Company Advertising Research Articles

Disparities in How Parents Are Learning about the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

Differential access to basic health information may contribute to persistent cervical cancer disparities. We examined whether human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine awareness, HPV knowledge, and use of information sources about the vaccine differ by sociodemographic characteristics associated with cervical cancer. Study participants (n = 889) were caregivers of adolescent girls ages 10 to 18 years living in southeastern North Carolina. Analyses simultaneously controlled for caregivers' gender, race, age, education, income, and rural residence. Although most caregivers were aware of HPV (83%) and the HPV vaccine (82%), awareness differed by gender, race, education, and income. The largest differences were for race, with 87% of Whites versus 68% of African Americans having heard of the vaccine (P < 0.001). Caregivers correctly answered an average of 69% of questions on HPV, with differences by race and education. Most respondents heard of the HPV vaccine through drug company advertisements (83%) or broadcast media coverage (69%). African Americans were less likely than Whites to have heard about the vaccine from advertisements but more likely from a broadcast source (P < 0.05). Health care providers (88%) and the internet (65%) were the most favored sources for future information about the vaccine. Vaccine uptake was associated with awareness, knowledge, and media use. Whereas drug company advertisements seem to play a central role in high HPV vaccine awareness, doctors and the internet are the preferred future "go to" sources for seeking out information. Communication-based interventions for caregivers from cervical cancer risk groups, especially African Americans, may need to use different communication channels and content.

Farmers' perceptions of insect pests and pest management practices in Bt cotton in the Punjab, Pakistan

The aim of this study was to (1) examine the factors involved in the adoption or non-adoption of Bt cotton, (2) identify sources of Bt cotton seed acquisition, and (3) evaluate farmers' knowledge and perception of insect pests incidence and management practices in Bt cotton in the Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 150 farmers growing Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac protein were interviewed in the main cotton-growing districts of the Punjab province. The main reasons for farmers adopting Bt cotton were to: (1) reduce bollworm damage; (2) reduce pesticide requirements; (3) obtain higher yield and profit; and (4) reduce labour. Most farmers were not initially aware of Bt cotton's effectiveness against cotton bollworms and then grew it on a trial basis. The main sources of Bt cotton seed were the local market and seed companies while many farmers used home-retained Bt cotton seed, much as they do with conventional cotton. Our survey showed that farmers were aware of the major insect pests of cotton and reported a low incidence of cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera, Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias vitella and E. insulana) and a high incidence of armyworm (Spodoptera litura and S. exigua) and sucking pests (Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci, Amrasca devastans and Aphis gossypii) in Bt cotton. Farmers also noted the incidence of a new pest, the cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus sp.), which caused major damage to the crop in most cotton-growing areas. Farmers knew little about natural enemies and diseases in their fields, but reported a high incidence of cotton leaf curl virus. Farmers still relied heavily on chemicals to control the pests in Bt cotton as they are easily persuaded by the advertisements of pesticide companies. To further understand farmers' perceptions of Bt cotton, a survey of 75 farmers not cultivating Bt cotton was conducted. The main reason for the rejection of Bt cotton by farmers was that they were not sure of its effectiveness against insect pests. Higher prices of Bt cotton seed, perception of higher vulnerability to viral infection and greater requirements for fertilisers and irrigation were also reasons for rejection of Bt cotton cultivation.

Apostles of Americanization? J. Walter Thompson Company Ltd, Advertising and Anglo-American Relations 1945–67

The paper explores how the concern with the apparent ‘Americanization’ of British commerce and culture played out within the world of London advertising in the post-war period. In doing so, it engages with, and partly challenges, a pervasive line of argument within economic and cultural history that has emphasized the influence of American commercial power over Europe's economies in the immediate post-war decades. Historians of this period, like contemporary commentators before them, have tended to privilege the dominance of what Victoria de Grazia has recently termed America's irresistible ‘Market Empire’ in their exploration of trans-Atlantic relations. In this paper, I take the case of JWT London, a US-owned multinational advertising agency, and its relationship with its parent company in order to revise claims about US commercial domination. JWT is an instructive case because it was a classic example of an international advertising agency in the era of high American commercial expansion. Yet the organization of its London office and the relations between London and New York reveal a picture of business practices that complicates assumptions about American commercial domination. JWT London was not the bold apostle of the American vision of its parent company, but rather it sought to soften and not aggressively assert the corporate identity and commercial ethos of its American parent. In this regard, JWT London, like other US companies before it and since, worked to shed its Americanness and go native. To insist on this process of indigenization is not to deny the authority of US models of commercial life in this period. Rather it is to suggest that even within a US-owned company like J. Walter Thompson, American commercial influences took particular forms in Britain and that the American domination over Europe was neither monolithic nor homogeneous nor irresistible.

"The Stuff You Need Out Here": A Semiotic Case Study Analysis of an Agricultural Company's Advertisements

"The Stuff You Need Out Here": A Semiotic Case Study Analysis of an Agricultural Company's Advertisements

Impact of food advertising on food purchases by students in primary and secondary schools in south-eastern Poland

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of food advertising in primary and secondary schools on the food purchasing habits of children. All forty-four primary and secondary schools in Rzeszow, Poland were included in the investigation; 15000 children attend primary and secondary schools in the region. Schools were visited by members of the research team, who filled in a questionnaire regarding the type of food products displayed or advertised in the school shop window and recorded the presence of direct corporate advertising in the proximity of the school shop. Shop owners were asked to fill in a form describing food purchases by students within the week preceding the visit. The school principal (or one of teachers) completed a form describing the school's policy regarding food advertising and the sponsorship of school activities by food companies. Recommended foods like milk, yogurts and fruit were offered by only 40.9 % of shops. There was a correlation between foods offered in the shop and foods purchased by students. In schools, 40.9% (95% CI 25.8, 56.0%) of shop windows displayed or advertised 'healthy' foods while 9.1% (95% CI 0.0, 17.9%) of shops displayed advertisements of food companies. The difference between display of 'healthy' food in shop windows and display of food on company advertisements was significant (likelihood ratio chi2 test, P < 0.04). Type of school (primary v. secondary) was not significant factor in advertising or purchasing pattern. Educational programmes should be introduced in schools with the aim of improving the understanding of nutritional principles among pupils, teachers and parents.

온라인 게임을 이용한 간접광고시스템 설계

With recent development of internet, a lot of people use online games through internet networks. Since people that utilize the online games increase, a special company and an advertisement company adopt the PPL(Product in Placement) on online game instead of the advertisement through TV or radio. This paper persents applications of the PPL on online games and problems which was occurred by them. We propose an advertisement system architecture which processes it efficiently. To prove that our proposed PPL system on online game is efficient, we process various questionnaires on PPL efficacy in online game and analyze them.

대학광고교육에 대한 광고실무자 인식연구

광고업계의 급속한 성장에 발맞춰 대학 광고교육도 양적인 성장을 하고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 양적 성장에 비해 교육과정과 졸업생들의 실무능력에 대한 불만족은 아직도 해결해야 할 광고교육의 과제라고 말할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은, 광고교육에 이해당사자라고 할 수 있는 광고대행사의 인사담당자와 신입사원과 같이 근무 경험이 있는 실무자들 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통해, 현장에서 원하는 대학 광고교육을 위한 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 설문조사는 광고대행사 근무를 하고 있는 137명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 조사결과 대학 광고교육이 제공하고 있는 교육내용과 업무수행에 필요한 능력에는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 본 연구를 통해서 광고업계에서 필요로 하는 능력을 창출할 수 있는 교육과정 운영이 필요하며, 광고교육과 관련된 두 이해 당사자(대학-광고업계)간의 상호 이해의 증진을 위한 지속적인 노력이 필요하다는 것을 알게 되었다. In accordance with the rapid growth of advertisement business, the advertisement education in college also has grown in quantity. But compared with this growth in volume, the dissatisfaction with curriculum and alumni's business ability is a problem to be settled in advertisement education. The purpose of this research is to provide creative ideas for the improvement of advertisement education in college that is needed for the advertisement field, by means of a survey for those who are concerned in advertisement education including personnel managers in advertisement companies and senior workers who have worked with new faces. The survey was done for 137 employees who are working for advertisement companies. The result of this research shows that there are differences between the education content provided by advertisement education in colleges and the ability needed for business. This research suggests that the curriculum in college should be operated to create the ability required in advertisement business, and two parties concerned in advertisement education (college and advertisement company) need to continually try to extend the mutual interest and understanding.

The Beat

Vol. 115, No. 2 EnvironewsOpen AccessThe Beat Erin E. Dooley Erin E. Dooley Search for more papers by this author Published:1 February 2007https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.115-a77bAboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Dirty City RoundupIn October 2006, the Blacksmith Institute released a report identifying the world’s 10 most polluted cities based on factors such as toxicity of the pollution involved and clear evidence of health impacts. In Dzherzhinsk, Russia, which was a chemical weapons manufacturing site during the Cold War, people have a life expectancy about half that of people in the world’s richest nations. Linfen, China, another of the top 10, lies in the heart of that country’s coal-producing Shanxi Province; its residents suffer from bronchitis, pneumonia, and lung cancer thought to be the result of the area’s poor air quality. The other eight cities are Norilsk and Rudnaya Pristan, Russia; Haina, Dominican Republic; Ranipet, India; Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan; La Oroya, Peru; Chernobyl, Ukraine; and Kabwe, Zambia.Lead Lightens UpSince 1993 the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has awarded grants totaling approximately $1 billion for lead-based paint remediation in private low-income homes across the country. After six years, researchers led by Jonathan Wilson of the National Center for Healthy Housing looked at four such sites to measure the effectiveness of these programs. Their findings, published in the October 2006 issue of Environmental Research, show that dust lead levels on floors and window sills declined continuously over the six years since the intervention; levels of lead dust in window troughs, while gradually increasing over time, were still 75% lower than before the intervention.Hospitals Trigger AsthmaAt least 20 million Americans suffer from asthma. Now the group Health Care Without Harm has released a report showing that hospitals abound with substances that can trigger or even cause asthma. These include cleaners such as disinfectants and sterilizers, fumes outgassing from building materials, pesticides, and latex gloves. Nurses are at particular risk from the disinfectant gluteraldehyde and the sterilizing agent ethylene oxide. Safer alternatives to these substances are described in the report, available at http://www.noharm.org/.Ballast Water BallyhooAlien species of fish, mollusks, and aquatic weeds in U.S. waters—many introduced from ballast water discharged from ships—are believed to cost the nation nearly $8 billion. In a move to quell the further introduction of such species, a federal district judge in California ruled in September 2006 that the EPA must begin regulating ballast water as a biological pollutant beginning in 2008. Until now, the EPA has claimed a clause in the Clean Water Act exempts it from regulating discharges that are “incidental to the normal operations of a vessel.” The judge ruled, however, that this exemption is “plainly contrary to the congressional intent” of the act.The Ouch of ARGsAccording to the WHO, more than 2 million Americans are infected each year with antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and 14,000 die as a result. A study in the 1 December 2006 issue of Environmental Science & Technology puts forth the idea that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)—pieces of DNA that make bacteria resistant to common antibiotics—should be considered emerging environmental contaminants. ARGs are rapidly spread by horizontal gene transfer among bacteria. Even if cells containing ARGs are killed, DNA released from them can spread to other cells. The study authors found tetracycline and sulfonamide ARGs in several types of waters in northern Colorado, including treated drinking water and recycled wastewater, both of which could be potential pathways for human exposure.Plateau in Smoking Rate DeclineA years-long decline in the adult smoking rate stalled between 2004 and 2005, according to the most recent report by the CDC. Reasons for the plateau may include smaller annual increases in cigarette prices, a 26.5% reduction in funding for comprehensive state programs in tobacco control and prevention between 2002 and 2006, and a doubling of tobacco company advertising and promotional spending between 1998 and 2003. The report also notes that 42.5% of current smokers stopped smoking for at least a day during the past year, and that just over half of all smokers successfully quit.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 115, No. 2 February 2007Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 February 2007Published in print1 February 2007 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. 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KAJIAN EFEK IKLAN DAN ADVERTORIAL PADA PENGETAHUAN DAN PERSUASI YANG DIRASAKAN : STUDI PROSES ADOPSI PANGAN FUNGSIONAL

A laboratory experiment examines the effect of advertisement, advertorial, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia, Vol 22 No.1 Tahun 2007 and source of information on the adoption process of functional food. The treatment levels in this experiment were company advertisement, public advertisement, company advertorials and public advertorial. One hundred and ninety-nine research subjects were selected; those were the ones who served as decision makers in buying food for themselves or their families. The result shows that the audio visual advertisement only increases subjective knowledge whereas printed advertorial increases both subjective and objective knowledge. Besides, the study also demonstrates that advertorial increases both subjective and objective knowledge. However, this study shows that company advertisement can increase the effect of subjective knowledge as much as the advertorial. The study does not prove that the independent institutions increase stronger perceived persuasion effect than the company as the source of communication. Keywords: advertisement, advertorial, adoption process, functional food.

Effect of Televised, Tobacco Company–Funded Smoking Prevention Advertising on Youth Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions, and Behavior

To relate exposure to televised youth smoking prevention advertising to youths' smoking beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. We obtained commercial television ratings data from 75 US media markets to determine the average youth exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted and parent-targeted smoking prevention advertising. We merged these data with nationally representative school-based survey data (n = 103,172) gathered from 1999 to 2002. Multivariate regression models controlled for individual, geographic, and tobacco policy factors, and other televised antitobacco advertising. There was little relation between exposure to tobacco company-sponsored, youth-targeted advertising and youth smoking outcomes. Among youths in grades 10 and 12, during the 4 months leading up to survey administration, each additional viewing of a tobacco company parent-targeted advertisement was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking (odds ratio [OR]=0.93; confidence interval [CI]=0.88, 0.98), stronger approval of smoking (OR=1.11; CI=1.03,1.20), stronger intentions to smoke in the future (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.21), and greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days (OR=1.12; CI=1.04,1.19). Exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted smoking prevention advertising generally had no beneficial outcomes for youths. Exposure to tobacco company parent-targeted advertising may have harmful effects on youth, especially among youths in grades 10 and 12.

A trans-national machine on the world stage: representing McCormick's reaper through world's fairs, 1851–1902

The McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. displayed its harvesting machinery at world fairs and agricultural fairs, using these events to build respectability for its machines and in support of sales and advertising claims. Records of the company reveal the firm's competitive behaviour at these fairs and their associated field trials for agricultural machinery. Analysis of company advertisements, catalogues, and correspondence on fairs and field trials reveals the way McCormick used these events, the extent and nature of international competition, and the nature of the world stage for industrial competition. Cyrus Hall McCormick, founder of the company, learning from his Crystal Palace success of 1851 and his even earlier experience with fairs in the USA, represented his reaper as a global product, made in America and internationally successful. Indeed, at the fairs McCormick's machines were embroiled in internecine warfare among an international brotherhood of manufacturers in pursuit of common goals and using a common repertoire of tactics, if not identical machines. This is because ‘American harvesting machines’ were a trans-national phenomenon. The paper concludes that globalisation was occurring in harvesting machinery and suggests that problems emerge from considering international competition in this industry as a contest among distinct national economies.

Disease Mongering: One of the Hidden Consequences

I found Moynihan and Henry's article on disease mongering [ 1] interesting, especially because I have previously suggested that the medical profession might consider being more proactive concerning various problematic areas in their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry by exercising their considerable power and improving the scientific quality of research [ 2]. There is a strong tendency for doctors to be trusting and accepting of the good intentions and honesty of others. It takes a substantial amount of evidence for doctors to adopt the contrary posture of distrust. Perhaps the profession is, understandably, at that point with pharmaceutical companies. A significant hidden area related to disease mongering is the inevitable increase in doctors' medico-legal insurance costs. The pharmaceutical industry has generally been quite successful in getting doctors to shoulder the blame for the negative consequences of drug treatment. They are quick to inform the profession (and patients, by covert direct-to-consumer advertising) of any evidence favourable to the promotion of their drug, but slow to update the product information, or inform doctors, about side effects, complications, or drug interactions [ 3]. It is dishonest to actively promote supposed advantages (to patients) whilst consciously failing to look for, or alert doctors to, the disadvantages. Furthermore, inducing patients to visit doctors and pressure them into colluding with drug company advertising is a subtle form of bullying. Medical insurers tend to accept full responsibility on behalf of doctors without much attempt to bring others into legal actions, especially drug companies. Since both patients and doctors are being fed misinformation, it may be that a greater part of the responsibility for difficulties should be apportioned to drug companies. Perhaps both doctors and drug companies need to be reminded that only doctors are able to sign prescriptions and take the primary responsibility for the consequences. It may be time for medical organizations and authorities to impose conditions and demand more information from pharmaceutical companies if they are going to agree to sign the script. As but one of many possible examples, how many doctors realise that drug toxicity data are rarely made available and that much of the data presented to regulatory authorities are not available to ordinary doctors? I suggest that those in the profession who are in a position to influence such matters should give serious consideration to these and other similar questions and exercise their power.

Peoples of the Plateau: The Indian Photographs of Lee Moorhouse, 1898-1915 by Steven Grafe

asmore at home in thehalls ofCongress than in the wilderness. Zahniser's great effective ness,Harvey intimates, was his ability to travel easily between theseworlds and to frame the importance ofwilderness preservation foran audience eager todo the same.Tragically, How ard Zahniser died justmonths before Lyndon Johnson signed the Wilderness Act into law. Mark Harvey's Wilderness Forever is an admiring biography, built upon prodigious archival and oral history research.Like the man it chronicles,Wilderness Forever is quiet and humble but also forcefuland convincing. Paul Sutter University ofGeorgia, Athens PEOPLES OF THE PLATEAU: THE INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS OF LEE MOORHOUSE, 1898-1915 bySteven Grafe University ofOklahoma Press, Norman, 2006. Photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, index. 234 pages. $39-95 cloth. $29.95 paper. Many readers of this journal are familiarwith theColumbia River Plateau and itsIndian oc cupants. But inother parts of thenation, that region and itspeople are virtually unknown. Happily, theUniversity of Oklahoma Press' decision topublish thisvolume's strikingpho tographswill do much to educate a broader readership about the Plateau's rich history and gorgeous landscapes. Editor Steve Grafe, trained as an anthropologist and currently curator of Native American Collections at Oklahoma City's National Cowboy & West ernHeritage Museum, provides an excellent introduction to thebook and helpful captions to its over one hundred images,most taken by amateur photographer Lee Moorhouse between 1898 and 1915. Moorhouse moved to thePacificNorthwest as a child in 1861,settling with his familynear Walla Walla, Washington. His various adult occupations spanned the entire spectrum of frontier life ? mining prospector, railroad survey crew member, horse breaker, cowhand, merchant, and Indian agent. He also received a commission as a major from the Oregon StateMilitia during the 1878Bannock-Pauite War, a titlehemaintained for theduration of his life. By the 1880s Moorhouse had become a partner in a Pendleton, Oregon, general store and served as mayor of the town.An active participant in Republican Party affairs, he eventually snared an appointment as agent at the Umatilla Reservation and held thatposition for two years. During his tenure,he oversaw land allotment and the sale of surplus lands. Moorhouse apparently supported the forced acculturation policy of his time, but he also worked toprotect Indians' interests by seeking redress from theOregon Railway and Naviga tionCompany when their trains occasionally struck and killed Indians' livestock or when sparks from locomotives' smokestacks caught fireand destroyed theirbuildings. More germane to thebook, he appreciated the beauty and richness of Plateau Indian cultures. For about twenty years, Moorhouse tookhundreds ofphotos of Walla Walla, Uma tilla,Cayuse, Nez Perce,Wishxam, and Crow people inan effortto capture, forposterity,at least a glimpse of their lives.The selection of photographs thatGrafe includes begins with portraits Moorhouse took in his Pendleton backyard of Cayuse men and women wear ing costumes and holding props from the photographer's extensive collection of Indian items. Shooting his subjects against a plain background, butwith treesand a streetclearly visible, Moorhouse conveys a sense of these people as objects, although objectswith names and quite attractivefaces.Happily, he ventured out ofhis studio tophotograph others in their own homes, usually on theUmatilla Reserva tion, and with theirown accoutrements. The primacy of theColumbia River Plateau peoples as equestrians, exporters of culture, and im porters of trade goods isbrilliantly conveyed Reviews 467 in these images. Especially impressive are the locally produced, finely beaded horse orna ments, including head masks, head stalls,and collars. But the Indian subjects also display Navajo saddle blankets (some overlain with mountain lion skins), shells, and other trade goods brought in from thePacific Ocean and the Southwest. They also display Pendleton Woolen Mill blankets. Several ofMoorhouse's photographs ofUmatilla people wrapped in Pendleton blankets, in fact, appeared in the company's advertisements. Moorhouse's motivations for taking these photos blended the commercial with the his toric.He made money from their sale, but he also wanted todocument cultures thathe, like somany of his generation, believed were dis appearing. Still, there isno sense of doom or despair in these images.The men and women look secure, proud, and healthy.Moreover, he shows them interactingand surviving contact with thedominant societyby,forexample, par ticipating in thePendleton Round-Up parades and rodeos, celebrating the Fourth of July by engaging in activities that annoyedWashing...

The Battle of the Consumer in Postwar Britain

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Battle of the Consumer in Postwar Britain*Peter GurneyPeter GurneyUniversity of Essex Search for more articles by this author University of EssexPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 77, Number 4December 2005 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/499831 Views: 631Total views on this site Citations: 17Citations are reported from Crossref ©2005 by The University of Chicago.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sean Kippin The Co-operative Party and New Labour: a study of policy entrepreneur influence, British Politics 32 (Oct 2021).https://doi.org/10.1057/s41293-021-00196-2Shoshanna Griver, Itay Fischhendler The Social Construction of Food Security: The Israeli Case, Food Security 79 (Apr 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01169-5Peter Gurney Voice of Civilisation : advertising and its critics in austerity Britain, Contemporary British History 32, no.22 (Dec 2017): 190–208.https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2017.1410436D. C. H. Watts Building an alternative economic network? Consumer cooperation in Scotland from the 1870s to the 1960s†, The Economic History Review 70, no.11 (Jun 2016): 143–170.https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12340Matthew Kerry Representations of the family in postwar British amateur film: family histories in the Lane and Scrutton collection at the East Anglian Film Archive, The History of the Family 21, no.22 (May 2016): 231–242.https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2016.1163274Julia Laite Immoral Traffic: Mobility, Health, Labor, and the “Lorry Girl” in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain, Journal of British Studies 52, no.33 (Jul 2013): 693–721.https://doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.118Espen Ekberg Confronting three revolutions: Western European consumer co-operatives and their divergent development, 1950–2008, Business History 54, no.66 (Oct 2012): 1004–1021.https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.706894Peter J. Gurney Co-operation and the ‘new consumerism’ in interwar England, Business History 54, no.66 (Oct 2012): 905–924.https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.706896Anthony Webster, John K. Walton Introduction, Business History 54, no.66 (Oct 2012): 825–832.https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.706897Mary Hilson A Consumers’ International? The International Cooperative Alliance and Cooperative Internationalism, 1918–1939: A Nordic Perspective, International Review of Social History 56, no.22 (May 2011): 203–233.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859011000150Sean Nixon ‘Salesmen of the Will to Want’: Advertising and its Critics in Britain 1951–1967, Contemporary British History 24, no.22 (Jun 2010): 213–233.https://doi.org/10.1080/13619461003768306Lawrence Black ‘Consumers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your illusions’: The Politics of the Consumers’ Association, (Jan 2010): 14–45.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230250475_2Lawrence Black Shopfloor Politics: Co-operative Culture and Affluence, (Jan 2010): 46–74.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230250475_3Peter Gurney, Catherine Laurent Une remise en question de l’« opulence » : le mouvement coopératif britannique après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma , no.318318 (Jan 2010): 71.https://doi.org/10.7202/1020852arSean Nixon Apostles of Americanization? J. Walter Thompson Company Ltd, Advertising and Anglo-American Relations 1945–67, Contemporary British History 22, no.44 (Dec 2008): 477–499.https://doi.org/10.1080/13619460802439374DAVID PRATT, P. R. SCHOFIELD, HENRY FRENCH, PETER KIRBY, MARK FREEMAN, JULIAN GREAVES, HUGH PEMBERTON Review of periodical literature published in 2005, The Economic History Review 60, no.11 (Feb 2007): 136–189.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00382.xFrank Trentmann Coping with Shortage: The Problem of Food Security and Global Visions of Coordination, c.1890s–1950, (Jan 2006): 13–48.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230597495_2

Mixed messages on tobacco: comparative exposure to public health, tobacco company‐ and pharmaceutical company‐sponsored tobacco‐related television campaigns in the United States, 1999–2003

To describe and compare the extent of exposure among youth and adults to antitobacco advertising funded by tobacco control agencies, and to smoking-related advertising from tobacco and pharmaceutical companies. Archival records of television advertising exposures from Nielsen Media Research for the largest 75 media markets in the United States from 1999 to 2003. Mean monthly advertising exposures for households with televisions and adolescents aged 12-17 years for: state tobacco control programs; the national American Legacy Foundation (Legacy) program; tobacco company advertising for youth smoking prevention, parent advertising and corporate image; pharmaceutical company advertising for nicotine replacement therapy and Zyban; and other miscellaneous tobacco-related advertising. Combined tobacco company youth/parent advertising exposures matched those for combined State/Legacy campaigns (4.56 advertisements/month versus 4.97 advertisements/month among households; 3.05 advertisements/month versus 3.38 advertisements/month among adolescents). Tobacco company corporate image advertising averaged 3.25 advertisements/month among households and 0.73 advertisements/month among adolescents. Tobacco company advertising exceeded public health-sponsored advertising by a factor of 1.57-1, and among youth by 1.11-1. Pharmaceutical companies were the largest sponsor of tobacco-related advertising for households (10.37 advertisements/month) and provided significant exposure among adolescents (2.61 advertisements/month). This is the first study to demonstrate systematically that public health-sponsored antitobacco campaigns in the United States are matched or exceeded by tobacco company advertising, as well as pharmaceutical cessation product advertising. Research is needed to determine whether such advertising may dilute or undermine the established benefits of tobacco control-sponsored campaigns.

Big biotech embraces direct-to-consumer advertising

Under the gun of increased oversight on drug company advertising by the US Food and Drug Administration, the Washington, DC-based industry group Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association (PhRMA) on 29 July announced a set of guiding principles for ethical practices in direct to consumer advertising (DTC).

The curious case of the date of introduction of leaded fuel to Australia: Implications for the history of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric lead pollution

By comparison with the Northern Hemisphere, the history of atmospheric lead pollution in the Southern Hemisphere is still poorly understood. Until recently, the main source of atmospheric lead fallout in the Southern Hemisphere was tetraethyl lead from motor fuel and for most of the 20th century the most important single source of this pollutant was Australia. Yet there is little agreement over when leaded fuel made its first appearance in Australia. Reported dates range from the early 1920s to the late 1940s. A study of oil company advertisements and reports in motoring and oil company journals shows that leaded petrol first became available in Australia in August 1932. This date is important both for the reconstruction of lead pollution histories and in the use of lead stratigraphies to determine chronology.

Vaccines, Viagra, and Vioxx: medicines, markets, and money—when life-saving meets life-style

In this Commentary, life-style drugs will be termed as “those drugs for which there is a definable and real, but limited, therapeutic need, but a need that has been significantly stimulated by the cycle of pharmaceutical company advertising and pressure and public demand.” The key to the continuing expansion of the life-style drug market is a progressive narrowing of the definition of “normal” coupled with campaigns launched by the pharmaceutical industry that persuade both patients and clinicians that a major and treatable disease does exist and that drug treatment, rather than acceptance of hair loss or occasional lack of sexual interest, and so on, is both necessary and appropriate. The expansion of the market for prescription drugs in this manner is now an integral part of the business model of the pharmaceutical industry. For society, the expanding role of these drugs, particularly those directed at “desires rather than diseases,” raises ethical issues of our increasing obsession with a medically directed quest for perfection, and financial issues of the cost of this quest on the health care system and its priorities. For the pharmaceutical industry, there are questions of whether its role is life-saving or life-styling for a Huxleyan “Brave New World.” Drug Dev Res 64:90–98, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Marketing experts' misplaced expertise in the courtroom

Unfair and deceptive marketing claims are becoming a mainstay of product liability litigation in the United States, and therefore, marketing experts will continue to play a significant role in these cases. Too often, judges permit individuals with no legitimate expertise in marketing to offer expert opinions about the intent and effect of a defendant company's advertisements. Many times, these opinions are premised on unscientific research or even no research at all. To protect the legitimacy of the marketing discipline, not to mention the litigation process, judges, lawyers, and marketing professionals should apply more stringent standards when determining who qualifies as a marketing expert and when assessing whether that expert's opinions have a legitimate basis.

Between science and fiction: neuroleptic drug advertisements, stigma and schizophrenia

It has been suggested that the medical profession contributes to the stigmatisation of those who experience mental health problems, through ‘iatrogenic’ stigma. This study explores how pharmaceutical companies and their advertising agencies think psychiatrists view people who suffer from mental health problems, as expressed through the design and content of advertisements for neuroleptic medication intended for the psychiatric profession. All pharmaceutical company advertisements appearing in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1999 were analysed: quantitatively as to drug type, advertisement format and demographic characteristics of subjects portrayed in advertisements, and qualitatively as to content, accompanying text and the theme of the advertisement. Although adverts for neuroleptic drugs constitute a minority of all adverts appearing in the journal in 1999, they are larger than antidepressant adverts, use more pages, and are more likely to portray people suffering from schizophrenia as inactive, socially isolated, and leading empty, meaningless lives. Some of the images resonate with the popular mythology of schizophrenia as ‘other’ and ‘split personality’. From this we conclude that pharmaceutical company advertisements for neuroleptic drugs do indeed present stigmatising images of people suffering from schizophrenia. Editors of medical journals should scrutinise advertisements for potentially stigmatising content. It is time for a debate about the position of glossy advertisements in the pages of medical journals.Declaration of interest: Philip Thomas is co‐chair of the Critical Psychiatry Network and has written extensive critiques of the biomedical model.