Workers In Company Research Articles

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AS AN OBJECT OF MANAGEMENT

The article proves that the most important component of the intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise is intellectual property. An essential condition for increasing the competitiveness of intellectual capital is the commercialization and effective management of intellectual property objects. Under the concept of intellectual property management, it is proposed to understand an integrated system of preparation and provision of different levels of management for effective planning, control and management decision-making regarding intellectual property objects. It is designed to ensure coordination, interaction and consistency of individual management elements to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise and its effective operation. The author recommends considering the intellectual property management process as a set of a number of stages. The first stage is the process of creating an object of intellectual property, the effective implementation of which allows the enterprise to become their right holder. At the second stage, a number of actions should be taken, thanks to which the right holder will be able to protect the intangible asset from illegal encroachments. It is proposed to consider the turnover of intellectual property objects as the third stage of management. It provides for the actual monetization of intellectual property, in particular, its use in the activities of the enterprise itself. The fourth stage involves ensuring the relevance of law enforcement documents on the results of intellectual activity. The main task of management at this stage is to maintain security documents in force. The fifth stage is one of the most important stages of the management of intellectual property rights - it is the prevention and termination of violations of the company's exclusive rights and the collection of compensations and fines from violators, that is, the protection of one's intellectual property. Actions within the framework of this stage are carried out in two main directions: monitoring the use of the appropriate company's intellectual property and claim work with violators of its rights; protection of intellectual property rights in court, if such a need becomes urgent. An important stage of management is the registration of an object of intellectual property in other countries. It is important to note that during the development of the enterprise and the introduction of products to the international market, it may be necessary to obtain legal protection in accordance with the legislation of other countries. The process of alienation of the object of intellectual property can also be called a separate stage of management. These stages should not be carried out in this order at all. As a rule, this is a complex process in which the creation, registration, monetization, control and protection of rights are carried out in parallel and regularly

Investigation of Job Fatigue, Quality of Life and Sleep of shift staff working in the electric distribution company of Ilam Province

Introduction: Shift work is one of the social phenomena that has its roots in the history of human origin and still exists today for economic and technological reasons. Due to the complications of shift work, the present study was conducted to investigate job fatigue, quality of life, and sleep of shift staff working in Ilam Electric Distribution Company.
 Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, all shift workers of Ilam Electric Distribution Company were selected. Data collection tools included the Swedish Job Exhaustion Questionnaire, Quality of Life (SF-36), the Insomnia Assessment Questionnaire, and the Survey of shift workers (SOS). SPSS software version 26 was used to analyze data using independent sample T-Test, One-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests. 
 Results: Pearson correlation test showed that there was a direct and positive correlation between age and physical function (r = 0.439; p = 0.022), smoking and sleep problems (r = 0.528; p = 0.006), and education and limitation of the role of emotional problems (r = 0.382; p = 0.049). Also, the was a significant indirect correlation was found between age and physical role limitation (r = - 0.501; p = 0.008), shift work with satisfaction with individual life (p <0.045), social life (p <0.038), family life (p <0.023) and family dissatisfaction.
 Conclusion: shift working has adverse effects on family satisfaction, circadian rhythms, digestive performance, and mental health. It is suggested that managers be more careful about working hours, work shifts, and rest times

Pola Asuh Karyawati Rokok Muslimah dalam Membina Karakter Anak Usia Dini di Kabupaten Sumenep Madura Indonesia

Nowadays, the number of female workers in various companies is commonplace. As a result, women's parenting pattern is not intensive. In Islamic teachings, women have a great responsibility in educating children. This paper aims to look at the phenomenon of child rearing by Muslimah cigarette employees in Bulu Lebilleh Hamlet, Pragaan Daya Village, Sumenep, Madura. This paper uses a qualitative field method with a phenomenological approach. Data collection is done by interview, observation, and documentation. The results showed that five Muslimah cigarette employees entrusted their children to their families (husbands and parents) when they worked. The parenting style of Muslimah employees is limited. Among them are teaching their children to be independent, such as eating and bathing themselves, teaching the recitation of the Qur'an, teaching them to read prayers, and teaching children to color and draw. The supporting factors for the success of Muslimah cigarette employees in fostering the character of early childhood are a conducive environment and a harmonious family. The inhibiting factors are the limited time and defiance of children due to parenting patterns that are not optimal

Accounting Information System Development End-user-based for Improving Digital Business

This study aimed to determine the end user's role in system strategy, conceptual design and system selection for the successful development of accounting information systems at PT. Radik Jaya, Indonesia and to know the supporting factors and constraints for the development of accounting information systems in PT. Radik Jaya Indonesia. The research method used was qualitative with a case study approach. Data was collected with observation and in-depth interviews directly with key sources of information (CFO, Financial staff, HR and general staff), documentation, credibility, and source triangulation. Taxonomy was used as the data analysis method.
 The result showed that the roles of the user to determine the success of the development of accounting information system at PT. Radik Jaya Indonesia. These roles include the user's role in system strategy, conceptual design, and system selection. The role of users in the system strategy was to provide information and proposals related to the features carried out the development of accounting information systems in order to run effectively. The role of the user in conceptual design was to ensure the design of the accounting information system in accordance with the PSAK and in accordance with the description of the information provided in the process of designing the system strategy. The selection of the system was done in detail, the user plays a role in the selection of the system by paying attention to the features that have been applied in accordance with the operational needs of the company's work and business. The information presented displayed well. The client guarantees the costs caused by the organization during the time spent fostering the bookkeeping data framework as per the plan that has been made.

Analysis of crab fisherman’s household structure and livelihood strategy after the Kendari Bay revitalization

The study determines the structure and strategy of livelihood and household welfare of crab fishermen after the revitalization of Kendari Bay. Determination of the research area is done purposively. The population and sample in this study were fishermen who persisted in using Kendari Bay as a location for catching crabs after the sedimentation and reclamation of Kendari Bay to meet family needs. The data analysis used is qualitative analysis to determine the strategy and structure of fishermen’s livelihood and quantitative research to assess household welfare by calculating fishermen’s income which will be compared with the regional minimum wage. The results showed that the livelihood structure of crab fishermen consisted of on-farm (fishery sector) as mud crab fishermen and non-farm (non-fishery sector) as construction workers, company workers, and the wages for ship work that were carried out erratically every month. The crab fisherman’s livelihood strategy is a double income pattern where the fisherman and his wife work in the non-fishery sector to meet their household needs and migrate by mobility or moving to other areas outside the Kendari Bay coast. The income of crab fishermen from catching crabs in Kendari Bay (fishery sector) is IDR2.379.859 and working in the non-fishery sector is IDR1.319.375. Hence, the total household income of crab fishermen is IDR3.699.234, higher than the minimum wage of Kendari City in 2022, IDR2.823.315, so the crab fishing households are still categorized as prosperous.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PENYEBAB KECELAKAAN KERJA PADA BAGIAN FLEXO FINISHING DI PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR

Batam is the city with the highest number of work accident cases in Riau Islands Province, which dominated by the industrial sector with an annual percentage of > 85%. Company X is the industry with the largest packaging box production in Batam . Based on the company's work accident report in 2016 there were 12 cases, in 2017 there were 9 cases, in 2018 there were 12 cases, in 2019 there were 20 cases and in 2020 there were 12 cases. The highest work accident cases are in the flexo finishing production section. This study aims to determine the factors that cause work accidents in the flexo finishing section in manufacturing company. The type of this research is analytic observational with quantitative approach and cross sectional study design. The research sample of 50 samples was taken using a total sampling technique. The instrument used is a questionnaire. Data analysis using chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between OHS training (p=0.022) and the use of PPE (p=0.003) with work accident. There is no relationship between age (p=0.087) and work period (p=0.383) with work accident. The suggestion of this research is that there is a need for a re-evaluation in the implementation of the OHS training program and the use of PPE, by providing OHS training equally to all workers and providing PPE in accordance with the potential hazards and risks of work accidents in the work section.

Companies on Thin Ice Due to Digital Transformation: The Role of Digital Skills and Human Characteristics

The aim of the research is to provide a survey-based result on the individual digital skills and human characteristics of the workforce influenced by digital transformation. The online questionnaire is completed by managers and white collar workers of Hungarian manufacturing companies in spring 2021 (n=489). Descriptive statistics and relationship tests are used for analysing the results. The main findings are: (1) digital transformation reduced the demand for human labour, the workforces have basic digital skills used in a few parts of companies, and the digital transformation has increased the challenge in the lack of digital skills of the workforce. (2) Human characteristics are important as an impact of the digital transformation. (3) The size of the companies influences human characteristics changed as a result of the digital transformation. Managers have to focus on improving human and digital skills of the workforces needed in increasingly digital work environments, therefore providing adequate training is an urgent need while companies undergo digital transformation. The study investigates an important socio-technical phenomena determining how digital transformation places specific demands on individual digital skills. Significant human characteristics such as critical thinking, complex problem solving, adaptability, resilience and creativity are essential to successfully exploit the digital transformation.

Relación entre el clima laboral y desempeño en los colaboradores de una empresa de seguridad

The objective of the research was to determine the relationship between the work environment and the performance of employees of a security company. The research was applied, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational. Population of 90 workers and sample of 70, simple random non-probabilistic sampling, technique and instrument to the survey and questionnaire, respectively. Unit of analysis given by the collaborator of the organization. The questionnaire validated by three experts and presented a Cronbach's Alpha reliability of 0.9315 for the study. The results according to Spearman's coefficient show a very high relationship between the variable work climate and performance in which a coefficient of 1,000 was obtained, it can be deduced that it is effective, regular and significant with a value of 0,000. The conclusion starts with a very high association between the variables, at the same time conveys that the work environment is very important and essential in the performance of the company's workers.

Studi Kasus Penggunaan Video Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Daring Dalam Mata Kuliah Japanese for Business di Era Pandemi

In the covid 19 pandemic era, education in Indonesia is appliying an online learning system. The use of technology and computer-based applications is inevitable. Teachers are faced with the use of applications such as Zoom, G Classroom, Screenomatic, Canva, Prezi, and others. The use of these applications is constructive in the knowledge transfer process. However, the use of supporting media in online learning also plays an important role. Because in practice, the use of learning media will greatly help the learning process. One of them is by using video media. Video is a multimedia-based learning media. In the video, learners can listen to the material through audio-visual which can help optimize the function of the five senses and make it easier for learners to understand the content of the material presented. This research will use videos from a Youtube channel. One course that requires videos as learning media is Japanese for Business, which is given to 3rd year 6th-semester students for 4 meetings with various themes. In this course, students are taught Japanese conversation for business. The difficulties faced in online learning are the lack of time for practice and limited language use situations. Moreover, the pandemic period has also affected the company's work system, so it is necessary to deliver material about the work system. Such as presentations and meetings through zoom as well as other situations that might occur in the online work system. Based on this background, it can be concluded that the purpose of this study is to find out how teaching in Japanese for Business course through the use of video media in the pandemic era. The method used is a mixed method.

Enhancing motivation and psychological wellbeing in the workplace through conscious physical activity: Suggestions from a qualitative study examining workers' experience.

After COVID-19 restrictions, hybrid solutions were established that combined smart working and work in presence. Workplace conditions significantly impact employees' lives, particularly in terms of meeting their needs and promoting their wellbeing. Based on a socio-ecological and multilevel methodology, the UP150 concept (Proactive Office 150) represents a possible innovative solution to meet employees' needs and valorize flexible work. It encourages physical exercise and active breaks during the typical workday by using particular architectural modifications, a dedicated App, and physical activity professionals as wellness coaches. The present study is the last step of the preliminary actions planned to check the benefits of the UP150 concept and aims to explore the workers' perceptions after experiencing this project. The qualitative analysis of a preliminary survey (concerning information about the company structure and workers' habits) performed before conducting a randomized controlled trial intervention study and the analysis of the semi-structured interviews after 8 weeks of a UP150 experience served as datasets for this study and have been examined and discussed. In the preliminary survey, the young (under 40) and generally active (57% of the workers) reported being motivated to exercise but inhibited by a lack of time and a heavy workload. After 8 weeks at a modified workplace designed in accordance with the motive behind the UP150, the workers displayed noticeable positive perceptions and appreciation. The qualitative analysis confirmed and supported the effectiveness of the UP150 concept that previous research had already found in quantitative parameters related to employees' motor efficiency, psychophysical status, and amount of physical activity. Participants reported beneficial perceived effects on their wellness and psychophysical status following a UP150 experience. Moreover, the concept improved social relationships and increased motivation. In conclusion, the UP150 concept efficiently fostered a positive perception of physical exercise and directed the employees toward the assumption of healthy behaviors fitting the physical literacy paradigm.

Employer branding and employee performance at KAI: employee retention' role as mediator

Today's job seekers prefer well-known companies, even though they're less likely to be accepted. The HR team must brand the company as an employer. Employer branding can be a company's image, values, and work culture. Employer branding has a greater impact on employee loyalty than non-emotional factors on employees. This study aims to explain 1) employer branding's impact on employee retention and performance, 2) employee retention's impact on employee performance, and 3) employer branding's impact on employee performance through employee retention as a mediator. 110 frontline workers from PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) DAOP VII Madiun made up the research sample. The sampling was proportional random. Using SPSS and Sobel, this study uses descriptive and inferential analysis. Influence test results show that employer branding increases employee retention and performance, and employee retention increases employee performance. The results of path analysis and Sobel test of the mediator's role show that the direct effect of employer branding on employee retention after being controlled by employee retention as a mediator is not significant. Employee retention acts as a full mediator for employer branding's effect on employee performance, according to the mediator test. 2) Companies can improve employee performance by improving employee retention via career opportunities, awards, and employee relationships.

Influence of Organizational Contingencies on Financial Performance: Mediating Role of Crisis Management

This study aims to understand the impact of organizational contingencies such as organizational culture, human resource policies and inter-organizational linkage on financial performance, using the mediating role of crisis management in energy companies in Iraq. To this end, structural equation modelling (SEM) was adopted to test the causal relationships between the study variables. An exploratory design (i.e., a questionnaire) was used to collect data from 379 workers in energy companies in Iraq. The results of this study indicate that organizational contingencies affect financial performance. Besides, crisis management has a complete mediation of the relationship between organizational contingencies and financial performance. From the practitioner's point of view, leaders and practitioners should encourage a creative culture and idea generation to give members enough power to act and focus on goals that support building sustainable organizational capacity. <br />Implications for Central European audience: The findings of this study contribute to providing academics and practitioners with a deep insight into the antecedents of financial performance to develop practices and policies that increase performance.

Impact of Reduced Working Hours and Night Work Hours on Metabolic Syndrome: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Epidemiological evidence linking long working hours and shift work to metabolic syndrome remains inadequate. We sought to evaluate the impact of reducing working hours on metabolic syndrome. We compared the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male manual workers in a manufacturing company (N=371) before and after the introduction of policy to reduce daily work hours from 10 to 8 hours. Components of metabolic syndrome were measured in periodic health examinations before the intervention, 6-9 months after, and 1.5-2 years after the intervention. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Analyses were stratified by day work versus shift work. The results showed a significantly decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome 6-9 months following the intervention in day workers (risk ratio=0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.88), but the benefit disappeared after 1.5-2 years. Shift workers showed a decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome for the whole follow-up duration after the intervention, although the change was not statistically significant. Reducing working hours was associated with short-term improvement in metabolic syndrome in male manual workers.

Сontrolling measures for the company’s sustainable development strategy implementation

Innovative activity contributes to the achievement of dynamic and static stability of industrial enterprise development. Strategic planning in the field of innovation is the main element of sustainable development, increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the enterprise in market conditions. In our opinion, the concept of "sustainable development" should include not only a dynamic, but also a static component (according to one of the proposed principles). Basically, sustainable development is perceived as development that allows obtaining various benefits (ecological, economic, social, prospective) both in the present and in the future; that is, a kind of system that is constantly replenished. We certainly agree with this approach. However, the second (static) component is often not taken into account, which is an unacceptable oversight, since not only the principle of reproduction is important in sustainable development, but also the principle of balanced development of the enterprise as a system, that is, the principle of balanced development of its elements. In the modern conditions of economic development, there are many effective ways and methods of forming development strategies: analytical, research-experimental, forecasting methods, economic, social-psychological, administrative, etc. The most promising methods, in our opinion, are portfolio methods (based on the construction of matrices), intuitive methods (especially relevant in conditions of lack of information), program-target methods and methods of mathematical modeling. As noted, the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise on an innovative basis is achieved by balancing the state of the ecological, social and economic system in the present and its development in the future. Therefore, the company should conduct an adapted SWOT analysis in view of these areas. The process of monitoring the implementation of the company's sustainable development strategy consists of three main stages: evaluation of the company's work; comparing the quality of his work with existing standards; corrective processes invested in ensuring the implementation of the intended. It should not be forgotten that the listed stages are the most general components of the entire process of organizational control. More specific types of organizational control (for example, output control, inventory control, strategy implementation control, and quality control) are based on these stages, but they have correspondingly more specific requirements.

Assessing the effect of BTEX on blood and spirometry parameters staff in a petroleum refinery.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of BTEX compound on blood and spirometry parameters of staff in the Abadan petroleum refinery (Iran). In 80 staff was examined in terms of BTEX exposure (40 exposed and 40 non-exposed). In this study, the air sampling was carried out according to the NIOSH 1,501 method and an automated hematology analyzer was used to analyze all blood samples to evaluate blood parameters and using a Micro Direct automated computerized spirometer. Spss20 software was used to interpret the performance. According to the obtained results, total BTEX concentrations with the recommended standard level showed that, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, concentrations in Abadan Oil Refining Company Workers' breathing zone were lower than the TLV-TWA recommended by ACGIH. However, the average concentration of benzene was higher than the allowable limit. Therefore, in this study the effect of benzene on the blood and respiratory parameters of the workers was evaluated, the comparison of the blood and respiratory parameters between the groups of exposed and unexposed workers did not reveal any statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.001). The results showed no statistically significant connection between mean blood and spirometry parameters and benzene exposure. Also, based on results the effect of benzene problems needs to be prevented in employees with adequate engineering and management controls and periodic inspection.

Relationship Between Occupational Noise and Hypertension in Modern Enterprise Workers: A Case-Control Study.

Objective: The association between occupational noise exposure and hypertension is controversial. Thus, we aimed to assess the relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension. Methods: This was a case‒control study, and 509 cases and 1,018 controls from an automobile company were included between July and October 2013. Occupational noise exposure was defined as exposure to noise level ≥80dB(A) (Lex, 8h) or cumulative noise exposure (CNE) ≥ 80dB(A)-years. To assess the associations of noise level and CNE with hypertension, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The restricted cubic spline function was used to establish dose‒response curves. Results: A noise level ≥80dB (A) (Lex, 8h) was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.89-3.24). CNE ≥80dB (A)-years was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.18-2.00). Nonlinear relationships between noise level, CNE and hypertension were found (p- nonlinear<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that occupational noise exposure is a potential risk factor for hypertension in automobile company workers.

Realization of social information system using React.js and Redux

The article analyzes technologies and selects tools for creating a system. Professionals can provide their skills and knowledge by expanding the knowledge base of the platform. Mentors can publish articles on various business topics. Any user will have access to an extensive database of information about the latest industry trends, answers, and recommendations on topics of interest, read about real examples of the company's work and learn about the points of view of experts on various topics. This article provides an overview of the information system to facilitate knowledge sharing and the means to create it. A system was implemented that is a web-based mentoring platform and a knowledge database created and managed by users of the platform. Through communication and collaboration, platform users share knowledge. They can gain and exchange experience, resources, ideas, and solutions.

국내 중소수출제조기업 유통⋅물류 부문의 Green SCM 도입수준에 영향을 미치는 이해관계자 결정요인 연구

Recently, changes in the export environment are expanding the scope of mandatory environment in the eco-friendly distribution and logistics sector. Accordingly, domestic small and medium-sized export manufacturing companies are also included in the list of external stakeholder pressure on the implementation of an eco-friendly system for sustainable operation. Therefore, it is necessary to derive stakeholder determinants that affect the level of Green SCM adoption in the distribution and logistics sector of domestic small and medium-sized export manufacturing companies and present their eco-friendly management strategy directions. Based on Freeman’s stakeholder model, the purpose of our paper is to analyze how it affects the level of introduction of Green SCM by deriving stakeholder factors of small and medium-sized export manufacturers, and to analyze the significance of the moderating effect by conducting a multiple group analysis on the ISO 14001 data implementation period. To this end, our study distributed the questionnaire designed through pending research and in-depth interviews with experts to workers of domestic distribution logistics small and medium-sized export manufacturing companies, and used member lists of the Carbon Convergence Industry Research Association, Korea Trade Association, and professional trading companies to secure objectivity and reliability of samples. The analysis results of our study are as follows. First, the threat of government regulation had a negative (-) effect on the level of Green SCM adoption. Similar results were derived from studies by Xue et al. (2021) and Li et al. (2019) in that the stronger government regulations, the more negatively they affect corporate decision-making and performance. Second, supplier cooperation had a positive (+) effect on the level of Greem SCM adoption. These results are similar to the studies of Kitsis &amp; Chen (2021), Park Chan-kwon, etc. (2019), and the higher the level of awareness of supplier cooperation, the higher the level of Green SCM adoption. Third, community responsibility had a positive (+) effect on the level of Green SCM adoption. This was similar to the study of Khosroshahi et al. (2021) in that small and medium-sized export manufacturing companies have an environmental responsibility as a member of the community and introduce eco-friendly management to contribute to the community. Fourth, the ISO 14001 data implementation period showed a significant moderating effect in the relationship between supplier cooperation and Green SCM adoption level. As a result, it was confirmed that the longer the ISO 14001 data implementation period, the higher the level of adoption through continuous eco-friendly activities to maintain eco-friendly certification.

The Impact of Audit Culture and Internal Control Systems on Audit Quality: The Case of Lebanese Banks

The audit process is a representation of the engagement team's testing procedures. A company's culture and working procedures are two factors that might affect one's performance on the job. Leaders may message that they care about their and their audit firm's reputations by showing appreciation for high standards of audit quality and stressing the necessity of "doing the right thing" in the public interest. The Center for Audit Quality is only one part of the Audit Quality Disclosure Framework. There should be a clear emphasis on audit quality, and leaders should set the tone by doing so themselves. Only 300 employees from the businesses above participated in the research. Those 288 employees work for a wide variety of companies. This study’s findings shed light on the connection between strong internal controls and good governance in Lebanon’s banking sector. Senior management will focus on organizational compliance, the internal control system and monitoring methodologies, effective corporate governance, risk assessment, quality assurance, and independent forensic investigation since these are all prerequisites for an independent audit role. The chance of management undermining internal controls designed to identify and prevent fraud will decrease, and a more positive culture will result. Both managers will check that sufficient internal procedures are in place to safeguard corporate property.

Human interaction with virtual reality: investigating pre-evacuation efficiency in building emergency

The current manuscript verifies the use of virtual reality (VR)-based methodology as a helpful way to study human behavior during the pre-evacuation period, considering the influence of pre-emergency activity (competitive tasks). Two conditions with different engagement levels (i.e., low and high) were set up, and sixty company workers were distributed across conditions randomly. Five types of evacuation behaviors were defined, and compliance behavior results showed most participants (66.7%) evacuated with the ISO-type evacuation alarm in low engagement condition, whereas only 20% of participants evacuated in high engagement situation. Statistical results confirmed the influence of pre-emergency activity on evacuation efficiency. Open-ended questions summarized three levels of knowledge background that justified the reasons/motivations behind pre-evacuation behaviors. simulator sickness, presence, and usability questionnaires confirmed the variable control between conditions. In summary, the VR-based methodology successfully reproduced evacuation behaviors similar to real situations, with the influence of pre-emergency activity. This study added a step to the efficacy of using VR as a tool to study human behavior during the pre-evacuation period and pointed out the need for the next generation of alarms, which will improve human safety in building emergencies.