspective, this study considers the payback periods for centralized and decentralized LID-GREI UDS, estimating them to be 70 and 55 years respectively, when taking economic implications and hydrologic benefits into an overall consideration. Overall, the findings underscore that the LID-GREI UDS, particularly the decentralized LID-GREI, presents a more sustainable and cost-effective strategy for mitigating pluvial flooding compared to GREI UDS. This study provides comprehensive insights into effective and cost-efficient strategies for alleviating urban flooding vulnerabilities through UDS design and implementation.

Treatment Delay in Patients Undergoing Headache Surgery (Nerve Decompression Surgery)

Although headache surgery has been shown to be an effective treatment option for refractory headache disorders, it has not been included as part of the headache disorder management algorithm by non-surgical providers. This study aims to evaluate the delay in surgical management of patients with headache disorders. In addition, a cost comparison analysis between conservative and operative treatment of headache disorders was performed, and the surgical outcomes of headache surgery were reported. Among 1112 patients who were screened, 271 (56%) patients underwent headache surgery. Data regarding the onset of headache disorder and pre- and postoperative pain characteristics were prospectively collected. To perform a cost comparison analysis, direct and indirect costs associated with the conservative treatment of headache disorders were calculated. The median duration between onset of headache disorder symptoms and headache surgery was 20 (8.2-32) years. The annual mean cost of conservative treatment of headache disorders was $49,463.78 ($30,933.87-$66,553.70) per patient. Over the 20-year time period before surgery, the mean cost was $989,275.65 ($618,677.31-$1,331,073.99). In comparison, the mean cost of headache surgery was $11,000. The median pain days per month decreased by 16 (0-25) (p<0.001), the median pain intensity reduced by 4 (2-7) (p<0.001), and the median pain duration decreased by 11 hours (0-22) (p<0.001). This study shows that patients experience symptoms of headache disorders for an average of 20 years prior to undergoing headache surgery. Surgical treatment not only significantly improves headache pain but also reduces healthcare costs and should be implemented in the management algorithm of headache disorders.

Formation of the Model of Sustainable Economic Development of Renewable Energy

Abstract The article considers the use of sustainable energy as a potentially effective alternative energy source capable of replacing traditional natural fuels. The aim of the research is to develop a complex model of sustainable economic development able to promote introducing and expanding sustainable power engineering as potential alternative energy source, providing sustainable economic development, energy efficiency and reducing damages to the environment. The hypothesis lies in introduction of a model for sustainable economic development due to expansion of renewable energy which will result in economic growth, rise in energy efficacy and reducing hazards to the environment. A comparative analysis of costs and revenues of various types for using energy sources was carried out to estimate the economic efficiency and feasibility of renewable energy. The data analysis toolkit uses MS Power BI software, in which the data model was created. The conducted regression analysis provided valuable nu-merical and practical results on formation of the model of sustainable economic development of renewable power engineering. The research is based on the analysis of the impact “share of energy” on the level of electric energy import and CO2 emissions. It is recommended to intensify efforts to develop renewable energy as a key direction for sustainable economic development to ensure energy security, reduce negative environmental impact and achieve global sustainable development goals.

Cost and Time Comparison Analysis of Conventional Slab with Half Slab Method for PT. AMP Surabaya Office Building Construction

This study aims to analyze the application of Precast half-slab formwork with conventional formwork in terms of cost and time. The use of precast concrete is based on advantages in terms of economy, efficiency, speed in implementation, and energy consumption which has an impact on the environment. This office construction project was carried out in the Graha Family area in Surabaya. This project uses the half slab precast method, where half of the plate (precast) is precast with a thickness of 7 cm, and the other half is cast on site (topping). In this final project research, an analysis and comparison of several methods of floor slab work is carried out so that it can be seen which method is considered more profitable. Analysis of conventional half slab and precast methods focuses on calculating direct costs in terms of materials, tools, and workers' wages as well as calculating the time needed to complete the work.

Comparison of fluoride removal, regeneration and cost analysis of D. Sissoo-derived activated bioadsorbent with Amberlite IRA400Cl ion exchange resin: application of single- and multiparameter study

Comparison of fluoride removal, regeneration and cost analysis of D. Sissoo-derived activated bioadsorbent with Amberlite IRA400Cl ion exchange resin: application of single- and multiparameter study

Stress-induced collapse in horizontally layered rock and a yielding support strategy: A case study

Squeezing problems pose a serious challenge for tunnel engineers because they can slow down a project, increase the project budget, and potentially lead to catastrophic collapse. The choice of an adequate support is also often difficult owing to complex geological environments. Lack of sufficient understanding of geological conditions such as high geostress and horizontal layered rock mass could cause tunnel collapse and further lead to economic loss and endanger human life. In an attempt to deal with in-situ squeezing problem, this paper focus on the investigation of the mechanical behavior of tunneling in horizontal layered rock mass with high geostress and the proposal of proper engineering measures. A tunnel collapse incident occurred in northeastern China is analyzed using comprehensive methods including photographing, laboratory tests, discrete element numerical simulations, and site monitoring. The discrete element method was applied to investigate the tunneling mechanical behavior under high-geostress conditions in a horizontally layered rock mass. Numerical simulations show that the dominant horizontal stress and joints cause the maximum deformation at the corner of the arch region. The effect of horizontal joints and horizontal dominant stress were analyzed and found to be the main causes of the collapse. Based on the simulation results, an innovative, simple and efficient tangential yielding element is developed and implemented to test its applicability in a tunnel engineering scenario. Load-displacement curves of the tangential yielding element were obtained through laboratory tests and introduced to the numerical model using the 3D discrete element method. The performance of the developed tangential yielding element was validated in the simulation. Site monitoring was also conducted to determine the in-situ performance of the yielding support using the tangential yielding element. The monitored settlement at the crown region is in agreement with the simulation. The in-situ tests show that the yielding element was considerably deformed while the tunnel remained stable, which confirms the applicability of this technique. The effectiveness of the yielding element is also confirmed in terms of a comparative cost analysis of the yielding and resistant support schemes.

FEATURES OF STATE FINANCING OF WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

The article examines the legislative framework of financing the defense of the state, reveals the place of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the structure of the security and defense sector, and also systematizes the subjects and directions of financing the weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Basing on a study of the upgrade status of weapons and military equipment at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex in 2017-2021, it has been found that its development, procurement, modernization and major repair involve significant financial costs, especially in the conditions of martial law and taking into account the problems associated with long-term exploitation, moral and physical obsolescence.&#x0D; The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of state financing of weapons and military equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine under martial law, as well as to find the most effective sources of financing expenditures.&#x0D; The authors have researched the sources of financing defense spending in Ukraine and conducted a comparative cost analysis with NATO countries for 2014-2022 both in absolute terms (million USD) and in relative terms (% of GDP). The sources of financing the deficit of the State Budget of Ukraine have been systematized, as well as the classification of the types of financial instruments used to cover it has been carried out (by type of financing source; by economic content; by the type of budget fund being formed; by the nature of application). The role of the National Bank of Ukraine in covering the deficit of the State Budget of Ukraine has been revealed.&#x0D; The authors have searched for ways of additional financing of weapons and military equipment costs, in particular, through the use of monetary policy instruments of the National Bank of Ukraine. It has been concluded that the most effective monetary instruments of a non-inflationary nature, which should be given priority in the conditions of martial law, are: borrowings mobilized from the placement of Ukrainian domestic government bonds and military bonds. Recommendations on the use of non-inflationary monetary policy instruments in the conditions of martial law have been proposed.

ENERGY BALANCE ANALYSIS; CASE STUDY OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AGENCY (REA) PROJECT IN UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

University of Maiduguri has been faced with power supply challenges due to insurgency that negatively affects the north eastern part of Nigeria. Being a research institution, increases in the costs of power and instability of on-grid power supply have jetlagged almost comatose research and academic activates. Government through the Rural Electrification Agency (REA) has provided the University with solar powered streetlights to curb energy consumption and to improve security. This study performed comparative energy cost analysis between solar photovoltaics streetlights executed by REA and public powered streetlights to evaluate energy costs. The objective of this study is to analyse the cost benefits of using solar photovoltaics streetlights, against public powered streetlight. The analyses showed 58% savings in energy costs as against 7.99% rise for public powered streetlights in 2019. The usage of solar photovoltaic streetlights has saved the University of Maiduguri close to 14.8 million Naira from year 2017 to 2019 using 134 solar streetlights poles with 77.22% fil factor.

Analisis Perbandingan Biaya Pembangunan Rumah Layak Huni Dengan Metode Konvensional Dan Ferosemen Di Kota Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur

In Indonesia, there is still extreme poverty caused by several factors, one of which is low-income among the population. The President of the Republic of Indonesia for the 2019-2024 period, Mr. Joko Widodo, conveyed Presidential Instruction No. 4 of 2022, stating that the Ministry of Public Works and Housing needs to support the acceleration of eradicating extreme poverty, one of which is by improving inadequate housing into habitable dwellings. The implementation of this activity refers to Circular Letter No. 3/SE/Dr/2021 on technical instructions for conducting self-help housing stimulus activities (BSPS). BSPS is a government aid program for low-income communities to encourage and enhance self-reliance in improving housing quality through conventional and ferrocement methods. The purpose of this research is to obtain a cost comparison of habitable dwellings using conventional and ferrocement methods for types 27, 36, and 39 houses. Descriptive analysis methods were employed to determine the budget design for habitable dwellings using conventional and ferrocement methods based on unit price work analysis. Data for this research was obtained from the implementation of BSPS in 2022. The results of the cost comparison analysis for habitable dwellings using conventional and ferrocement methods showed that the budget for a conventional type 27 house amounted to Rp. 345,549,510.48, while the ferrocement house required Rp. 242,127,415.19. For a conventional type 36 house, the budget needed was Rp. 390,354,427.82, while the ferrocement house required Rp. 274,401,749.21. Lastly, for a conventional type 39 house, the budget needed was Rp. 455,467,373.11, while the ferrocement house required Rp. 313,893,235.77.

Comparative cost analysis of implanting devices in different cardiac resynchronization therapeutic strategies.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established treatment option for heart failure patients. However, the implementation of triple-chamber pacemakers can be cost-prohibitive. His-Purkinje system pacing (HPSP) can also enable cardiac resynchronization, and it can be achieved with relatively inexpensive conventional pacemakers. This article aims to comparatively evaluate the cost of implanting devices in different CRT strategies to provide meaningful guidance for clinical decision-making by electrophysiologists. Data was collected on the prices, designed life, and price/designed life of multiple mainstream models of CRT-P, CRT-D, dual-chamber pacemakers, and single-chamber pacemakers that were sold in the Chinese market in 2022. The prices, designed lives, and price/designed life of different pacemaker models were then compared. The costs of CRT-P and CRT-D (13008.44 ± 2752.30 USD and 22043.36 ± 3676.25 USD) were significantly higher than those of conventional pacemakers (dual-chamber: 11142.39 ± 4273.85 USD and single-chamber: 5634.28 ± 2032.80 USD) (p < .05). Additionally, the price/designed life of conventional pacemakers (dual-chamber: 839.63 ± 258.62 USdollar/year and single-chamber: 435.86 ± 125.44 USdollar/year) was significantly better than that of CRT-P and CRT-D (1386.91 ± 266.73 and 2585.53 ± 520.27 USdollar/year, respectively) (p < .05). Conduction system pacing (CSP)-based CRT is more cost-effective than BVP-based CRT. Furthermore, CSP-based CRT can achieve cardiac resynchronization with conventional pacemakers and may be a good option for HF patients who do not need defibrillation.

Comparative Analysis of Real Costs and INA CBG's Rates in BPJS Kesehatan Patients with Schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is the most severe mental disorder because its risk of death is to 2-3 times higher. Objective: To determine the average real costs, the difference between real costs and INA-CBG rates of inpatients with schizophrenia, and the factors that affect real costs. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively from the hospital perspective using the total sampling method from January 2020-December to 2021. The study sample included inpatients patients and the real costs of the hospital. The data obtained were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and multiple linear regression tests. Results: About 112 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average real cost of inpatients with schizophrenia at Tombulilato General Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 is Rp. 9,895,102 and the average INA-CBG rate of inpatients with schizophrenia was Rp. 14,820,778. There was a difference between the real costs and INA-CBG rates (p = 0.002), with the highest average hospital real cost component in the inpatient room (Rp. 3,397,723 (34.34%). The factor that affected the real costs of inpatients with schizophrenia patients is the length of stay (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The real costs of the hospital were lower (p = 0.002) than those of the INA-CBG. The highest real cost of the hospital was the inpatient room (34.34%), and the factor that affected the real costs was the length of stay (p = 0.000).

Comparative Analysis of Costs of Caring for Inpatient COVID-19 Patients and Non-COVID-19 Patients at One Academic Center.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a significant financial burden on the US healthcare system. The purpose of this study was to compare the costs of caring for patients admitted with COVID-related illness versus non-COVID patients. We hypothesized that the average daily costs of hospitalization would be higher among COVID patients compared with non-COVID patients. This was a retrospective cohort study. Data were downloaded for patients who were admitted at Atrium Wake Forest Baptist Hospital from January 1, 2020 through February 28, 2021. The study population was dichotomized by COVID and non-COVID patients, and the average daily hospital cost was calculated. Multivariate adjusted linear regression models were used to calculate additional "average daily cost" comparisons. The COVID group was slightly older (mean age 61.0 vs 58.0 years), with longer mean length of stay (6.12 vs 4.95 days) and higher mean average daily direct cost ($1504.01 vs $1341.30) when compared with the non-COVID group, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjusting for various patient characteristics, the direct inpatient cost was $123.00 (95% confidence interval 74.4-171.5) higher per day in patients with COVID-19 (P < 0.0001). When indirect costs are considered, the combined indirect and direct cost may be four times greater. The average daily direct hospital cost is higher among patients with COVID compared with non-COVID-related illness. Many reasons contributed to this cost difference, including decreased nurse staffing ratios, lower physician censuses, and needed infrastructure changes. Studies with a larger sample size and more precise comparable study groups are warranted to validate our findings.

Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management

This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.

Highly Purified Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HP-hMG) Versus Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (rFSH) for Controlled Ovarian Stimulation in USPredicted High-Responder Patients: A Cost-Comparison Analysis.

Infertility imposes considerable clinical and economic burden, and the high costs of fertility care are a major barrier to payers. This study assessed the cost differences of highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (HP-hMG) versus recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) for controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols in predicted high-responders from the US payer perspective. A discrete event simulation model was built to perform a cost-comparison analysis of HP-hMG versus rFSH in a cohort of predicted high-responders undergoing up to three embryo transfer cycles, informed by efficacy data from the MEGASET-HR trial. The model considered an event-based treatment pathway and transition probabilities were derived from MEGASET-HR. A variable time horizon was employed, and deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses conducted. Subjects undergoing COS with HP-hMG and rFSH demonstrated comparable live birth rates following three in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, with 161 live births with HP-hMG and 152 live births with rFSH, per 310 high-responders. The total cost saving per live birth in subjects receiving HP-hMG versus rFSH was US$3024. These cost savings were largely driven by the need for fewer embryo transfers to achieve similar efficacy outcomes and a reduced rate of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Following deterministic sensitivity analysis, HP-hMG remained cost saving in all baseline parameter variations. No parameters led to rFSH providing cost savings when compared with HP-hMG. Comparable clinical outcomes can be achieved at a lower cost when using HP-hMG versus rFSH based COS protocols in a cohort of predicted high-responders. Such cost savings may reduce the economic burden infertility currently presents to US healthcare providers and those seeking fertility care.

Comparative Analysis of Direct Operating Costs: Conventional vs. Hydrogen Fuel Cell 19-Seat Aircraft

In this paper, a comparative analysis of direct operating costs between a 19-seat conventional and hydrogen-powered fuel cell aircraft is performed by developing a model to estimate direct operating costs and considering the evolution of costs over time from 2030 to 2050. However, due to the technology being in its early stages of development and implementation, there are still considerable uncertainties surrounding the direct operating costs of hydrogen aircraft. To address this, the study considers high and low kerosene growth rates and optimistic and pessimistic development scenarios for hydrogen fuel cell aircraft, while also considering the evolution of costs over time. The comparative analysis uses real flight and aircraft data for the airliner Trade Air. The results show that the use of 19-seat hydrogen fuel cell aircraft for air transportation is a viable option when compared to conventional aircraft. Additionally, the study suggests potential policies and other measures that could accelerate the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell technology by considering their direct operating costs.