Obligations Of Company Research Articles

Hubungan Cash Flow Terhadap Kapasitas Produksi Pada PT Vista Mitra Surabaya

Prove that there is a relationship between cash flow and production capacity at PT. Vista Partners. The sample used in this study is financial data and production data of PT. Vista Partners. This study uses a quantitative approach with the aim to provide an overview of how PT Vista Mitra manages their cash flow and how it affects the production process. According to the data that I process, cash flow at PT Vista Mitra shows good performance because PT Vista Mitra is able to pay the company's obligations well. Data collection is carried out by the author to obtain information on cash flow processing activities carried out in three ways, namely (a) documentation, (b) observation, and (c) interview. Analysis Techniques used in this study use (a) the classic assumption test, (b) t test, and (c) f test with the help of SPSS software. The hypothesis I use is accepted if significant t is less than α = 0.05. The results of this study prove that production capacity. Payment of Receivables (X₁) has a t value of 1,216 with a significance probability value of 0.236. Significant t is greater than α = 0.05. Means that payment of receivables (X₁) production capacity. Product Sales Results (X₂) has a value of t-0.276 with a significance value of 0.785. Significant α = 0.05. Means that product sales (X₂) have no significant effect on production capacity. Payment of debt (X₃) has a value of t 2,562 with a significance value of 0.017. Significant t is smaller than α = 0.05. This means that debt repayment (X₃) has a production capacity. The cost of raw materials (X₄) has a t value of 1.193 with a significance probability value of 0.244. Significant t is greater than α = 0.05. Means the cost of raw materials (X₄). Labor costs (X₅) has a t value of 1,274 with a significance probability value of 0.215. Significant t is greater than α = 0.05. Means that labor costs (X₅) have no significant effect on production capacity. Other costs (X6) have a value of t 1.091 with a significance probability value of 0.286. Significant t is greater than α = 0.05. Means other costs (X₅) have no significant effect on production capacity.

Stewardship and Shareholder Engagement in Germany

Corporate stewardship holds great promise for the improvement of shareholder engagement and the encouragement of more responsible and long-term oriented value creation. Many countries have now adopted a best practice code for the stewardship role of institutional investors and asset managers, but Germany has so far refused to follow that trend. This paper explores the reasons for this reluctance, as well as whether the adoption of a Stewardship Code would still make sense in the regulatory framework of Germany today. Despite the increased presence of shareholder engagement (and even activism), several reasons may be put forward for why lawmakers have refused to adopt a stewardship code. This paper argues that the main political reason for this reluctance lies in the limited geographical reach of such a code, which would primarily apply to the (limited) domestic fund industry and would be unable to prescribe any meaningful principles to foreign-based asset managers. Still, I argue that the adoption of a code in the German context may make sense, for example to define expectations and to clarify the obligations of investee companies. Most importantly, it would benefit domestic investors that are typically ‘home biased’ and thereby frequently disproportionately invested in domestic funds.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: A Business Ethical Assessment

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has evolved as a disruptive technology, impacting a wide range of human rights-related issues ranging from discrimination to supply chain due diligence. Given the increasing human rights obligations of companies and the intensifying discourse on AI and human rights, we shed light on the responsibilities of corporate actors in terms of human rights standards in the context of developing and using AI. What implications do human rights obligations have for companies developing and using AI? In our article, we discuss firstly whether AI inherently conflicts with human rights and human autonomy. Next, we discuss how AI might be linked to the beneficence criterion of AI ethics and how AI might be applied in human rights-related areas. Finally, we elaborate on individual aspects of what it means to conform to human rights, addressing AI-specific problem areas.

Handling Facebook: social media in the light of human rights violations

International justice does not remain on the sidelines from the intensive development of social media: the data stored on the social media possesses great evidentiary value in international courts. The dispute over the disclosure of information by Facebook for use in the Gambia v. Myanmar dispute before the International Court of Justice raises a broader issue of the international legal status of telecommunications companies, obligations of companies and states in relation to the use of social media for human rights violations and commission of international crimes. The article assesses the existing international legal regime of human rights obligations of global social media corporations, as well as their role in administration of international justice, by examining the case of the use of Facebook disseminating hate speech and inciting violence against the discriminated group of Rohingya in Myanmar. The authors analyze the report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, Facebook’s reaction to the information of its influence on the situation with Rohingya, and measures taken by the company to reduce the negative impact of its business activity on human rights. The article draws attention to the inconsistent position of Facebook with regard to facilitating the investigation of violations of international law committed through the social media. In particular, the authors comment on the dispute between the Gambia and Facebook before the U.S. Courts arising from the request on disclosure of materials forming evidence in the case of the Gambia v. Myanmar, and lack of action from the US with respect to human rights violations and genocide committed with resources of the US-based social media company. The authors underscore the uncertainty of international legal regulation that impedes effective international investigations of serious human rights violations. Non-state actors remain outside the reach of international justice and international accountability mechanisms, especially when they operate in jurisdictions of states that ignore their positive human rights obligations. The authors conclude that it is necessary to develop effective mechanisms for cooperation and accountability of social media corporations in the field of international justice, as they play an increasing role in the investigation of serious violations of human rights.

A Fiqh Reconstruction in Company Zakat Accounting

The paper aims to explore the concept of the company from the aspects of Islamic law (fiqh) and sharia, as the basis in determining the company as muzakki, thus raising the legal obligation for companies to pay zakat through the zakat accounting calculation method. This study is designed to reconstruct the concepts of fiqh and sharia in muamalah (economic) activities within the framework of aqidah, sharia and akhlak through ijtihad. The research uses qualitative analysis, through a literature study approach by exploring various classical and contemporary sources. This paper found that the company is synonymous as syirkah on the basis of syakhshiyyah i’tibariyyah (spiritual entity) or syakhshiyyah hukmiyyah, referred to as al-dhimmah, that is, inherent traits of humans, as expert al-form (the right to receive) and syahhshiyyah al-ada (the right to fulfill responsibilities). So, the company as the subject of zakat has an obligation to pay zakat based on five principles inherent in the company as muzakki. The calculations are carried out by using the company zakat accounting method based on established standards (AAOIFI), (MASB), and (IAI). The determination of companies as subjects of zakat, which has the obligation to pay zakat, certainly has positive implications for the realization of a fair and equitable distribution of wealth, as well as the emergence of corporate social responsibility (collectively) and the responsibility of a Muslim (individually) in realizing his worship. to Allah SWT, an increase in community welfare can be achieved.

Putting the Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act into Perspective

In May 2019, the Dutch senate adopted a private member’s bill introducing a due diligence obligation for companies bringing goods or services onto the Dutch market with respect to the use of child labour in their supply chains. The aim of this article is to place this Child Labour Due Diligence (CLDD) Act in the national and international legal context and to discuss its relevance for the broader debate on international responsible business conduct (IRBC) in global value chains. The article shows that the CLDD Act introduces a due diligence obligation in this context that is new to Dutch law, as is the public law supervisor that is to be tasked with its enforcement. However, it does nothing to broaden the possibilities for access to remedies for victims of child labour beyond those already in existence. The article also shows that when compared with 2017 the French Duty of Vigilance Law, which is the only other mandatory due diligence law to have been adopted so far, the CLDD Act stands out in several respects. It is overshadowed, however, by the European parliament’s recent adoption of an ambitious outline for a future EU due diligence directive. Nonetheless, in view of the fact that it remains unclear for now whether the future EU directive on this topic will display the same level of ambition as the current proposal, the CLDD Act will remain relevant from an international perspective also for some time to come.

Analisis Kemampuan Rasio Likuiditas dan Profitabilitas dalam Mengukur Financial Distress

Financial distress is a condition where the results of the company's performance are unable to meet the company's obligations. The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of Liquidity and Profitability in measuring financial distress in PT .eterindo wahanatama Tbk and PT. Waskita Karya Tbk. The analysis technique used is multiple linear analysis techniques, and for hypothesis testing is a partial statistical test (t test) and simultaneous test (f test). The results of the t test show that liquidity (CR) (X1) has an effect but not significant to financial distress, Profitability (ROA) (X2) has a significant effect on financial distress. Based on the simultaneous F test means that together Liquidity (CR) and Profitability (ROA) have no significant effect on purchasing decisions (Y). Based on the test of the coefficient of determination of 0.354 it can be interpreted that the effect of Liquidity (CR) and Profitability (ROA) on purchasing decisions is equal to 28.4%. The remaining 71.6% is influenced by other factors not explained in this study.
 Keywords : Liquidity, Profitability, financial Distress.

Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Solvabilitas, dan Profitabilitas terhadap Audit Delay (Study empiris pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia)

Timeliness in financial reporting is an obligation for companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange to submit periodic financial report. Delay in financial reporting will have a negative effect on a company, because it may indicate the existence of financial problem within the company. The length of time of an audit conducted by an auditor can be seen from the time different between the financial statment date and the date the auditor’s report was signed in the financial statement. The time different is often called an audit delay. The longer the auditor completes the audit, the longer the audit delay is. If the audit delay is long, the delay in submitting financial statment to stakeholders will be longer. Prompt financial reporting is essential to maintain the accuracy of information presented in the financial statement.
 The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the influence of Firm Size, Solvability, and Profitability to Audit Delay. The population used is Banking Company listed on Indonesia stock Exchange during the period 2015-1017. The variables used in this research are Firm Size, Solvability, and Profitability. The data used is the company’s financial statements are published through the website www.idx.co.id. Data colletion method used is purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data in this study using classic assumption test, multiple linear regressioin analysis and hypothesis testing.
 Based on the research that has been done can be the concluded that the partial factor Firm Size significant effect on Audit Delay while the Solvability and Profitability has no significant effect on Audit Delay. Simultaneously factor Firm Size, Solvability and Profitability effect on audit Delay the R Square value is 0.242 indicates that 24,2% of Audit Delay cab be explained by the independent variables used in the study, while the remaining 75,8% is explained by other variables.

PENGARUH TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL KORPORAT KEPADA PEKERJA TERHADAP KINERJA EKONOMI PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR DI BURSA SAHAM INDONESIA

Worker's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR - P) is the responsibility and obligation of the company's management. Workers are important stakeholders because they are involved in the company's operational activities in an effort to achieve company goals. This study will examine the effect of CSR - P, size and leverage on the company's economic performance which expressed by return on assets (ROA) and worker productivity. This research will be carried out on manufacturing companies on the main board of the Indonesian Stock Exchange for period year 2015, 2016 and 2017. After the regression analysis has been carried out, the study finds that CSR - P has a positive significant effect on ROA and worker productivity. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of CSR - P by companies is not only to fulfil the rights of workers and to carry out company obligations but is found to have an influence to increase ROA and company productivity. In addition, for manufacturing companies with a high level of risk of health and safety problems the implementation of CSR - P can be used as a solution to overcome the possibility of problems with workers due to the company's operational activities. While size and leverage are found to have a significant influence but negative on ROA and productivity. This means that size and leverage are not factors that can affect ROA and worker productivity. This study tries to provide input to the company to pay more attention and maximize the implementation of CSRP which is found to be able to influence the ROA stage and worker productivity.

УПРАВЛІННЯ КРЕДИТОРСЬКОЮ ЗАБОРГОВАНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article is devoted to the topical issues of improving the audit of the company's obligations, and more specifically, the accounts payable in the context of the worsening crisis threats. The regulatory and legislative provision of the company's obligat

ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF PSAK NO. 24 ABOUT WORK BENEFITS IN PT. UKINDO BLANKAHAN ESTATE

Employee benefits are rewards given to employees as payment for services that have been provided to companies in improving employee performance and employee loyalty to the company. Employee benefits are given on the basis of the company's obligations to fulfill the rights of workers. Employee benefits consist of short-term employee benefits, post-employment benefits, other long-term employee benefits and termination benefits. Employee benefits provided by the company are discussed and regulated in financial accounting standards, namely PSAK No. 24 regarding employee benefits. In PSAK No. 24 (revised 2013) described employee benefits provided by companies accompanied by recognition, measurement and disclosure of employee benefits to the financial statements. This research uses descriptive qualitative method, the source of data using primary and secondary data. This research was conducted directly by researchers through observation and interviews in order to obtain accurate data. This study aims to determine whether the recording of long-term employee benefits is in accordance with SFAS No. 24 in force. The results showed that the recognition and measurement of long-term employee benefits at PT. UKINDO Blankahan Estate is not in accordance with SFAS No. 24 (revised 2016) applicable and also do not know clearly the recognition and measurement of employee benefits applicable according to PSAK No. 24

Blockchain in Energy Efficiency: Potential Applications and Benefits

Blockchain technology is ready to disrupt nearly every industry and business model, and the energy sector is no exception. Energy businesses across the world have already started exploring the use of blockchain technology in large-scale energy trading systems, peer-to-peer energy trading, project financing, supply chain tracking, and asset management among other applications. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) recently started revolutionizing the energy landscape, and now blockchain technology is providing an additional opportunity to make the energy system more intelligent, efficient, transparent, and secure in the longer term. The idea of this paper is to examine more closely the use of blockchain technology for its possible application in the energy efficiency industry and to determine how it could make energy efficiency markets more secure and transparent in the longer term. This paper examines in detail the key benefits and implications of using blockchain in the energy efficiency sector through the presentation and discussion of two case studies as possible blockchain applications—(i) the UK Energy Company Obligation scheme and (ii) the Italian White Certificate Scheme. We have presented how the key issues around trading energy efficiency savings—correctly estimating the savings, data transparency among stakeholders, and inefficient administrative processes—can be solved through the application of a blockchain-based smart contract system. Finally, this paper presents an implementation of a smart contract for trading of energy-saving certificates achieved via execution of smart contract transactions on the Ethereum blockchain.

The new obligation for companies in Spain. Working time registration: Innovation or regression?

The new obligation for companies in Spain. Working time registration: Innovation or regression?

Practical Importance of Genetic Research Results when Developing an Insurance Product for Personal Insurance: International Experience

This article considers the practical importance of genetic research results when developing an insurance product. The modern science, which allows obtaining information not only about the current state of health, but also about the risks of various diseases, challenges the possibility of using genetic information in insurance. The main goal of the study is to consider the possibility to use genetic information when concluding a personal insurance agreement for assessing the risks of an insured event, taking into account long-term obligations of insurance companies. The methods of collecting and studying singularities, generalization methods, scientific abstraction methods, and method of inquiry into regularities were used in the article. It has been concluded that it is necessary to use a differentiated approach when using genetic information in insurance. Full protection against genetic discrimination requires to completely prohibit insurance companies to use any information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics as a basis for refusing or limiting insurance coverage. The only area where it is allowed to use genetic information is medical insurance because it is impossible to postulate the right to life insurance without genetic testing if the agreement provides a broader insurance coverage. In order to maintain a balance of interests between insurants (insured persons) and insurers, it seems acceptable to use genetic information when concluding voluntary life and health insurance agreements that, above all, provide annuity payments. It is necessary to use genetic information in insurance when assessing the risks of real occurrence of a genetic disease. This approach will allow to practically minimize risks of insurance companies and to take into account the interests of an insured person.

AN APPRAISAL ON THE OBLIGATION OF COMPANIES TO PAY ZAKAT: THE MALAYSIAN LAW AND SHARIAH PERSPECTIVES

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, obligatory upon human beings who believe in Allah and His Messenger (PBUH). It refers to the determined share of wealth prescribed by Allah as an act of worship to be distributed to a certain group of beneficiaries (al-Asnaf). The consideration of its great objectives (al-Maqasid) in Islam, among others, public interest and social justice to the Muslim society influences contemporary Muslim jurists to uphold the obligation of companies to pay zakat as issued in their fatwas and resolutions. In Malaysia, several fatwas and resolutions issued by the religious fatwa councils clearly impose this religious obligation on the corporations as their business zakat (Urudh al-Tijarah) which are legally registered under the Companies Act 2016. This paper discusses the obligation of companies to pay zakat from Malaysian law and Shariah perspectives. It aims to analyze whether it is legally viable for corporations registered under the Companies Act 2016 which adopts the English common law to be obligated to pay zakat. The finding shows that the current legal structure of a corporation does not conform to the Shariah principles in relation to zakat obligation. It demands certain modifications to the current framework and hence, the current fatwas in imposing zakat on the corporations in Malaysia are proposed to be reviewed and revisited. Research methodology applied in this paper is doctrinal and statutory analysis.

Determinants and consequences of environmental investment: an empirical study of Indonesian firms

PurposeThis study aims to examine the effect of institutional ownership, audit committee and types of industry on environmental investment. Furthermore, this research investigates the consequences of environmental investments on firm financial performance.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consisted of 145 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges and receiving PROPER awards issued by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia in the year 2009-2015. The data were then analyzed using ordinal logistic regression and multiple regression.FindingsThe findings showed that environmental investment was significantly affected by types of industry. However, institutional ownership and audit committee did not influence environmental investment. Finally, the finding indicated that environmental investments positively affected firm financial performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis research only covered companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges and receiving PROPER awards. Thus, the findings cannot be generalized for all companies in Indonesia and other markets.Originality/valueThis study is the first effort intended to investigate the determinants and consequences of environmental investment which have been ignored by previous studies, especially in the Asian emerging markets. This study at least provides us with two main contributions. First, the findings on determinants of environmental investment can be used by governments in Asian countries, especially Indonesia as a reference in making policies concerning the obligations of companies to the environmental problems. Second, the finding on the relationship of environmental investment and financial performance can be used by companies as strategies to generate profits without destroying the environment.

PENERAPAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PERUSAHAAN DITINJAU DARI TEORI KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 40 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PERSEROAN TERBATAS

Corporate Social Responsibility is the commitment and effort of a business entity to play a role in the implementation of social welfare. As one of the company's obligations, CSR can certainly help local governments to alleviate poverty problems in an area where a company is founded. The problem is that the Company's Corporate Social Responsibility obligations in terms of Social Welfare Theory and Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Companies and the Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Company are linked to Social Welfare theory. The research method used by the author is by using a normative juridical approach where the main data used is secondary data, namely reference books, laws and regulations, articles, papers, etc. The results of this study are that in terms of corporate responsibility it cannot be fully carried out due to the regulations related to the implementation of the CSR program there are still legal voids and the sanctions imposed are unclear, so this affects the implementation of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) companies that are appropriate with what is regulated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies but in terms of its implementation, it cannot be said that it has not been maximal for all companies in Karawang Regency in implementing the Corporate Social Responsibility program.Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Company; Social Welfare.

Ten years of the application of REACH and CLP - assessing the knowledge and implementation of these regulations by Polish users of chemicals

The aim of this work was to assess the awareness among both downstream users and distributors of chemicals in Poland, as regards legal regulations applicable to chemicals (i.e., the Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals - REACH, and the Registration on classification, labelling and packaging - CLP), and to identify on this basis the needs for training and information campaigns addressed to these professional groups, by means of a questionnaire survey. The SurveyMonkey Internet survey software was selected for this purpose. Two groups of respondents were surveyed - downstream users (DU) and distributors (D) of chemicals, and consumers. Responses were obtained from 65 downstream users and distributors of chemicals, and from 98 consumers. As many as 23% of the respondents did not know the obligations imposed on their company by REACH and CLP. Over 59% of the DU/D respondents did not have the opportunity to participate in chemical safety management (CSM) training in the last 5 years. Eighty percent of the respondents were interested in participating in free courses that would enable them to broaden their knowledge of the classification, labeling and marketing of chemicals. Despite the 10 years of the application of REACH and CLP, many people working for chemical enterprises still do not know their company's obligations set out in these regulations. The percentage of people positively assessing their competences increases with the size of the enterprise. The results of the survey indicate the need to organize continuous training for people using chemicals in their professional activity and for distributors. It is very important to ensure training at the basic level of chemical distributors. Such training should provide them with elementary knowledge on the hazards posed by chemicals, which could then be passed to consumers in an understandable manner. Med Pr. 2019;70(4):435-44.

Антикоррупционная политика в отношении юридических лиц

The article is devoted to the anticorruption policy in respect of legal entities, which has two key areas: the first one is forestalling of corruption of legal entities including identification and elimination of its grounds (i.e. prevention of corporate corruption stipulating the obligation of companies to adopt measures aimed at corruption combating including anticorruption compliance procedures) and the second one is identification, forestalling, suppression, detection and investigation of corruption-related offenses committed by legal entities (i.e. combating corporate corruption). Special attention is paid to the second area: anticorruption policy in terms of introduction of criminal liability of legal entities.

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS APPLICATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS A PRACTICAL STUDY ON AL-NASSAGON AL-SHARKION COMPANY IN EL-SHARKIA

The Study aims to measure the impact of the internal and external governance mechanisms makes on environmental obligation of companies and on environmental management effectiveness for the purpose of sustainable development in the Egyptian commitment. For achieve the study goals the extrapolation method was used in the conceptual study and prepare the field aspect on the questionnaire list that directed to the items sampled which amount to 119 item sample and the statistical analysis is used in ascertain the veracity of the study assumptions. The study reached the following results: 1) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the first subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between the external audit and environmental management effectiveness. 2) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the second subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between rights of other stakeholders and environmental management effectiveness. 3) There are enough statistical evidences ascertain the invalidity of the third subsidiary assumption, it means that there is an intangible relationship between shareholder effectiveness and environmental management effectiveness. The most important recommendations of the researcher include the following: 1)Attention to apply the company's governance rules generally in establishments specially it has its impact on the effectiveness of the company management activities. 2) Attention to board of director position for the risk identification strategy. 3) Attention to monitor the Independence of the members of the Audit Committee, and also the Audit committee is monitoring and auditing the internal audit management and the Internal Control System. 4) Attention to attendance of the manager of internal audit management all the audit committee meetings because of the importance of the effectiveness of the company's business administration. 5) Attention that the External Auditor does not perform the un-audited work except with the approval of the Audit Committee.