Company Transaction Research Articles

Private Firm Valuation Using Multiples: Can Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Learn Better Peer Groups?

Forming optimal peer groups is a crucial step in multiplier valuation. Among others, the traditional regression methodology requires the definition of the optimal set of peer selection criteria and the optimal size of the peer group a priori. Since there exists no universally applicable set of closed and complementary rules on selection criteria due to the complexity and the diverse nature of firms, this research exclusively examines unlisted companies, rendering direct comparisons with existing studies impractical. To address this, we developed a bespoke benchmark model through rigorous regression analysis. Our aim was to juxtapose its outcomes with our unique approach, enriching the understanding of unlisted company transaction dynamics. To stretch the performance of the linear regression method to the maximum, various datasets on selection criteria (full as well as F- and NCA-optimized) were employed. Using a sample of over 20,000 private firm transactions, model performance was evaluated employing multiplier prediction error measures (emphasizing bias and accuracy) as well as prediction superiority directly. Emphasizing five enterprise and equity value multiples, the results allow for the overall conclusion that the self-organizing map algorithm outperforms the traditional linear regression model in both minimizing the valuation error as measured by the multiplier prediction error measures as well as in direct prediction superiority. Consequently, the machine learning methodology offers a promising way to improve peer selection in private firm multiplier valuation.

Analyzing Grocery Items Inventory and Managing Stock

Analyzing Grocery items inventory and managing stock is a software application designed to help grocery stores manage their sales processes and inventory. The system typically includes features such as inventory management, point of sale (POS) functionality, and reporting. With a Grocery Items, grocery stores can keep track of their inventory levels, manage their sales transactions, and generate reports on sales and inventory data. This can help grocery stores improve their operations, reduce waste, and provide better customer service. The system works by integrating with the store's POS system, allowing sales data to be automatically recorded and tracked. The system can also be used to manage inventory levels, track product expiration dates, and generate reports on sales and inventory data. Overall, a Grocery items inventory and managing stock can be a valuable tool for grocery stores looking to optimize their operations and improve their bottom line. The goal of the database design for the grocery management system is to facilitate the automated processing of products purchased, billing, and purchases made, as well as to maintain and safeguard sales records. Both the owner and the employee find it easier to control and manage the company's transactions with its support. You won't have to spend as much time manually entering every detail of the customer's and company's transaction. All of the company's data and information is processed and stored by my system. Java and its link to PHP/My Admin are the building blocks of this system. Everything from customers and employees to products and sales figures as well as payment details will be saved in the system's database. The user can keep track of the sale or item that the customer is reserving with my basic silver cross grocery management system. Only authorised users with the staff administrator role can access the Cashier system.

Aksyaa- Android Application Accounting Information System

Today the development of software technology in the field of accounting is increase rapidly following the trend of using mobile devices and the increasing number of new business actors. Prior to this research, we proposed an Accounting Information System (AIS) that runs on a web platform as the main server. The development of this mobile application also uses the same database as the web version running on a dual-platform, web server and mobile based. The Application Programming Interface (API) was developed on the AIS system with the RESTFul method as an integration medium using the HTTP Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol protocol between web and mobile bases in a case study of a company's transaction data. Furthermore, techniques for using the API have described on the development side of the mobile interface. Communication in HTTP is centered on the request response cycle, where the request is the process of requesting data from the server and the response is the data sent by the server according to the client's request. Based on testing the integration process, the information displayed on the mobile version of the application can work properly. Likewise, testing was carried out by entering transaction data into the system as many as 798 records with 141 account lists provided.
 As a result, the display of the mobile page shows that all features are able to work and display the same output data as AIS on the web version, including features for reports on purchases and sales of goods, cash flow, general ledger, trial balance, and income statement.

Pengaruh Kepemilikan Asing, Kualitas Audit, Dan Effective Tax Rate Terhadap Transfer Pricing

This study aims to determine the effect of foreign ownership, audit quality and effective tax rate on transfer pricing. This study uses a sample of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2021 period. The sampling method used purposive sampling with criteria set by the researcher so that a sample of 24 companies was used in this study. Management of data in research using multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that foreign share ownership has an effect on transfer pricing, audit quality and effective tax rate have no effect on transfer pricing. The contribution in this study empirically explains the relationship between foreign ownership using the percentage of foreign share ownership, audit quality using a dummy variable by determining a sample of company financial statements that are audited by big four KAP with a value of 1 and non-big four KAP with a value of 0, and the effective tax rate using the expense ratio current tax with pre-tax profit. This research provides information for the government to be able to decide on a policy of strict sanctions in overcoming problems related to tax suppression and stakeholders in the company can monitor the company's transaction activities with related parties in countries with low tax rates.
 Keywords: Foreign Ownership, Audit Quality, Effective Tax Rate, Transfer pricing

Managing transaction costs in company's contractual work

Subject. The article considers the management of company's transaction costs arising during contracting activities. Objectives. On the basis of standardization and digitalization of business processes, we aim at developing a model to manage the costs of contractual work by identifying and measuring them at the pre-contractual, contractual, and post-contractual stage of relations with parties to the transaction. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical analysis and synthesis. Results. The paper offers a model for managing the costs of contractual work. It rests on the elements of management impact on transaction costs at the stage of transaction planning, coordinating its parameters, and execution. To build the model, we systematized the main types of contracts, depending on commercial relations of the parties, structured our own approaches to the classification of transaction costs, identified factors that determine their dynamic nature. Conclusions. If used at all stages of company's contractual work through standardization and digitalization tools, the model for transaction cost management enables to reduce the weight of such costs in company's expenses. This correlates with the goals of corporate governance, acting as a basis for the effectiveness of the entire business system.

Implementasi Data Mining dengan Metode Apriori Dalam Menentukan Pola Pemilihan Pemeriksaan Kimia

Businesses and organizations that want to survive need to develop effective business strategies. Reviewing the company's transaction data gradually leads to sales data. So it is very if not re-analyzed. The examination products offered at Prodia Laboratories vary, and the exploration of the packages offered influences the public to choose these packages. The Apriori method is a method that can help companies find out which test inspections are the most sold and know the relationship between inspections with one another, and with the help of the RapidMiner software the types of tests or tests that come out at the same time can be known. The a priori algorithm is a type of association rule in data mining (data mining). One of the stages of Association Analysis that has attracted the attention of many researchers to produce efficient algorithms is high-frequency pattern mining. The importance or not of an association rule can be understood with two benchmarks, namely the support value and the confidence value. Support (support value) is the proportion of the combination of these items in the database, while confidence (value) is the strength of the relationship between items in the association rules. From the results of calculations using the Apriori method to determine purchasing patterns on the type of chemical/fat check by determining a minimum support of 35% and 75% confidence, resulting in 3 association rules, namely first, if you buy Total Cholesterol, you will buy LDL Cholesterol with 100% support and 100% confidence, secondly. If Total Cholesterol, then I will buy Triglycerides with 100% support and 100% confidence, buy all three. If I buy LDL Cholesterol, I will buy Triglycerides with 100% support and 100% confidence

SIMULATION RESEARCH ON CARBON EMISSIONS TRADING BASED ON BLOCKCHAIN

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases is one of the problems that need to be solved urgently. Blockchain technology can achieve automatic quota certification and settlement, providing a new direction for carbon emissions trading. This paper provides a quantitative analysis of blockchain-based carbon emissions trading through the Repast simulation platform. Firstly, it designs the blockchain-based carbon emissions trading simulation framework from a macro perspective, including identity and quota certification, quota trading, risk prevention and smart contracts management. Then, it establishes a blockchain-based carbon emissions trading simulation model and formulates the behavior rules of the government, investors and company agents and market transaction processes. Finally, it simulates the carbon emissions trading based on public chain and private chain on the Repast platform, and analyzes the simulation results.

Aplikasi Point of sale Berbasis Website pada Toko Sembako Tegar

The development of the business world always requires us to improve the quality of products and services to consumers. goods purchasing services can be done electronically and can also be done online or in electronic commerce. Not a few entrepreneurs or business owners still manage their business transaction data manually, which of course has a high risk of losing data or making financial calculations wrong. Therefore, this website-based Point of sale application was designed with the aim of reducing these shortcomings and making it easier for entrepreneurs to manage their company's transaction data. This website-based Point of sale application has several advantages such as: facilitating transaction data management, simplifying business financial calculations, a computerized monthly financial recapitulation of the business.

НАПРЯМКИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ОБЛІКУ ТА КОНТРОЛЮ ТРАНСАКЦІЙНИХ ВИТРАТ ПРИ ПРИЙНЯТТІ УПРАВЛІНСЬКИХ РІШЕНЬ ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Recently, we have seen an explosion in the amount of information available to firms. Тransaction costs affect a company's ability to be competitive. There were many discussions about the need to take care of the reflection in the accounting system of information about transaction costs, about the access of managers to understand the effectiveness of transactions. Many accounting models in use today make simplifying assumptions about transaction costs, which can lead to skewed information in decision-making by firm managers and executives. This study highlights the importance of recording transaction costs in accounting for understanding the feasibility of transactions and minimizing them. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical provisions and develop practical recommendations for improving accounting and control of transaction costs in the management system of enterprise competitiveness. The design of the study provides for the analysis of statistical data on the dynamics of the transactional and transformational sectors of the economy of Ukraine, the systematization of scientists' approaches to the reflection of transaction costs in accounting. Our attention is focused on the mechanism of occurrence of transaction costs as a result of the transaction and their reflection in the document flow of the enterprise. In addition, we show that the boundaries of transactions cover not only the market, partners, but also the internal environment of the company. Transactions give rise to transaction costs, which should be reflected in the company's accounting system. It is recommended to pay attention to the internal reporting system in the company. In this information, we propose to highlight the most significant information for further elaboration, the receipt of which will serve as a stage in collecting data on transaction costs. The information systematized in management reports will help increase the analytics of data on the company's transaction costs when making decisions to improve competitiveness. Our study provides a sound explanation of the importance of cost control to ensure financial discipline, order in the document flow.

COST CONTROL IN THE SYSTEM OF ANALYTICAL SUPPORT OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

The content of cost management based on modern scientific approaches to its organization was determined. In article was emphasized on the elements of the cost control system. The main elements of the system of internal cost control of LLC "Pharmacy of low prices Kharkiv" include: allocation of responsibilities, effective procedures for authorizing transactions, timely documentation of transactions, actual control over property and documentation, independent validation. The definition of the concept and classification of transaction costs of pharmaceutical retailers are given. Оrganizational and methodological support of internal control of the company's transaction costs includes: organization of accounting of transaction costs, gathering of information on the transaction costs of the enterprise; accumulation and storage of information about the transaction costs of the enterprise; produce indicators for assessing the transaction costs of the enterprise and their analysis; selection of the form of presentation of the results of control of transaction costs of the enterprise, allocation of the directions of use of the results of control of transaction costs of the enterprise; making management decisions based on the results of control. Тhere are stages of the control procedures for the transaction costs of the enterprise: verification of the legality and correctness of the reflection of transaction costs in accordance with accounting rules and regulations and regulatory legal acts, comparison of the correctness and reconciliation between primary documents and accounting registers, validation of the allocation of transaction costs for a certain period, verification of their validity and appropriateness, determination of the correctness of analytical accounting of transaction costs and preparation of appropriate reports.

Company-Specific Risk and Small Company Valuation

ABSTRACTA significant role of forensic accountants is valuing privately held companies (Domino, Stradiot, and Webinger 2015; Trugman 2017; Allee, Erickson, Esplin, and Yohn 2020). This study examines the role of private company transaction features on the composition of capitalization rates, industry risk premiums, and company-specific risks for private companies. We find that company-specific risk accounts for at least 50 percent of the capitalization rate. Further, while the industry risk premium represents less than 2 percent of the capitalization rate, it is significantly associated with company-specific risk, suggesting that industry risk is an important determinant of company-specific risk. Finally, we find evidence that several private company transaction features are associated with company-specific risk. These findings represent an important step in understanding capitalization rates and company-specific risk for private company valuation. These findings should also help practitioners and academics better determine the cost of capital for private companies.Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text.JEL Classifications: G12; G14; G32; G34; G39.

Pengembangan Lembar Kegiatan Peserta Didik (LKPD) Materi Praktikum Akuntansi Dagang Berbasis Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

Education in Indonesia, there is a development of a curriculum called “Curriculum 2013 Revised 2018”. The curriculum is integrated with 21st century learning. From the implementation of the “Curriculum 2013 Revised 2018”, Indonesian government pioneered HOTS-based learning programs (Ditjen GTK, 2018). HOTS learning is applied in teaching materials in the form of Student Activity Sheets (LKPD). LKPD which was developed on the subject of the Trade Accounting Practicum, is expected to be able to achieve the learning objectives by applying the HOTS program which is contained in questions in the form of company transaction documents so that they are not narrative-based. LKPD is prepared with case studies of three different company criteria and an integrated presentation of cases in the form of a company's financial cycle. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the LKPD developed as teaching materials. In this study using the 4D-Thiagarajan research model which includes the stages: Define, Design, Develop and Dessiminate. However, it is limited to the Develop stage. The research method uses qualitative methods and quantitative methods. The data collection instrument used two types of questionnaires, namely open questionnaires and closed questionnaires. In the data analysis from the results of the feasibility study of the developed LKPD, the results of product validation were obtained with an average rating of "Very Appropriate" from the assessment of material feasibility, language feasibility and graphic feasibility.

SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN PERBAIKAN DAN PENGGANTIAN SUKU CADANG MESIN INDUSTRI DEPARTEMEN STORE ROOM PT CHAROEN POKPHAND INDONESIA

In the current era of computerization, the computer is the tool used by each user, both individuals and institutions have to support the tasks and functions as well as obtain the required information in a way that easier and faster. Currently the department store room Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Company transaction process of repair and replacement of spare parts is still done manually, resulting data processing each transaction prone to error. The research outlined in this report aims to facilitate each employee Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Company, especially department Store Room in processing the data and monitor to be a good status. Thus the Store Room requires the design of information systems that can produce information quickly, reducing data errors occur, facilitate the search for the items required, so that all the transactions can be done easily. The methodology used for the development of this system is the Waterfall Model and storage of data using SQL Server 2005. With the design of Management Information Systems Repair and Replacement Parts Industrial Engineering Department Store Room is expected later in making applications run smoothly and can be applied in the company. After conducting research and analysis and discussion of the problem , there are some problems and obstacles that can be used as guidelines to improve the existing system so that in making this application program problems and obstacles can be overcome as well as possible to support the company's performance.

IPTEKS STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN NO. 28 PADA PT ASURANSI ADIRA DINAMIKA CABANG MANADO

Insurance is an institute who have important role in the economy. Companies are asked to manage and compile their financial statements, because that is an important thing that will greatly affect the company's productivity. For this reason, in every company have to apply be valid accounting standards to make information that is can understood by wearer of financial statements. In the presentation of financial statements, the income statement is a very important component, especially for calculation’s company expenses and income. Then it is necessary to recognize and record properly and in accordance with be valid standards. The aim of this research is to analyze the conformity of recognition of company income and expenses and PSAK No. 28 concerning Accounting for loss insurance contracts. The method used is the analysis of profit and loss statements with components in which the income and expense of PT Asuransi Adira Dinamika branch of Manado with PSAK No. 28. From the results of this study it was concluded that PT Asuransi Adira Dinamika Manado branch has recognized revenue and expenses appropriately according to standards, namely revenues recognized at the time of issuance of policies (contracts) and claims expenses recognized as expenses when issuing work orders (SPK) from headquarters. The company applies the accrual basis method in recognition of revenues and expenses, where transactions are recorded and reported at the time of the event and not when cash or cash equivalents are received (paid). Each company transaction is inputted systemically from the branch office to the head office in accordance with the detailed classification.Keywords : Revenue, Expense, Insurance, PSAK. N0 28

관계회사 거래와 기업의 혁신 : 중소제조기업을 중심으로

관계회사 거래와 기업의 혁신 : 중소제조기업을 중심으로

Downgrades, Dealer Funding Constraints, and Bond Price Pressure

Regulatory constraints imposed on insurance companies can induce a collective need to divest downgraded bond issues. Upon a downgrade, corporate bond dealers act as middlemen and provide liquidity by absorbing temporary order-flow imbalances. Limited access to inventory financing can temporarily limit dealers' inventory and risk-bearing capacities and, at least in the short run, impair liquidity provision. Using insurance company transaction data, I investigate if dealer funding constraints (as proxied by their CDS spreads) amplify price declines and stall subsequent reversals of downgraded bonds. I find that bonds handled by constrained dealers (with higher CDS spreads) are associated with substantially larger and abrupt declines and slower reversals of abnormal returns around a downgrade.

An Independent Evaluation of the Reliability of the Implied Private Company Pricing Line Model in Appraisal Practice

AbstractThe Implied Private Company Pricing Line (IPCPL) model is intended to calculate a reliable present value discount rate for a 100 % control interest in a private/closely-held operating company under the Fair Market Value Standard. But, would its application be more reliable than the Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (ACAPM) or Build-Up Method (BUM)? This article evaluates two core aspects of the model’s practical application that have received little attention in the literature: (1) Does it eliminate a significant portion of subjective adjustments? The private company market’s adjustment for key marketability differences is said to be built into the private company transaction prices, eliminating the need for an appraiser to subjectively quantify and apply those adjustments; and (2) Being “actual market clearing prices”, do the private company transaction prices reflect Fair Market Value?

Издержки оппортунистического поведения контрагента как составляющие трансакционных издержек промышленного предприятия

Издержки оппортунистического поведения контрагента как составляющие трансакционных издержек промышленного предприятия

An Independent Evaluation of the Reliability of the Implied Private Company Pricing Line Model in Appraisal Practice

The Implied Private Company Pricing Line (IPCPL) model is intended to calculate a reliable present value discount rate for a 100% control interest in a private/closely-held operating company under the Fair Market Value Standard. But, would its application be more reliable than the Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (ACAPM) or Build-Up Method (BUM)? This article evaluates two core aspects of the model’s practical application that have received little attention in the literature: (1) Does it eliminate a significant portion of subjective adjustments? The private company market’s adjustment for key marketability differences is said to be built into the private company transaction prices, eliminating the need for an appraiser to subjectively quantify and apply those adjustments; and (2) Being “actual market clearing prices”, do the private company transaction prices reflect Fair Market Value?

Methodology for Assessing the Quality of Company's Transaction Cost Management

The aim of the paper is to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing the quality of company’s transaction cost management in terms of planning, organizing, motivating, monitoring and regulating functions. The study is based on the dialectical method of cognition using a systematic approach to the study of the management theory’s fundamental assumptions, the study of phenomena and processes in the interaction,