Company Income Research Articles

PENGARUH MODAL KERJA, BIAYA PRODUKSI DAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP LABA BERSIH PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI INDEKS SAHAM SYARIAH INDONESIA TAHUN 2019-2022

This study aims to determine the effect of working capital, production costs and sales on net income of mining companies listed on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index for 2019-2022. This study uses independent variables, namely working capital, production costs and sales. With the dependent variable is net income. The data used in this study is secondary data, namely in the form of financial reports of food and beverage manufacturing companies registered at ISSI for 2019-2022. This research is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Statistical methods using multiple linear regression analysis, t test, f test, and analysis of the coefficient of determination. The results of this study indicate that working capital and sales variables affect net income. Meanwhile, the production cost variable has no effect on net income. By using the F test it is found that the independent variables have a simultaneous influence on the dependent variable. From the determination calculation, the Adjusted R Square value is 0.213 or 21.3%. This means that it indicates that the variables of working capital, production costs and sales on net income have an effect of 21.3% and the remaining 78.7% can be influenced by other factors outside of this study.

E-Tax Compliance in Nigeria: Implications for Company Income Tax and Petroleum Profit tax

This work examines the effect of e-tax compliance in Nigeria: Implication on Company Income Tax and Petroleum Profit Tax. As Nigeria's economy continues to evolve in the digital age, the taxation landscape has seen significant changes with the advent of e-tax compliance. This work therefore aims to explore the implications of e-tax compliance on two key revenue streams for the Nigerian government: Company Income Tax (CIT) and Petroleum Profit Tax (PPT). The study reveals that the amount of capital gain tax revenue before (before the arrival of e-taxation) and after (after the advent of e-taxation) shows a positive, negligible difference and that the Petroleum Profit Tax also has a positive negligible difference between pre- (before the advent of e-taxation) and post- (after the advent of e-taxation). The study concluded that the transition to electronic tax compliance in Nigeria has been driven by the need for efficiency, transparency, and improved revenue collection. It has not only streamlined the tax assessment and payment process but has also increased the government's ability to monitor and collect taxes from this lucrative industry. Federal Inland Revenue Services should develop measures to ensure that defaulters are brought to book and dealt with in accordance with the laws, in addition to establishing a collaborative pattern between the government, Federal Inland Revenue Services, and Nigerian taxpayers to enable them to observe any difficulty felt by the taxpayers or the shortcomings besetting the effectiveness of the system.

Review Paper- “FINANCIAL ASPECT’S RELATED TO GST & TAX PROCEDURE IN SANTOSH BAKSHETTI’S CONSULTING FIRM”

While direct taxes are levied on taxable income earned by individuals and corporate entities, the burden to deposit taxes is on the assesses themselves. On the other hand, indirect taxes are levied on the sale and provision of goods and services respectively and the burden to collect and deposit taxes is on the sellers instead of the assesses directly. The GST Act came into existence, leading to the realization of “One country, one tax”. It is a centralized tax- paying network which simplifies payment of tax by the citizens as well as revenue collection by the government. It widens the tax base. Introduction of GST aims to alleviate, though not all, many of the problems leading to efficiency in operations for individuals leading to economic growth of the country. A direct tax is a tax that a person or organization pays directly to the entity that imposed it. An individual taxpayer, for example, pays direct taxes to the government for various purposes, including income tax, real property tax, personal property tax, or taxes on assets. An Income Tax Return (ITR) is a document you file with the Internal Revenue Service or the state tax board reporting your income, profits and losses of your business and other deductions as well as details about your tax refund or tax liability. Taxable income is the portion of a person's or company's gross income that the government deems subject to taxes. The computation of taxable income is done adding all the incomes that an individual can get (Income from salary, house property, capital gains, business/profession and other sources) and subtracting the deductions from it will give us the net taxable income. Keywords – TAXATION, GST, DIRECT TAXES, INDIRECT TAX, TAX COMPLIANCE, CAPITAL GAINS

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ДОХОДІВ І ВИТРАТ ДЛЯ ПОТРЕБ ОБЛІКУ ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ

The process of managing the company's income and expenses is closely related to the accounting system. The reliability of accounting information affects the quality of management decisions and business development strategy. The completeness and objectivity of information about the received income and incurred costs of the enterprise is based on their classification, which is an important aspect of the accounting organization. It makes it possible to reveal the connections between the objects that are grouped, ensures their identification. Classification creates a basis for choosing methods of accounting, planning, control, analysis, modeling of management decisions. The article substantiates the economic essence of income and expenses, their groups in accordance with the types of enterprise activity, according to which they are formed. Approaches to the construction of the classification of income and expenses were studied: accounting and management. For the needs of accounting and management, classification features are selected, by which incomes received and expenses incurred are grouped, and their purpose is outlined. It has been proven that each classification group has: scientific justification, economic expediency, and practical meaning. The practical use of classifications allows: to study the composition, nature, structure of income and expenses, to assess the trend of changes; to understand their economic nature and origin. The main accounting criterion for the classification of income and expenses is the type of activity: operational, financial, investment. It is substantiated that the management approach in the classification of income makes it possible to identify criteria for its recognition for the needs of management: 1) income arises if the enterprise has fulfilled the terms of the contract and has the right to receive income; 2) income is recognized for management purposes if it is valid and received. The considered classification of income and expenses is meaningful, informative and recommended for use in the practical activities of enterprises. It is proven that the considered approaches to the classification of income and expenses will be useful to stakeholders in: 1) evaluating the effectiveness of activities (operational, financial, investment); 2) risk assessment; 3) cost control; 4) cost formation; 5) planning and forecasting. Using the classification of income and expenses will ensure the control of deviations at all stages of the accounting cycle.

ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СТРАХОВИХ КОМПАНІЙ НА РИНКУ СТРАХОВИХ ПОСЛУГ УКРАЇНИ: ОЦІНКА ТА НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article considers the formation and investment of financial resources of insurance companies in Ukraine in the current conditions and outlines the main directions of increasing the investment potential of insurance companies. The dynamics of growth of insurance premiums, reserves, assets and equity of insurance companies as important indicators of market development in general and investment income of insurance companies are studied. The small share of insurance premiums and assets in GDP indicates that the development of the insurance market has little impact on the country's economy. There is a gradual growth of the market in 2023 by key indicators. Insufficient capitalization of the domestic insurance market, a large share of compulsory insurance in insurers' portfolios, low level of life insurance development, and economic crisis are currently having a negative impact on the development of insurance companies' investment activities. The author outlines the main areas of investment activity for the near future, which are to activate the financial market in order to use a wide range of investment instruments, improve the quality of the investment portfolio and optimize its management by transferring part of the insurance reserves to trust management, and encourage insurance companies to invest in the real sector of the economy. It is important to strictly adhere to the principles of building an investment management system based on high investment liquidity, return on investment, strict liquidity restrictions, and sensitivity to changes in interest rates and profitability. All of this will help strengthen the investment potential of the insurance market, turn it into an important investor in the national economy, and increase the profitability of insurance companies' investments, in particular. In addition, the development of voluntary insurance, including long-term life insurance, the development of new competitive insurance products, the search for new and improvement of existing sales methods, the expansion of the regional network, and the widespread use of digital technologies are considered promising.

The effect of big data competencies and tone at the top on internal auditors fraud detection effectiveness

Financial reports provide information about a company's assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flow. This information can be used by various parties such as investors, creditors, government and management to make business decisions and assess company performance. Companies in obtaining good financial reports need to detect fraudulent financial statements first. Financial statement fraud can be detrimental to investors and creditors because it gives a wrong picture of a company's financial performance. This study aims to examine the effect of big data competence and the tone of the top internal auditors on the detection of financial statement fraud, as well as to mediate the effect of big data competence on the detection of financial statement fraud through self-efficacy. This research uses a sample of 183 respondents who are internal auditors in companies in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study show that big data competence has no significant effect on the detection of financial statement fraud, but has a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy. In addition, the internal auditor's tone of the top also has a positive and significant effect on the detection of financial statement fraud. Finally, self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between big data competence and fraud detection of financial statements. This research provides important implications for practitioners and decision makers in developing internal auditor competence in the field of big data and paying attention to tone of the top as an important factor in detecting fraudulent financial statements. In addition, this research also contributes to strengthening the understanding of the relationship between big data competence, tone of the top, self-efficacy, and fraud detection of financial statements in the Indonesian context.

DIGITAL PLATFORMS AS TOOLS FOR MODERN DIGITAL MARKETING

Approaches have been analysed for essential identification of digital platforms as a digital marketing tool, ensuring interaction in implementing digital technologies within the framework of existing business models. The research has identified factors for intellectual capital growth at digital companies that use digital platforms for business processes and use the potential of digital transformations to change the structure of assets with the dominance of intangible assets over tangible ones. Taking into account radical changes in technological processes and introduction of new digital management tools, firstly, the place of the digital platform in the integrated marketing communications of companies has been determined. Secondly, algorithms for its implementation in these systems in conditions of increasing uncertainty and unpredictability of modern international markets, and changes in methods for calculating added value (EVA) under the influence of digitalization. It has been proven, firstly, that the use of modern business models by the world's leading digital companies is based on the controversial process of asset dematerialization. Nevertheless, this process brings companies income and growing capitalization, as it is accompanied by the introduction of digital platforms. Secondly, when ensuring guaranteed profitability of platforms as a digital marketing tool, it is necessary to take into account the ratio of material and intellectual assets and their contribution to the capitalization of dematerialized assets. It is substantiated that the main condition for the use of a company’s digital platforms is the effectiveness of procedures for achieving results arising from the implemented technologies based on digital, information and analytical platforms, taking into account criteria and requirements for their inclusion in the specified platform.

Non-Oil Tax Revenue and Infrastructural Development in Nigeria

Abstract In Nigeria, there has been a decline in oil revenue. This has impacted negatively on infrastructural development. This paper seeks to examine the effect of non-oil revenue as an alternative source of revenue for infrastructural development. The research design of the study was the ex post facto research design. The source of data was the secondary source and a time series of data from 1981 to 2021 was used in carrying out the research. The Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) bounds test was used to determine the long-run and short-run relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It was observed that the variables are co-integrated, and as such, a long-run and short-run relationship exists among the explanatory variables. Furthermore, the ARDL short-run estimation result shows that the non-oil tax variables (proxied by VAT, CUSTD, and CIT) have a positive and significant effect on infrastructural development (proxied by total electricity production measured in Gigawatt hours (GWh) in Nigeria. In tandem, the ARDL long-run estimation results reveal that value-added tax, customs duties, and company income tax have a positive and significant impact on infrastructural development in Nigeria. Hence, an increase in the non-oil tax revenue base will boost infrastructural development in Nigeria in the long run. This finding is in tandem with the ARDL short-run estimation result. Therefore, it is inferred that Nigeria can experience infrastructural development when genuine commitment is made to explore an increase in non-oil revenue generation instead of being over-dependent on oil revenue.

IMPACT OF TAX STRUCTURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

This study examined the relationship among tax structure, poverty and economic growth in Nigeria. Specifically, this study investigated the impact of tax structure on economic growth in Nigeria. Secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, Federal Inland Revenue Services and WDI were used. The main explanatory variables are the tax structure variables which include personal income tax (PIT), value added tax (VAT), company income tax (CIT) and petroleum profit tax (PPT), while the dependent variable is economic growth. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) Bound tests, and Error Correction Model (ECM) techniques were adopted. The results revealed that personal income tax and value added tax have significant negative effects on economic growth, but company income tax and petroleum profit tax have significant positive effect on economic growth. Also, the lagged value of personal income tax has a significant effect on economic growth. In same manner, the lagged value of value added tax has significant negative effect on economic growth. Therefore, the study concluded that tax structure significantly impacts on poverty and economic growth in Nigeria.

Empirical Investigation of Government Expenditure and Tax Payers Compliance in Nigeria

The research looks at taxpayer compliance and government spending in Nigeria’s economy from 1992 to 2022. The CBN statistics bulletin from 2022 served as the source of the data. The research used many factors, including public capital spending, government recurrent expenditure, compliance with value-added tax, firm income tax compliance, and gross domestic product and put (GDP), as indicators of the Nigerian economy. Analytical methods for the research included time-series econometrics. Additionally, the analysis demonstrates that capital expenditures by the government significantly boost Nigeria’s GDP. Although insignificant, government recurrent spending has a favourable effect on Nigeria’s GDP. Nigeria’s gross domestic product benefits greatly from value-added tax compliance and Company income tax compliance. According to the coefficient of determination, changes in government spending variables may account for almost 78% of the fluctuations in the Nigerian economy. The paper concludes that government expenditure and tax payers’ compliance has a substantial outcome on the Nigerian economy. Recommendations are that, Government should reduce the amount set on value added tax and company income tax, to boost compliance and that generated tax revenue must be sufficiently, efficiently and judiciously utilized. Fiscal policies towards increase in recurrent expenditure should be the norm. Government should spend more on recurrent expenditure because it has a positive impact on the economy. Lastly, capital projects should be well supervised to ensure that it meets the needs of the people.

The impact of tax revenue on economic growth in Nigeria

This research aimed to investigate the influence of tax revenue on Nigeria's economic growth over a three-decade period spanning from 1991 to 2021. The tax data was collected from the Federal Internal Revenue Service (FIRS) and the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS), while economic data for Nigeria was sourced from the 2021 Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study utilized personal income tax (PIT), corporate income tax (CIT), and value-added tax (VAT) as proxies for tax revenue, with gross domestic product (GDP) serving as the dependent variable to represent the Nigerian economy. Several diagnostic tests were conducted, including a descriptive statistic to assess data normality and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test to evaluate data stability. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique was employed as the statistical tool for data analysis, utilizing E-View version 9 as the statistical package. The findings from the ARDL test revealed that personal income tax (PIT) and value-added tax (VAT) had a negative impact on GDP, while company income tax (CIT) showed a positive impact. As a result, the study concluded that tax revenue exhibits a positive and significant correlation with the growth of the Nigerian economy. The study suggests that governments and relevant tax authorities should focus on increasing taxes as a revenue source and target sectors that drive economic growth.

Analysis of the Implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) Principles to Improve Service Quality at Bumiputera Syariah Life Insurance Company

In the case of PT AJB Bumiputera 1912, special restrictions are needed because insurance is different from a business established as a PT. This is where the difference is clear: in a PT, this is not always the case, but in a joint venture, the policy will inevitably also seek company investors. This feature involves legal risks as it requires each investor to accept liability for the company incurring losses. As a result, AJB Bumiputera's policyholders are responsible for any business activities that contain the risk of loss and are entitled to a portion of the company's income. The implementation of good corporate governance (GCG) at AJB Bumiputera is the subject of this research. The research method used in this study is qualitative. The findings of this study show that although AJB Bumiputera has tried to implement GCG principles (such as accountability, openness, and fairness), AJB Bumiputera has not implemented it optimally, in other words, the implementation has not been effective.

Examining the Employment Dimension of Corporate Social Responsibility (Between Global Initiatives and Indonesia Statutory)

<span lang="IN">This article examines the employment aspects of CSR regulations. Every company needs a reference to verify its CSR activities support economic, social, and environmental development. The government has enacted laws to encourage corporate social responsibility (CSR). Since CSR funds are in the company's income statement, they often conflict with fiduciary duty. The study reveals that business views on CSR's employment dimension have shifted. Initially, CSR managed risk and prevented reputational and financial damages. Labor was considered an expense, not an investment. Many companies now employ CSR as a key value and competitive advantage</span>

Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Produk Dengan Metode Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Menggunakan Framework Laravel

The importance of managing stock makes it one of the processes that determine performance efficiency and maximize company income. In the process of determining the stock of goods requires sales data as well as the cost of the process of ordering and storing goods. The process of determining the stock of goods is not easy because many factors are calculated at once so it requires the help of a computer to be able to provide fast and precise conclusions. The method commonly used in maximizing the process of determining stock of goods is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. The goal is to produce the most efficient amount of stock to optimize the company's needs so that it can meet customer needs. This butinara store wants to apply the concept of control of the inventory of goods ordered at an optimal minimum cost. With the development of this goods supply application, it can later become a source or reference in the world of sales so that it can be used as a lesson for technological developments

Formulating Strategy Through Boston Consulting Group Matrix In The Tourism Industry

The existence of the Covid-19 virus impacts daily activities carried out by humans, not only killing the human body but also economic growth throughout the region. One of the sectors affected by the Covid-19 pandemic is tourism, for example, in the Magelang City area, precisely in Kyai Langgeng Park. Kyai Langgeng Park has experienced a decline since the arrival of the Covid-19 virus, and it has impacted the surrounding economy and company income. This paper aims to determine market share and industry growth that needs to be developed through the BCG matrix analysis tool. This research uses quantitative methods from the results of BCG matrix analysis. It takes secondary data from the number of tourists according to tourism objects in Magelang City in 2016-2020, which are sourced from the Youth, Sports, and Tourism Office of Magelang City. The results of this study indicate that Kyai Langgeng Park is in the cash cow quadrant due to sales growth of -71.26% and a relative market share of 0.534. The results of this study are expected to help Taman Kyai Langgeng develop and improve its business strategy to survive in the era of increasingly fierce industrial competition.

Optimizing the Quantity of Pile Production Using Goal Programming Method

Goal Programming (GP) is a mathematical model that is used as a basis for making a decision to analyze and make solutions to problems that involve many objectives so that optimal alternative problem solving is obtained. PT Bungah Andya Teknik is a telecommunication network contractor company established on December 24, 2018. PT Bungah Andya Teknik focuses on the production of poles for fiber optic networks. this company only produces 250 pcs of poles every month with a production target that should be 300 pcs of poles every month, with a production cost of IDR 1,500,000 per pcs of poles and with a sales profit of IDR 300,000 per pcs of poles. The revenue obtained by the company in real terms for the period August 2023 to October 2023 is IDR 261,800,000, - and the revenue obtained from the calculation results using the Goal Programming method is IDR 403,900,000, -, so it can be concluded that the Goal Programming method can provide the best solution and the revenue obtained is greater than the company's real income.

Revenue management: changes in the analytical landscape of the enterprise through improving the organization of accounting and analysis

Income management is an important concept in the system of managing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. A solid revenue management strategy requires the use of analytics and available data to forecast product demand, make strategic pricing decisions, and maximize revenue.
 The article examines the dynamics of the income structure of enterprises and presents a sectoral analysis of companies according to the sectoral distribution of the market environment. The main trends are established and the main problems of the company's income management arising in conditions of uncertainty and risks are outlined. The paper presents the role of income in the management system of the enterprise, which directly affects the efficiency of the process of managing the economic activity of the enterprise.
 In the course of the study, ways of improving the formation and use of accounting and analytical information about the company's income for management purposes were proposed. The scheme of the organization of income analysis for the formation of analytical information is presented. Reasonable importance of management reporting, which is intended to provide understanding, clarity and direction of management activities. When considering the content of the management report, we recommend taking into account visualization forms and design layouts. The KPI dashboard is a visual tool that provides a centralized view of various data sources for effective tracking and optimization of goals. With the help of indicators and KPIs, companies can get an overview of their performance at an operational or strategic level.

Dampak Non Performing Loan Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Perusahaan di Sektor Jasa Perbankan

It is hoped that the results of this research can be used as input and consideration for companies in making decisions and establishing policies to overcome problems related to the level of Non-Performing Loans of banks, especially Rural Banks. The population of this research are customers who use credit services who have experienced problems, especially in the non-performing loan category. The research uses quantitative research methods with analysis using the SPSS application and using multiple regression analysis techniques. In this research, the results can prove that the results of Non-Performing Loans will influence the increase in income. The results of the t-test analysis = 3.578 means that the hypothesis can be accepted, because the t-test > tcount. namely 3.578 > 3.078, meaning there is a correlation between the Non-Performing Loan variable and an increase in company income. Keywords: non-performing loans, increasing income, banking

Do the Consequence of Taxation Impact Household Consumptions in Nigeria? Absolute Outcome from Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)

Purpose: This study investigated taxes’ effect on household consumption expenditure in Nigeria. Taxation was examined through Petroleum Profit Tax, Company income Tax, Value Added Tax, and Customs and excise duties while household consumption expenditure was proxied with the aggregation of households’ expenditure expended on daily needs and procurement of others useful products.Design/Methodology/Approach: The established data are sourced through Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and annual reports of federal Inland Revenue for a period of 31 years, spanning from 1990-2021, in order to examine the effect of taxation on household consumption expenditure in Nigeria. To achieve the motive behind this study, Autoregressive distributed lag Model, unit root test, Cointegration Test, correlation analysis, lag selection test, and regression, as well as normality test and stability test, were also involved as post-analysis confirmatory tests.Findings: It was discovered that Petroleum Profit Tax has significant, strong, and positive influence on household consumption, but Company income Tax, Value Added Tax, and Customs and Excise duties have negative significant influence on household consumption. Conclusively, taxes have a negative effect on household consumption expenditure in Nigeria.Originality: Having critically reviewed the existing studies, it was invariably realized that none of the extant studies examined how taxes influence household consumptions in Nigeria, their studies were confined to taxation effect on economic growth, investment, inflation, and government expenditure. Hence, this study incorporated Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) Model to analyze the effect of taxes on household consumption in Nigeria which made the study unique among the existing studies.

Effect of Exchange Rates and Information and Communication Technology on Indonesia’s Economic Growth

Foreign exchange rates as well as information and communication technology (ICT) are crucial in the global economy. Exchange rates affect trade balance, which influences gross domestic product (GDP) and economic growth. ICT also affects economic growth by reducing business transaction costs and increasing the income of investors and companies, stimulating national income and economic growth. This research examines the effect of exchange rate asymmetry and ICT on Indonesian economic growth, using annual time-series data on exchange rates, ICT usage (proxied by Internet, telephone, and mobile phone users), and economic growth (GDP from 1994 to 2018). The data were analyzed using a non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag model. The results show that the exchange rate exerts an asymmetric effect on long-term economic growth. ICT has short- and long-term positive effects on economic growth. According to the findings, the Indonesian government should stabilize the IDR/USD exchange rate through monetary policies to encourage economic growth. Monetary policy needs also to support IDR/USD exchange rate appreciation to enhance the trade balance, GDP, and economic growth. The economic growth of Indonesia, which is driven by ICT development, still needs to be sustained by the government initiating ICT development in cities and rural areas.