Comparison Of Bond Strength Research Articles

Comparison of bond strength to three restorative materials after contamination and the use of two cleaning agents

Statement of problemScientific data on the decontamination effectiveness of a newly introduced cleaning agent are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the tensile bond strength (TBS) of 3 different restorative bonding surfaces after contamination with saliva following different cleaning protocols. Material and methodsA total of 192 disk specimens were made out of 3 materials (n=64); Katana Avencia (A), Katana Zirconia (Z), and e.max CAD (L). The bonding surfaces of all disks were polished, steam cleaned, and then pretreated by following the recommended protocol for each material. The specimens of each group were divided into 4 subgroups (n=16). The first subgroup served as the reference (R), where no contamination was applied. The 3 other subgroups were contaminated with saliva and subsequently rinsed with water for 20 seconds and dried with oil- and water-free air spray. They were then either not treated with any cleaning method (0), cleaned with Katana Cleaner (K), or cleaned with Ivoclean (I). The bonding surfaces of the specimens were perpendicularly luted to plexiglass tubes filled with dual-polymerizing composite resin (Clearfil DC Core) with resin cement (Panavia V5) after the recommended surface conditioning. Each subgroup was further subdivided into 2 groups: stored in 37 °C water for 3 days or subjected to thermal-cyclic loading for 150 days with 37 500 thermal cycles (7500 per month), temperature 5 to 55 °C, and dwell time of 30 seconds. All specimens were subjected to TBS testing in a universal testing machine. Three-way ANOVA was applied. A significant interaction (P<.01) was detected between the 3 different variables (material, treatment, aging). After significant interactions had been revealed by 3-way ANOVA, additional statistical analysis was performed by using separate 2-way ANOVAs, then separate 1-way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey-HSD test for post hoc pairwise comparisons among groups (α=.05 for all tests). All specimens underwent failure mode analysis after TBS testing ResultsAll specimens survived the storage with thermocycling except for group Z-0, where all specimens debonded during thermocycling. The mean ±standard deviation TBS values ranged from 18.3 ±5.3 MPa to 34.0 ±5.4 MPa after 3 days and from 6.7 ±5.5 MPa to 26.9 ±5.4 MPa after 150 days. ConclusionsContaminated groups that did not receive any cleaning had significantly lower TBS. Thermocycling had a negative effect on the TBS but was not statistically significant for all groups. Using the same cleaning method, the restorative material did had a significant effect on the TBS after 150 days.

Comparison of shear bond strength between hard relining material and 3D-printing denture base resin containing silica micro-gel

Comparison of shear bond strength between hard relining material and 3D-printing denture base resin containing silica micro-gel

Effects of Surface Treatment and Thermocycling on the Shear Bond Strength of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic.

To investigate the effects of different surface treatments and thermocycling on shear bond strength (SBS) be-tween resin cement and zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate (ZLS) ceramic. 96 ZLS ceramic specimens were randomly allocated to four different surface treatment groups: etch and silane (ES), etch and universal primer (EUP), self-etching primer (SEP), and sandblasting and silane (SS). Stan-dardized composite cylinders were bonded to surface-treated ZLS ceramic, after which SBS was obtained either after 24-h water storage only or with an additional 5000 thermal cycles (TC), resulting in eight subgroups (n = 12). After evaluation of failure mode under a stereomicroscope, representative SEM images were acquired. To examine areal average surface roughness (Sa), additional ZLS specimens were prepared and randomly allocated to 3 groups: hydrofluoric acid etching, self-etching primer, and sandblasting (n = 10). Supplementary specimens were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (n = 2) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (n = 2) to investigate their surface topographies. ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in SBS following different surface treatment protocols after 24-h water storage (p < 0.001). However, TC groups revealed no statistically significant difference in their SBS (p = 0.394). All surface treated groups were significantly affected by TC (p < 0.001), except for the SS group (p = 0.48). Sa was signifi-cantly influenced by the different surface treatment protocols (p < 0.001). The ability of self-etching primer to achieve comparable bond strength with a less technique-sensitive ap-proach makes it a favorable alternative to ES for the surface treatment of ZLS ceramics.

Comparison of Bond Strength of Bulkfill and Conventional Composites as Composite Repair Materials

Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı mikrohibrit, submikrohibrit ve bulkfill kompozitin kompozit tamir materyali olarak mikro gerilme bağlanma dayanımının ve kırılma yüzeylerindeki başarısızlık tipinin karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Standart Teflon kalıplarda supranano kompozit rezinden (Estelite Sigma Quick) silindirik (4x4 mm) örnekler hazırlandı ve 3.000 termal döngüye maruz bırakıldı. Örneklerin bir yüzeyi abraze hale getirilerek mikrohibrit kompozit (Arabesk), submikrohibrit kompozit (Charisma Smart) ve bulkfill kompozit (Filtek Bulk-Fill Posterior) ile restore edilip 4x8 mm boyutlarında bloklar oluşturuldu. Kompozit bloklardan kesme cihazı ile her grup için 12 adet olmak üzere 1x1x8 mm3 ölçülerinde dikdörtgenler prizması şeklinde çubuklar elde edilerek mikro gerilim test cihazı ile bağlanma dayanımları test edildi. Ayrıca test sonrası her örneğin kopma yüzeyi stereo mikroskopta incelendi. Tamir bağlanma dayanımı verileri tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile karşılaştırıldı ve çoklu karşılaştırmalar Tukey HSD testi ile değerlendirildi. Bütün p&amp;lt;0.05 değerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Bulkfill kompozit grubu en yüksek ortalama mikro gerilim tamir bağlanma dayanımı değeri gösterirken en düşük ortalama değer mikrohibrit kompozit grubunda görüldü (p&amp;lt;0.05). Koheziv tip başarısızlık yüzdesi ise tamir bağlanma dayanımı değerlerine paralel şekilde tespit edildi (Bulkfill&amp;gt; Submikrohibrit&amp;gt;Mikrohibrit). Sonuç: Supranano kompozit rezinin tamirinde submikrohibrit ve mikrohibrit kompozite göre bulkfill kompozit ile daha iyi bir bağlanma sağlanabilir.

EFFECT OF REPEATED FIRINGS ON METAL CERAMIC BOND STRENGTH OF CO-CR ALLOY FABRICATED BY DIRECT METAL LASER SINTERING AN IN-VITRO STUDY

Purpose: The bond strength of metal ceramic restorations places a key role for the longevity of the prosthesis which could be affected by the fabrication technique and the number of firings. The current research evaluates the effect of repeated firings on bond strength of metal ceramic systems with copings fabricated from two processing techniques, lost wax technique through induction casting and direct metal laser sintering. Materials and Methods: 21 metal ceramic bars will be fabricated using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (Group DMLS) and 21 using conventional lost wax technique (Group Cast). Each sample will have a dimension of 25x3x0.5mm respectively. In the center of each bar, a 1.1mm thickness of porcelain will be fused onto an 8x3mm rectangular area. Each group is further subdivided into 3 subgroups which are subjected to repeated firings (3, 5, 7) and the bond strength is measured with positioning of the samples on a Universal Testing Machine. Results: Group ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukeys test showed comparison of overall bond strength of ceramic samples fabricated using DMLS &amp; Casting subjected to different Firing was done and the difference in mean was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The DMLS group showed slight superior bond strength properties when compared with Cast group.

Reliability of an Innovative Slab Shear versus Microtensile Bond Strength Test: Mechanical and Finite Element Analysis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of slab shear bond strength test (Slab_SBS) versus the microtensile in evaluation of the bond strength of different substrates. Forty-eight extracted caries-free human third molars were utilized for teeth specimens' preparation. After flattening of all molars' occlusal table, the specimens were divided into two groups based on the type of utilized restorative material: nanohybrid resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the subsequently applied bond strength test and specimen width; microtensile bond strength test (μTBS), Slab_SBS [2 mm] and Slab_SBS [3 mm]. Both testing methods were additionally applied on CAD/CAM specimens, nanohybrid resin composite blocks (composite-to-composite), and ceramic blocks (ceramic-to-ceramic). CAD/CAM specimens were prepared and cemented and then sectioned and subdivided as followed for teeth specimens' preparation. Pretest failures (PTF), bond strength, and failure mode of each specimen were recorded. Representative three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) models were developed to simulate μTBS and Slab_SBS specimens. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test and Weibull analysis. Pretest failures were only noted in the μTBS subgroups. Slab_SBS provided comparable bond strength to the μTBS of all substrates with adhesive mode of failure. Slab_SBS is easier to prepare with consistent and predictable outcome with no pretest failures during specimen preparation and better stress distribution.

PH Effects of Soda, Brew, and Citrus on Adhesive Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets to the Enamel. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Adhesive Remnant Index Analysis

Aim: To assess the effects of milk tea, carbonated drink, orange juice, and artificial saliva on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets and assess their mode of failure under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Material and Methods: Eighty non-carious extracted premolars were disinfected, etched, had primer applied and cured, and bracket bonded with light cure composite adhesive. These teeth were then immersed in separate media of milk tea, carbonated drink, orange juice, and artificial saliva for 10 minutes per day for three months. After which, they were thermocycled and subjected to shear stress in the Universal testing machine, and the shear load was recorded. Following debonding, the teeth were analyzed under SEM for failure analysis using adhesive remnant Index (ARI). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests. Results: Carbonated drink and milk tea showed comparable shear bond strength which differed significantly from that of orange juice and artificial saliva. Conclusion: Carbonated drink had the most erosive effect on the tooth’s surface and showed the least shear bond strength and adhesive remnant score than the teeth immersed in other media.

Shear Bond Strength and Fluoride Release of a Universal Adhesive: An In-Vitro Study on Primary Teeth.

This investigation aimed to assess the shear bond strength and fluoride-releasing capabilities of Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Forty-four extracted primary molars were divided into two groups, and the enamel substrate was prepared for evaluating shear bond strength. Scotchbond (3M ESPE) and Clearfil UBQ were used to bond composite-to-enamel substrates in each group (n = 22). Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing device and compared. Sixteen discs (6 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness) were fabricated from each Clearfil UBQ, Fuji IX, and Fuji II LC. Over the course of 30 days, each materials' fluoride release was examined and compared using ion analysis. Results revealed that Clearfil UBQ had statistically similar shear bond strength to Scotchbond. Between the three materials, Clearfil UBQ had the lowest fluoride release at baseline (0.11 ± 0.25) and the lowest cumulative fluoride release (0.12-0.27 ppm) over 30 days. Fuji IX had the highest fluoride release at baseline (19.38 ± 2.50) and cumulatively (40.87 ± 4.03 ppm), followed by Fuji II LC. We conclude that Clearfil UBQ and Scotchbond showed comparable bond strengths to the enamel. Fluoride release was seen in Clearfil UBQ in the initial two days of the 30-day period. The amount of fluoride release was significantly less than with glass ionomer cements.

Evaluation and comparison of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index score in brackets bonded with probiotics impregnated orthodontic adhesive and commercially available orthodontic adhesive - An in vitro study

Background: White spot lesions are one of the main drawbacks of fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy. Probiotic bacteria have been included in mouthwashes and lozenges to check the activity of S.mutans on surface enamel. Aim: Aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index scores of orthodontic brackets bonded with probiotic impregnated (Lactobacillus rhamnous) orthodontic adhesive and conventional light cure orthodontic adhesive. Materials and methods: In this in-vitro study, two groups were tested in one group brackets were bonded to extracted maxillary premolars using probiotic impregnated composite and in the other with conventional light cure composite resin. Shear bond strength was assessed using universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index scores were assessed on the same samples. Results: Shear bond strength of the new composite resin was significantly decreased when compared to conventional light cure composite (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in ARI scores (p=0.51) between the groups. Conclusions: The shear bond strength of the novel probiotic impregnated composite was significantly reduced. Though there was no significant variation in ARI scores when compared to control, avenues to improve the shear bond strength should be assessed.

Comparison of push-out bond strength of endodontic sealers after root canal drying with different techniques.

An ideal endodontic sealer should bond to both dentin and root-filling material. This study aimed to assess the push-out bond strength (PBS) of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA)-Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, AH26, and Sure-Seal Root to root dentin after root canal drying with different techniques. This in vitro study was conducted on 160 extracted mandibular premolars. After root canal preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 40) of drying with ethanol, paper point, air vacuum, and control (wet canal). Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 10) for use of AH26, Sure-Seal Root, MTA-Fillapex, and Endoseal MTA sealers. The mean PBS was measured by a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Games-Howell tests. The maximum mean PBS was equally recorded in ethanol and paper point groups, and was significantly higher than that of control and air vacuum groups (p < .001). In the use of AH26 sealer, the mean PBS in drying with ethanol was significantly higher than all other methods (p < .05). The mean PBS in drying with a paper point was also significantly higher compared with control and air vacuum methods (p < .05). In the use of Sure-Seal, the mean PBS in drying with a paper point was significantly higher than other methods (p < .05). The mean PBS in drying with ethanol was significantly higher than that in control and air vacuum methods (p < .001). In the use of MTA-Fillapex and Endoseal-MTA,the technique of drying had no significant effect on PBS. Adhesive and mixed failures were the most common in all drying groups. Drying with ethanol and paper point enhanced the PBS of sealers to root dentin.

Assessment of Intra-Oral Repair Systems for Veneered Zirconia and Zirconia Only.

The aim of this study was to compare bond strength resin composites to porcelain laminate veneers in the indirect repair method to composite resins used in the direct repair method for cases of porcelain veneer fracture of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses. In the study, the groups were formed with different percentages of areas to be repaired to mimic porcelain fractures in the mouth. The experimental group of veneered zirconia were as follows: Group A = 100% Zr surface; Group B = 70% Zr, 30% porcelain surface; Group C = 50% Zr, 50% porcelain surface; Group D = 30% Zr, 70% porcelain surface; Group E = 100% porcelain surface. The repairs of the specimens were made using composite resin systems in half of the groups and using porcelain laminate veneers in the other half. Specimens were embedded in acrylic blocks before surface treatments and repairs were applied. After surface conditioning, laminate veneers were applied to the first half of the groups, and composite repair systems were applied to the second half of the groups. After all specimens were aged by thermal cycling, their bond strength values were measured using a Universal Testing Machine, and the obtained data were recorded. The specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope and classified according to failure types (adhesive/cohesive/mixed). Bond strength values were evaluated based on independent-samples t-test statistics. According to the comparisons among the groups, the bond strength of the indirect repairs made with the laminate material was higher than the bond strength of the repairs made with the composite. There was a statistically significant difference in favor of the indirect repair groups among all groups except for Group C. The highest bond strength was found in Group A in the indirect repair method, while the lowest bond was found in the direct repair method in Group E. Adhesive failure was mostly seen in the groups that were repaired with the composite.

Comparison of shear bond strength and color reproduction of two different high-performance polymers veneered with two different thicknesses of resin composite: an in-vitro study

Comparison of shear bond strength and color reproduction of two different high-performance polymers veneered with two different thicknesses of resin composite: an in-vitro study

Comparison of shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded to ceramic surfaces utilizing different adhesive systems: An in vitro study.

To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to three different types of ceramic surfaces (feldspathic, lithium disilicate, and zirconium) using Assure® Plus All and Transbond™ XT adhesives. The sample comprised 72 monolithic computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic samples that were randomly divided into six groups of 12 specimens each. Three groups (G1, feldspathic ceramic; G3, lithium disilicate ceramic; G5, zirconium surfaces) were bonded to metal brackets using Assure® Plus All adhesive, whereas the remaining three groups (G2, G4, G6; with the ceramic type in the same order as that in the previous groups) were bonded to metal brackets using Transbond™ XT. The samples were then subjected to 10,000 thermocycles. The SBS was calculated using the shear tests. The site of bonding failure was classified using the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses at a 5% significance level. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean SBS values of the groups (P < 0.001). The mean SBS for G6 (zirconium plus Transbond™ XT) (2.52 MPa) was significantly lower than that for all other groups. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the ARI score distribution among the groups (P < 0.001). Differences were identified between G6 and G3 (lithium disilicate Plus All Assure® Plus All) and G5 (zirconium plus Assure® Plus All). The mean bonding strength of brackets with Assure® Plus All was higher than that with Transbond™ XT for all three types of ceramics. However, all groups, except the zirconium plus Transbond™ XT group, showed acceptable bonding strength for orthodontic purposes. The application of hydrofluoric acid followed by silane and finally the Assure® Plus All adhesive system is adequate for bonding brackets to any of the ceramic tested surfaces.

Comparison of shear bond strength of composite resin, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary teeth: An in-vitro study.

The contemporary esthetic restorative materials such as composite resin and glass-ionomer cements and their modifications have all been developed keeping in mind the requirements of permanent teeth. There have been plenty of studies that have focused on the characteristics of these materials in relation to permanent teeth with a relative dearth of such studies as regard to the primary teeth. The present study was undertaken to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of composite resin, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary teeth. Thirty non-carious primary molars that were indicated for extraction because of physiological resorption or, for orthodontic reasons, were selected. The selected teeth were randomly allocated to three groups of 10 each for composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements. The enamel from the occlusal surface of all teeth was removed to expose the superficial dentin and was wet polished with 400 grit sand paper. Composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer stubs were bonded on to the occlusal surfaces using a plastic tube as a template. All samples were, then, subjected to thermocycling and evaluation of shear bond strength using the universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min, whereas the results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), whereas one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures were used for statistical analysis. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean shear bond strength values for Groups I, II, and III were found to be 11.7 ± 3.07 MPa, 7.74 ± 4.16 Mpa, and 4.43 ± 2.08 Mpa, respectively, whereas one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures indicated that there were remarkable differences among the three groups with the results being statistically significant (P < 0.05). Composite resin showed the highest shear bond strength in relation to primary dentin when compared to compomer and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.

Comparison of shear bond strength of rebonded stainless steel brackets with three different enamel surface conditioning methods.

During the orthodontic bonding process, the need for repositioning or rebonding of orthodontic brackets on the enamel surface occurs frequently. The aim of this study is to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) in rebonding orthodontic stainless steel brackets with three different methods of enamel surface conditioning methods. In this in vitro study, 80 human premolars that were extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly divided into four groups and underwent orthodontic bonding procedure (N = 20). Except for the control group, three other groups underwent debonding and rebonding process in which after removing the remaining adhesive with tungsten-carbide bur, enamel surface conditioned by three different methods including re-etching with phosphoric acid, sandblasting + acid etching, and Erbium-doped Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser. Then, the SBS of the bracket to the enamel surface was compared between different groups. Scanning Electron microscopy images were also obtained from a number of samples. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The highest SBS was observed in the primary bond (control group) with an average of 29,440 MPa. There was a significant difference between the studied groups (P < 0.001) and only the group that was re-etched with phosphoric acid had no significant difference with the control group (P = 0.708) ∝ =0.05. Rebonding of brackets using phosphoric acid for reconditioning of the enamel surface creates bond strength comparable to the primary bond. Other groups had significantly lower SBS than the control group.

Comparison of shear bond strength of bonded stainless steel brackets using three different light curing systems: An in vitro study.

To evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of stainless-steel brackets using three different light curing units. Using three LED curing units (3M ESPE Elipar, Ivoclar bluephase, and Woodpecker I LED light cure), 120 precoated metal brackets (Gemini series, 3M Unitek) were cured. The shear bond strength was recorded using a universal testing machine. The shear strength of the bracket in different light-curing systems was examined with ANOVA test. The mean shear strength of group A, group B, and group C were 16.03 ± 14.30 MPA, 16.86 ± 11.89 MPA, and 20.51 ± 19.40, respectively. The result of the analysis shows that there is a major difference in shear bond strength of these three different light-curing systems with F value = 3.94 and P value 0.04. We used three LED light-curing units with different intensities and manufacturing companies. The result showed that woodpecker I LED light had significantly highest mean SBS than the other two (Elipar LED curing light and 3M ESPE, Ivoclar bluephase).

Comparison of shear bond strength between various temporary prostheses resin blocks fabricated by subtractive and additive manufacturing methods bonded to self-curing reline resin

Comparison of shear bond strength between various temporary prostheses resin blocks fabricated by subtractive and additive manufacturing methods bonded to self-curing reline resin

An in vitro comparison of tensile bond strengths of resin- and methacrylate-based sealers to dentin, gutta-percha, and resin-based coated core surfaces

An in vitro comparison of tensile bond strengths of resin- and methacrylate-based sealers to dentin, gutta-percha, and resin-based coated core surfaces

Comparison between a bulk-fill resin-based composite and three luting materials on the cementation of fiberglass-reinforced posts.

This study verified the possibility of cementing fiberglass-reinforced posts using a flowable bulk-fill composite (BF), comparing its push-out bond strength and microhardness with these properties of 3 luting materials. Sixty endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Posts were cemented using conventional dual-cured cement (CC); self-adhesive cement (SA); dual-cured composite (RC); and BF. Push-out bond strength (n = 10) and microhardness (n = 5) tests were performed after 1 week and 4 months of storage. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 1-way ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied for the push-out bond strength and microhardness results; and Pearson correlation test was applied to verify the correlation between push-out bond strength and microhardness results (α = 0.05). BF presented higher push-out bond strength than CC and SA in the cervical third before aging (p < 0.01). No differences were found between push-out bond strength before and after aging for all the luting materials (p = 0.84). Regarding hardness, only SA presented higher values measured before than after aging (p < 0.01). RC and BF did not present 80% of the maximum hardness at the apical regions. A strong positive correlation was found between the luting materials' push-out bond strength and microhardness (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.7912). The BF presented comparable or higher push-out bond strength and microhardness than the luting materials, which indicates that it could be used for cementing resin posts in situations where adequate light curing is possible.

Comparison of shear bond strength of rebonded brackets prepared with different methods of resin removal: an in vitro study.

Clinicians and researchers have always made every effort to achieve proper bonding between the surface of the tooth and the rebonded orthodontic brackets in order to prevent the re-fracture failure of orthodontic pressures throughout treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the bond strength of rebonded brackets by four adhesive removal methods.