Companion Series Research Articles

Narrative Loss and the Melancholic Reader of Johnny Tremain

Narrative Loss and the Melancholic Reader of Johnny Tremain Eric L. Tribunella (bio) In 2001, Newsweek writer Evan Thomas coined the phrase "founders chic" to describe the surge of public interest at the beginning of the new millennium in the Founders and events surrounding the American Revolution. Books about the Founders have enjoyed massive sales and long-term spots on bestseller lists, and also received prestigious awards. Books about the Revolutionary generation and its work in constructing a new nation have received significant awards recently. American Sphinx: the Character of Thomas Jefferson, by Joseph J. Ellis, won a National Book Award in 1997. The Pulitzer Prize was given in 1993 to Gordon S. Wood for The Radicalism of the American Revolution, in 1997 to Jack N. Rakove's Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution, in 2001 to Ellis' Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation, and in 2002 to David McCullough's John Adams. This founders chic phenomenon has led historian H. W. Brands to declare in the Atlantic Monthly that "our reverence for the Fathers has gotten out of hand" (101). Brands attributes the remarkable popularity of the United States founding moment to a widespread interest in returning to America's roots at the beginning of a new century and to the heightened mistrust of politics and politicians that had been fermenting since at least the 1970s. These trends have prompted attention to a time that now seems somehow purer, simpler, and more admirable. It is to be expected, then, that this founders chic would also manifest itself in the domain of children's culture. In 2002, PBS debuted a fast-paced, animated television series for children titled Liberty's Kids. Accompanied by picture books and a CD-ROM of games and activities, Liberty's Kids follows the exploits of three young reporters whose work for Benjamin Franklin brings them into contact with major figures and events of the American Revolution. The children's publishing world has [End Page 76] taken note as it continues to churn out fiction for young people set in and around the birth of the United States. Both the "Dear America" series marketed to girls and the "My Name Is America" companion series for boys have featured novels detailing the lives of children in Revolutionary times. Ann Rinaldi, the popular writer of historical fiction for young people, has published at least eight novels between 1991 and 2003 set during the American Revolution. Coinciding with the beginnings of this surge in interest was the fiftieth anniversary of the 1943 publication of Johnny Tremain, the classic of children's literature written by Pulitzer-Prize winning historian, Esther Forbes. In its report on the anniversary, the Boston Globe described the book as "the enduringly popular novel for young adults that defined historic Boston in the popular imagination the way Gone with the Wind defined Atlanta, or Huckleberry Finn the Mississippi" (Canellos). Even now, visitors to Massachusetts can take a tour called Johnny Tremain's Boston. Despite historian Christopher Collier's scathing 1976 critique of Johnny Tremain, in which he accuses Forbes of representing an outdated and simplified view of the War, the novel is still widely read by and to children sixty years after being designated the Newbery Medal winner of 1944. Given the founders chic phenomenon and the ongoing readership of Forbes's novel, Johnny Tremain is useful for thinking about not only the appeal of the founding moment in the United States, but what can be learned from how the American Revolution is represented once it enters the sphere of children's culture. Sarah Smedman reports that "Johnny Tremain is so real to adolescent readers that they have returned from Boston surprised not to find his mother's grave in the cemetery, disappointed to realize finally that the boy did not actually live" (86). I would argue that the narrative construction of the novel itself works to make disappointment and loss two of Johnny Tremain's salient features. The novel can be read as a series of anticlimaxes. Considering this repeated absence of narrative closure as representing a kind of loss, albeit a loss of something never possessed, I would like to...

Surgical oncology. Companion series to Bailey and Love's short practice of surgery. T. G. Allen-Mersh (ed). 271×213 mm. Pp. 459. Illustrated. 1995. London: Chapman and Hall. £29

Surgical oncology. Companion series to Bailey and Love's short practice of surgery. <i>T. G. Allen-Mersh (ed). 271×213 mm. Pp. 459. Illustrated. 1995. London: Chapman and Hall. £29</i>

Ellipsis and Reference Tracking in Japanese (review)

Reviewed by: Ellipsis and reference tracking in Japanese by Shigeko Nariyama Heiko Narrog Ellipsis and reference tracking in Japanese. By Shigeko Nariyama. (Studies in language companion series 66.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. Pp. xv, 397. ISBN 9027230765. $150 (Hb). This book is a very thorough study of the phenomenon of ellipsis in Japanese. Ellipsis is pervasive in the language, with up to 80% of all subjects being elided, depending on the genre. While this fact has attracted a lot of interest and sparked a lot of research, however, most studies so far have been rather limited in their scope, confining themselves to particular levels of analysis and particular factors that lead to ellipsis. Shigeko Nariyama sets out to take research in this field to a new level by ‘integrating all of the subfields that are essential in fully describing the complex mechanisms of ellipsis’ (356). Her goal is to ‘present a detailed description of linguistic mechanisms for ellipsis resolution, and … to formulate an algorithm based on these mechanisms that shows how referents of ellipted arguments are identified’ (6). The first two of the seven chapters in this book provide an introduction to the area of study and to previous research. As throughout the book, the presentation of previous research is comprehensive and thoughtful, taking a balanced view of different approaches. Reference tracking is treated here as well, since ellipsis in text is always a problem of reference tracking. The core of the book, elaborating on the linguistic devices at work in ellipsis and reference tracking in Japanese, runs from Ch. 3 through Ch. 6. Ch. 3 deals with predicate devices, verbal semantics, inverse verbs, honorification, epistemic morphemes, and the like, which all function to identify referents. Ch. 4 introduces a ‘principle of direct alignment’, claiming that, similar to Algonquian languages for example, sentences in Japanese obey a person/animacy hierarchy in which the subject always has to be higher on the hierarchy than nonsubjects. Ch. 5 presents an additional ‘principle of argument ellipsis’ which states that ‘[t]he higher an argument is in terms of the Person/animacy hierarchy and Discourse salience, the more prone it is to ellipsis, unless focus is placed on it’ (242). Ch. 6 elaborates on discourse devices, focusing on the problem of subject/continuity in discourse and its relationship to ellipsis. Ellipsis here is conceptualized as ‘the unmarked representation of [referential] sameness’ (280). In Ch. 7, N comes up with an algorithm for ellipsis and referent identification by integrating the predicate devices, sentence devices, and discourse devices discussed in the previous chapters. This algorithm is tested on a short stretch of written discourse. As stated before, N’s discussion of previous research is fully adequate, and she adds a new dimension to the study of the topic by carefully integrating what is already known from more particularized studies about the role of predicate devices and discourse devices in reference tracking. This alone makes N’s book worthy of publication. Her most original contribution to the topic, however, the direct alignment hypothesis, although not implausible, would gain significantly if it were supported by better evidence. Atypical for her book, N here relies on her grammatical judgment of made-up sentences with little support from textual data, and some of her judgments might fail to convince the critical reader. Thus at face value it is hard to see what is wrong with sentences like Taroo-ga watashi-o mitsuke-ta ‘Taroo found me’ (marked with two question marks on p. 179 but with only one on p. 226) or English Taroo heard it from me (180). Another drawback is the inconsequential and sometimes erroneous morpheme transcription of the Japanese sentences. Thus we find osowa-rare-ta ‘was taught’ instead of osowar-are-ta (189), iki ma-sen ‘go not’ instead of iki-mas-en (146), omot-teiru (omot-te i-ru ‘be thinking’, 143) but kangaeteiru (kangae-te i-ru ‘be thinking’, 159), and choosen shi (‘challenge’, 274) but kitaishi (‘expect’, 261), to give just a few examples. Fortunately, these technical flaws do not affect the core issues. On the whole, N delivers what she promises, and the merits of this book clearly outweigh its shortcomings. N...

Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, eds. Black Experience and the Empire. Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. 416. $45.00 (cloth).

Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, eds. Black Experience and the Empire. Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. 416. $45.00 (cloth). - Volume 44 Issue 4

Johnson, British Imperialism

This handy book, as the series title indicates, "aims to explain some of the histories and controversies about British Imperialism. It offers an introduction, critical analysis, and overview of the debates that surround the British Empire from its origins to the return of Hong Kong to Chinese rule in 1997 ." The author is also aware of the debate between those who claim to be "Imperial Historians" and those who see themselves as post-colonial theorists and subaltern scholars. Frequent references are made to the recently published, monumental Oxford History of the British Empire but not to the Companion Series.

External Association

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Alvin Jackson, ‘Ireland, the Union, and the Empire, 1800–1960’, in Ireland and the British Empire, eds Kevin Kenny and Roger Louis, Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, p 123. 2. Jane H Ohlmeyer, ‘A Laboratory for Empire? Early Modern Ireland and English Imperialism’, in Ireland and the British Empire, eds Kevin Kenny and Roger Louis, ibid, pp 28–9. 3. Alvin Jackson, op cit, p 126. 4. Joe Cleary, ‘Misplaced Ideas? Colonialism, Location and Dislocation in Irish Studies’, in Ireland and Postcolonial Theory, eds Clare Carroll and Patricia King, Cork University Press, Cork, 2003, p 17. 5. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, Fontana Press, London, 1992, p 247. 6. Seamus Deane, Strange Country: Modernity and Nationhood in Ireland since 1790, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997, p 183. 7. In particular see Gibbons’s Transformations in Irish Culture, Cork University Press, Cork, 1996; Edmund Burke and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003; David Lloyd, Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post‐colonial Moment, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1993; Ireland After History, Cork University Press, Cork, 1999 and Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty: Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity, Cork University Press, Cork, 1996. 8. R F Foster, ‘Lifting the Blarney Stone that Held Down History: An interview by Sean Coughlan’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 19 October, 2001, pp 20–1. Elsewhere Foster has unilaterally dismissed the rendition of Irish history through the tropes of postcolonial theory as ‘a simplistic application of Frantz Fanon’s One Big Idea to an Irish situation sweepingly redefined as “post‐colonial”’, R F Foster, The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making it up in Ireland, Allen Lane, London, 2001, p 20. 9. Edna Longley, The Living Stream: Literature and Revisionism in Ireland, Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, 1994, p 30. For a particularly virulent assault on the legitimacy of Irish postcolonial studies see Stephen Howe, Ireland Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. 10. Edna Longley, ibid, p 28. 11. Liam Kennedy, ‘Modern Ireland: Post‐Colonial Society or Post‐Colonial Pretensions?’, The Irish Review, Volume 13, 1993, pp 13, 119. 12. Stephen Howe, op cit, p 110. 13. Joe Cleary, op cit, p 29. See also D K Fieldhouse, The West And The Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence And Development, Malden, MA and Blackwell, Oxford, 1999; and George M Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History, New York, Oxford University Press, 1981. 14. Neil Lazarus, ‘Academic Capital and Canon Formation in Postcolonial Studies’, unpublished version of the essay, 2002, p 1. 15. Colin Graham, Deconstructing Ireland: Identity, Theory, Culture, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2001, p 110. 16. Colin Graham, ‘Subalternity and Gender: Problems of post‐colonial Irishness’, Journal of Gender Studies: Special Issue: Gender and Post‐Colonialism, 1996, 5:3, p 368. 17. Richard Kirkland, ‘Questioning the Frame: Hybridity, Ireland, and the Institution’, in Ireland and Cultural Theory: The Mechanics of Authenticity, eds Colin Graham and Richard Kirkland, MacMillan Basingstoke, 1999, pp 225–6. 18. Robert J C Young, Postcolonialism: A Historical Introduction, Blackwell, Oxford, 2001, p 302.

Quixotic Struggles: New Books by and about Elias Canetti

Quixotic Struggles: New Books by and about Elias Canetti ULRICH PLASS Wesleyan University Elias Canetti, Aufzeichnungen f?r Marie-Louise. Ed. by Jeremy Adler. Munich and Vienna: Hanser. 2005. 119 pp. 12,90. isbn 3-446 20594-2. Elias Canetti, Gesammelte Werke, Band 10: Aufs?tze, Reden, Gespr?che. Munich and Vienna: Hanser. 2005. 395 pp. 27,90. isbn 3-446 18520-8. Elias Canetti, Party im Blitz. Die englischen Jahre. Ed. by Kristian Wachinger. Munich and Vienna: Hanser. 2003. 247 pp. 17,90. isbn 3-446-20350-8. Elias Canetti. Biographie. By Sven Hanuschek. Munich and Vienna: Hanser. 2005. 799 pp. 29,90. isbn 3-446-20584-5. Elias Canetti. Bilder aus seinem Leben. Ed. by Kristian Wachinger. Munich and Vienna: Hanser. 2005. 175 pp. 24,90. isbn 3-446-20599-3. Elias Canett?s Counter-Image of Society. Crowds, Power, Transformation. By Johann P. Arnason and David Roberts. Rochester, NY: Camden House. 2004. 166 pp. $65.00, ?45.00. isbn 1-571-13160-4. In der Provinz des Lehrers. Rollenbilder und Selbstentw?rfe in Leben und Werk von Elias Canetti. By Bertram Kazmirowski. Frankfurt a. M.: Lang. 2004. 357 pp. 52,80 (excl. VAT), ?37.00. isbn 3-631-53314-4. A Companion to theWorks ofElias Canetti. Ed. by Dagmar e. G. Lorenz. Rochester, NY: Camden House. 2004. xiv + 350 pp. $90.00, ?65.00. isbn 1-571-13234-1. Has the reception of Elias Canetti entered a new phase? Predictably, Hanser, his publisher of many decades, has responded to the centenary of his birth with an onslaught of new titles. But other houses have also published new scholarship on Canetti's work. Most notably, Camden House is trying to secure the author a more central place in the English-speaking world with a new study on Canetti's magnum opus, Masse und Macht [Crowds and Power, 1960], and with an excellent and wide-ranging collection of articles in its prestigious Companion series. In his contribution to the latter volume, William Donahue proposes ULRICH PLASS 235 that 'Canetti's death [in 1994] inaugurates a more independent and, I believe, a more fruitful phase of criticism' (p. 26). I would like to emphasize the word independent, since much of Canetti scholarship tends to be heavily influenced by the author's own interpretations. Donahue, then a graduate student, had been on his way to visit the author to talk about his dissertation on Canetti's seminal novel Die Blendung [Auto-da F?, 1935], when the writer's death was first reported in the news, shortly after his clandestine funeral. This anecdote is typical not only for the extent to which Canetti scholars engaged in the practice of seeking the master's approval of their research; it also reiterates another habit of Canetti scholarship: to include biographical reference. Even authors with no anecdotes of their own like to dwell on the fascinating complexity of Canetti's multicultural, multilingual and truly European life. One of the measures of a more independent investigation of Canetti's work will be the degree towhich scholars are able to question the biographical model and to develop categories that are adequate both to the works themselves and to their intellectual and historical context. Since Canetti's global fame was and still ismostly due to his best-selling memoirs, the popular reception of his work has been inseparable from his life.The challenge inwriting thefirstbiography of Canetti lies in reading his autobiographies against the grain, trying to disentangle fiction and fact, Dichtung and Wahrheit. Sven Hanuschek masters this daunting challenge with mixed results. At the Zentralbibliothek in Zurich, he diligently went through some 130 boxes of unpublished papers, including a large number of notes from Canetti's decades of research for Masse und Macht (the more personal documents, diaries and cor respondence, have been sealed off until 2024). However, anyone expecting to find the 'true' Canetti revealed will be disappointed. In his methodological reflections at the beginning of the book, Hanuschek concedes the enormous difficulties of narrating the life and uvre of a mythomaniac and protean poet obsessed with the phenomenon of metamorphosis. Hanuschek embraces Canetti's obsession by declaring the author's innumerable notes to be the...

The Cambridge Companion to Levinas (review)

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to Levinas Zahi Zalloua Simon Critchley and Robert Bernasconi, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Levinas. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. xxx + 293 pp. There are no other editors better equipped to edit this book on Levinas in the well-known Cambridge Companion series. Simon Critchely and Robert Bernasconi have been some of the most attentive readers of Levinas, at once appreciative and rigorously critical of his work. Critchley gives a very accessible introduction to Levinas, focusing on some of the philosopher's key terms and loaded expressions (totality, infinity, "ethics as first philosophy," etc.). Critchley also calls attention to what he appropriately calls the "deconstructive turn" (18) in Levinas, a turn provoked in large part by Derrida's influential critique of Levinas's Totality and Infinity in "Violence and Metaphysics," in which he reproaches the latter for still using the language of ontology all the while claiming to be operating outside of it. As Critchley reminds us, the Levinas of Otherwise than Being becomes far more alert to the ways in which the ethical can take place with philosophical discourse: how the said (the refying of the ethical saying) can be perpetually un-said and re-said. Hilary Putnam discusses Levinas's relationship to Judaism, exploring, for instance, how the figure of the Jew (the Other par excellence) occupies an exemplary status in Levinas's ethics, how "in essence, all human beings are Jews" (34). Catherine Chalier's article also addresses the question of religion in Levinas, but from the perspective of his perplexing, and often ignored, Talmudic readings. She makes a compelling case for the importance of these readings to an understanding of Levinas, of a Levinas, to be sure, irreducible to the title of either (Greek) philosopher or Talmudic scholar. Berhard Waldenfels tackles the ambiguous and fleeting meaning of the face (visage) in Levinas. Rudolf Bernet revisits Levinas's powerful critique and appropriation of Husserl's phenomenological project. John Llewelyn and Edith Wyschogrod discuss Levinas's understanding of language; Llewelyn situates Levinas within his intellectual milieu, a milieu dominated by structuralism and a Heideggerian understanding of language, while Wyschogrod explores how Levinas's use of language frustrates any reduction to propositional statements, and its ultimate significance for his account of alterity. Related to the question of language and representation is Levinas's ambivalent [End Page 357] attitude towards the concepts of art and poetry—the subject of Gerald Bruns article. Paul Davies and Richard Bernstein examine the problematic of theodicy in Levinas—the former tying theodicy to sincerity, the latter to evil (Kant is in the background of both pieces). Stella Sanford, by far the most polemical author of the collection, is determined to discredit Levinas as an important philosopher for feminism. While feminist criticism of Levinas is nothing new (Irigaray, Chanter), Sanford is unfortunately not interested in engaging Levinas in a dialogue with feminism. Rather, she tirelessly insists that Levinas's complex notion of the "feminine" is inadequate for the aims of feminism, failing to free itself from the Western economy of the Same. Robert Bernasconi, for his part, takes up the difficult task of explaining Levinas's idea of "substitution," speculating on the kind of question(s) that might be seen as informing or motivating the latter's enigmatic thinking. In this eloquently written essay, Bernasconi moves back and forth from a reading of Totality and Infinity to Otherwise than Being in order to better locate the ethical moment, to better attest to the meaning of "substitution." While the earlier Levinas squarely situates the ethical encounter in the actual or concrete encounter with the Other, the latter Levinas, according to Bernasconi, avoids the potential (mis)reading that could arise from such account: that prior to the ethical situation the self was already full constituted. But by developing his idea of substitution—along with the infinite irresponsibility that entails—Levinas, still on Bernasconi's reading, argues that one's possibility of "substitution for others" (247) is a way to account for primordial openness to alterity that precedes, so to speak, the empirical encounter with the Other, shedding some light on the problem of deduction (the vexed and contested move from the transcendental to...

The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet (review)

Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet. Edited by Robin Stowell. (Cambridge Companions to Music.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [xiv, 373 p. ISBN O521-80194-X $75 (hbk.); ISBN 0-52100042-4 $27 (pbk.)] Illustrations, music examples, bibliography, index. A volume on the string quartet is the latest contribution to the Cambridge Companion series devoted to topics. Both scholars and performers have contributed to provide a wide range of perspectives on this subject. fifteen chapters are divided into four main areas: the changing social role of the string quartet and organological developments; a history of the most celebrated ensembles; string quartet performance practices-historical and modern; and repertoire, including discussion of modern mixed ensembles involving the string quartet. Given the book's aim at broad coverage within a concise format, comprehensive referencing to the relevant literature is essential. Unfortunately there are several important omissions in this area, some of which are below. Perhaps the most valuable parts of this volume are the chapters that deal with the string quartet from angles that have not been covered in-depth elsewhere. In this respect Christina Bashford's The string quartet and society is exemplary. Bashford charts a broad shift over the genre's history from active participation to listening, giving due attention to the counterpoint between these two related reception positions. chapter serves well as an introduction to the book, since the complex relations between repertoire, performers, and recipients is a recurrent theme throughout. Her discussion of the formation of a narrow band of canonic string quartets in the nineteenth century is also invaluable here, since it provides a background to the ideology of string quartets that has served in the past to restrict our views of the genre. chapters of this book generally leave behind the traditionally narrow viewpoint; the book is expansive in terms of both the repertoire that the authors cover and the analytical and interpretive approaches that they apply. Part 4 of the Companion, in particular, contributes greatly to a rounded picture of the string quartet. It contains discussions of repertories that have traditionally been marginalized in scholarship and performance: the early string quartet (prior to Haydn's Op. 9), works by non-canonic (or equivalently non-Austro-German) composers, twentieth-century works, and genres closely related to the string quartet. But perhaps the most thought-provoking study in this section is one that deals with the string quartet qua string quartet, and with canonic composers: W. Dean Sutcliffe's Haydn, Mozart and their contemporaries. Sutcliffe attempts to characterize the distinctive features of the string quartet without positing these elements as ideals towards which other genres aspire, as has often been the case in past scholarship. His interest lies in the ways in which musical materials-textures and topics-appeal to varied listeners and on numerous levels; in particular, he considers the various social models (forms of musical conversation, for example) and dramatic modes (such as the pastoral) that they imply. chapter contains sensitive analyses of works by composers such as Carl Friedrich Abel, Giuseppe Maria Cambini, Luigi Boccherini, and Ignace Pleyel, alongside new readings of more familiar works by Haydn and Mozart. Sutcliffe might have cited Elizabeth Ie Guin's relevant studies of Boccherini's chamber music (especially One Says That One Weeps, but One Does Not Weep': Sensible, Grotesque, and Mechanical Embodiments in Boccherini's Chamber Music. Journal of the American Musicological Society 55, no. 2 [2002]: 207-54), and Mara Parker's recent book (The String Quartet, 1750-1797: Four Types of Musical Conversation. [Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002]). Tully Potter further rounds out the genre's history, in Part 2, with chapters on the most celebrated artists from the late eighteenth century through the recording age. …

The Cambridge Companion to Debussy (review)

Cambridge Companion to Debussy. Edited by Simon Trezise. (Cambridge Companions to Music.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. [xxviii, 326. ISBN 0-521-65478-5. $70 (hbk.); ISBN 0-521-65478-5. $26 (pbk.).] Music examples, analytical charts, bibliography, index. As a publishing concept, the Cambridge Companion series of music handbooks presents an editorial challenge. Seeking on the one hand to relate basic biographical and historical information about the subject under study (topics thus far include composers, instruments, genres, and institutions) and to offer a review of the literature, it provides on the other hand a forum for new research and new critical perspectives -including those that might, in the dialectical nature of scholarship, stand at odds with established opinion. Caught, in short, between conflicting urges to summarize and innovate, the series runs the risk of falling between two stools and disappointing generalists and specialists alike. Happily, the new Cambridge Companion to edited by Simon Trezise, avoids this pitfall. scholars appear to be in basic agreement about the nature of the composer's achievement, with the result that even new research tends to reinforce received judgments. Such is certainly the case here, where the most novel items constitute refinements of, rather than challenges to, existing viewpoints. Not that contributors offer no difference of opinion. unusual historical position on the cusp of nineteenth-century traditionalism and twentieth-century modernism effectively ensures that any consensus is itself somewhat elastic; accordingly, we find considerable variation over such questions as artistic influence (impressionism, symbolism, or art nouveau?) and stylislic orientation (traditionalist or modernist?). Such a range of opinion, testifying to protean nature and appeal, lends the book a synoptic quality and makes it a useful introduction to the composer. volume is divided into four parts. Part 1 (Man, Musician and Culture) offers an introduction to the composer and his times, and begins with an admirable biographical overview, Debussy the Man, by Robert Orledge. Traversing well-known primary and secondary sources, Orledge emphasizes the dark side of personality and makes a persuasive case for the sinister undercurrents thai lurk beneath [the music's] surface, and which contribute so much to its mystery and profundity (p. 23). Barbara Kelly's essay, Debussy's Parisian Affiliations, sets up an opposition between the radical symbolist poets and the conservative musical establishment (the Conservatoire, the Societe Nationale), and proposes that involvement with both embodied a tension never completely resolved, perhaps, until his championship of early French music later in his career. suggestion meshes well with Deirdre Donnellon's Debussy as Musician and Critic, a survey of the prose writings and published interviews, not least because both investigations demonstrate, to a degree rarely discussed, the importance of French nationalism to aesthetic and to his critical reception. Part 2 (Musical Explorations) constitutes a loose group of essays on different aspects of music and career. David Grayson's Debussy on Stage discusses the composer's many dramatic projects, finished and unfinished, and usefully describes forgotten works like Zuleima and Rodrigue et Chimene in detail. Better-known works like L'enfant prodigue are engagingly placed in context-the politics surrounding the Prix de Rome are particularly interesting -and even that old war horse Pelleas et Melisande is given a fresh reading. Roger Nichols's essay, The Prosaic Debussy, considers the nine settings of nonmetrical texts that the composer made in the 1890s, possibly as a tune-up for Pelleas, and concludes that such verse inspired him to write freer vocal lines but also, as a counterbalancing measure, to provide less rhythmically adventurous piano parts. …

The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (review)

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics John Sellars Brad Inwood , editor. The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. ix + 438. Cloth, $70.00. Paper, $26.00. No doubt everyone will be familiar with the format and rationale of the Cambridge Companion series, each volume being designed to function as a "reference work for students and nonspecialists." Brad Inwood's Cambridge Companion to The Stoics follows the usual plan, offering fifteen essays by an impressive line up of well-known Stoic scholars. The essays fall into four distinct groups. The first group (Sedley, Gill) offers a sketch of the history of the Stoa, and both essays are excellent. Of particular interest is Sedley's challenge to the traditional distinction between the orthodox "early" and eclectic "middle" Stoa (esp. 23-24). The second group (Hankinson, Bobzien, White, Algra, Frede, Brunschwig, Schofield, Brennan) forms the heart of the volume, each essay examining a central topic in Stoic philosophy. While all of these contributions are very good, those by Bobzien, Brunschwig, and Schofield stand out in particular. Hankinson offers a helpful discussion of Stoic epistemology but lapses into anachronistic descriptions at times; the Stoic position is "Lockean," the Stoics are good empiricists in the Humean fashion, they have "Leibnizian metaphysics" (63, 69). Brennan gives a very interesting discussion of Stoic moral psychology, but perhaps pitches it a little too high for a nonspecialist audience. The third group (Hankinson again, Blank and Atherton, Jones) explores the ancient Stoic tradition's relationship with medicine, grammar, and the astronomical sciences. Jones' discussion of the neglected Cleomedes is especially welcome (333-37). The final group (Irwin, Long) considers the reception of Stoic ideas in the Western intellectual tradition. Of these I found Long the more accessible and useful of the two (compare, for instance, their respective discussions of Butler, 357-62 and 382-89), although Irwin will no doubt prove stimulating to those already familiar with the issues he addresses. What is lacking from the collection as a whole, however, is any sense of the systematic unity of Stoic philosophy. While it has inevitably been divided up under various headings for the sake of exposition, there has not been much attempt to put it back together again (like Humpty Dumpty, Stoic philosophy is like an egg; Diogenes Laertius 7.40). Although many individual contributors signal the systematicity of Stoicism, there is no extended discussion of the way in which the various parts of Stoic philosophy fit together, nor how that system relates to the way in which the Stoics conceived philosophy, or their ideal of the Sage. [End Page 337] My principal concerns with the volume as a whole relate to the lack of any supporting material that might prove useful to the student or nonspecialist approaching the subject for the first time. There is no list or chronology of the principal Stoics, nor a guide to the ancient sources for Stoicism. There is a list of primary sources, but this contains all of the primary material cited by the contributors, including works by Aquinas, Butler, Duns Scotus, Hume, Leibniz, and Spinoza. There is no readily accessible table of abbreviations, and what nonspecialist will know that in order to find a text cited as 'S. E. M' they may end up opening a book entitled Against the Logicians (as 'M' 7 and 8 are called in the Loeb Classical Library series)? Some abbreviations are explained within the list of primary sources, but this is not immediately obvious. The bibliography is indeed substantial but it also simply lists the various items cited by the contributors. What might have been more useful in this companion is a structured guide to further reading, such as the one in A. S. McGrade's excellent Cambridge Companion to Medieval Philosophy, for instance. Even better would have been a bibliography along the lines of the one in Jonathan Barnes' Cambridge Companion to Aristotle. One other omission that is striking is the absence of a discussion of methodological problems that arise from relying on often hostile doxographical sources. Although a number of the contributors do touch on such issues en route, a more sustained treatment might have...

The Cambridge Companion to Stravinsky by Jonathan s&gt; Cross (review)

REVIEWS 737 Cross, Jonathan (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Stravinsky. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. xv + 327 pp. Musical extracts.Listof works.Notes. Bibliography.Index. fI 7.95: $26. oo (paperback). IGOR' STRAVINSKII, one of the most influential composers of the twentieth century, vies only with Shostakovich, amongst Russians, for the number of books written about him during the last decade. In terms of popularity, to judge by concert and stageperformancesof his music in London, forinstance, he is on equal terms with his compatriots, Prokof'ev and Shostakovich.But, regrettably, much of the debate over the latter's music tends to be overpoliticized , whereas Stravinskii'smusic demands and responds to technical analysis. And it is, indeed, the analytical approach which dominates this collection of articles on the first Russian composer in the well-established Cambridge Companion series. The book opens with a valuable chronological summary of the life and works of this most protean of composers by Anthony Gritten. Thereafter come fourteen chapters divided into three sections, as follows. Part One, 'Originsand Contexts'comprises:Rosamund Bartletton Stravinskii'sRussian origins;ChristopherButler on him as modernist;and Arnold Whittall on the composer in context. Part Two, 'The Works',consists of Anthony Pople on the early works;Kenneth Gloag on Petruslka,TheRiteofSpring and LesJNoces; Martha M. Hyde on the composer's neo-classicism; Jonathan Cross's discussion of Stravinskii'stheatres;and Joseph N. Straus'sassessment of his serialworks. Part Three is devoted to Stravinskii'sreception: Nicholas Cook on the composer conducting his own works;Max Paddison on 'Stravinskyas devil: Adorno's three critiques'; Craig Ayrey on 'Stravinsky in analysis: the anglophone traditions';Stuart Campbell discusseshis critical reception; and the leading Dutch composer LouisAndriessendiscusseswithJonathan Cross the influenceof Stravinskiion hiswritingand on that of othercomposers.The main part of the book ends (asso many collections on Russian music seem to begin or end)with Richard Taruskin. It may be invidious to pick out individualcontributions,but some subjects are more self-explanatory than others, and a few words may suggest the flavourof the less transparent.In Part One Dr Bartlettbegins and ends with the composer's momentous visit to Russia in I962; Professor Butler's consideration of modernism asks whether Stravinskiiwas a revolutionary, describes his 'traditional' phase, and then enquires whether his American years may be called a third phase; ProfessorWhittall does not focus entirely on Stravinskii'sRussian past, but also considers his musical dialogues with other contemporarycomposers. Part Two, no less interestingly, analyses in detail the works of various periods;these themes are self-explanatorybut some of the items in PartThree call for furtherclarification.Dr Ayrey'spiece, one of the most detailed and densely annotated in the Companion, analyses the late RequiemCanticles (I965-66); the fascinating interview with Louis Andriessen reveals, amongst other things,hisprofoundrespectfor the detail of Stravinskii'sscoringand his 738 SEER, 82, 3, 2004 conviction of the latter's ongoing influence on twenty-first-centurymusical thought. Finally, Professor Taruskin, never dull, takes as his theme 'the mutually defining relationship, Stravinskyand us' (p. 26I); the most original part of his contribution, however, is the discussion of the Cantata (I951-52) and the composer'sconsequent brushwith spuriouschargesof anti-Semitism. This well annotated and illustratedbook is completed by a chronological list of Stravinskii'sworks.Though not a volume for the average concertgoer, it will provide a valuable guide for music studentsand scholarsas well as for music lovers who have the desire and technical knowledge to engage more fullywith a majorphenomenon in modern music. Richard Taruskin,not one to hold back, asserts that it could almost be said that 'twentieth-century European and Euro-Americanmusical culturehas been created in the image of Stravinsky'(p. 260). To reverse a suggestion often made by reviewers of outstanding Russian books, Jonathan Cross's Companion deserves to be translatedinto Russianand publishedin the countrywhere the heritageof one of its greatestcomposersseems to be stillonly partiallyappreciated. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies ARNOLD MCMILLIN University College London Smirnov, Dmitri. A Geometer of SoundCiystals.A Bookon PhilipHerschkowitz. Studia Slavica Musicoligica, 34. Verlag Ernst Kuhn, Berlin, 2003. viii + 264 pp. Musical extracts. Notes. Bibliographies. Index. ?59.95 (paperback). WHOwas Philip Herschkowitz?He was a composer who had virtuallyno performancesof his work, and a teacher who...

From Mathematics to Metaethics: The Cambridge Companion

eiews FROM MATHEMATICS TO METAETHICS: THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION G S Philosophy / U. of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester, ,   ..@.. Nicholas Griffin, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge U. P., . Pp. xvii + . £., . (hb);£., . (pb). ccording to the notes on the back cover of this latest addition to the CamAbridge Companions series, one aim of the series is to dispel the intimidation felt by new readers of the major philosophers covered. Few philosophers are likely to induce as much intimidation in students of their work as Russell. Aside from the challenge posed to his readers by the sheer quantity of work Russell produced, he also worked in some of the most rarefied air of philosophical inquiry , from philosophical and mathematical logic to the metaphysical and epistemological consequences of theoretical physics, consistently producing theories of great originality and ingenuity that have often left perplexed even those well acclimatized to these regions of thought. Furthermore, as if the prospect of scaling the edifice of Russell’s philosophy wasn’t made formidable enough already, one also has to cope with Russell’s many changes of heart over often fundamental features of his philosophy. This tendency of Russell’s, summed up famously by C. D. Broad’s remark that Russell produced “a new system of philosophy every few years”, is one that often leads Russell’s readers to mistakenly assume that there is no unity to be found in his work. Nicholas Griffin disposes of that mistake early in his introduction to the Companion: “What [Broad’s remark] ignores is the extent to which the various phases of Russell’s philosophy develop out of each other as different attempts to carry forward a single philosophical project” (p. ). One of the many merits of this collection of fifteen essays is that it stands as a convincing testament to Griffin’s claim.  Broad, “Critical and Speculative Philosophy”, in J. H. Muirhead, ed., Contemporary British Philosophy, nd series (New York: Macmillan, ), p. . russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies n.s.  (summer ): – The Bertrand Russell Research Centre, McMaster U.  -  Reviews While it is true that Russell’s philosophy is difficult, it is also true that a thorough understanding of it is indispensable to any student of analytical philosophy , as Griffin makes perfectly clear in the opening paragraph of his introduction : It is difficult to over-estimate the extent to which Russell’s thought dominated twentiethcentury analytic philosophy: virtually every strand in its development either originated with him or was transformed by being transmitted through him. Analytic philosophy itself owes its existence more to Russell than to any other philosopher. (P. ) Griffin’s introduction is as good a starting-point in the study of Russell as any student will find. After giving an account of Russell’s life, Griffin proceeds to present a chronological survey of his philosophical work that highlights all of the central areas of Russell’s work. Griffin points out the importance, for example , of Russell’s principle of acquaintance (the demand that, to understand a proposition, one must stand in a relation of immediate acquaintance with all of its constituents), his constant realism regarding universals, and Russell’s conception of the relation between philosophy and science. The essay also draws attention to some neglected, yet fascinating, parts of Russell’s philosophy, such as his pre-emption in An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth of Michael Dummett’s renowned extension of the debate between platonists and constructivists in mathematics over the status of the law of excluded middle to the wider realism debate in philosophy (pp. –). The text is helpfully supplemented by detailed references to works by Russell, works on Russell, and to later essays in the volume, all of which serve to make this introduction to the book an excellent introduction to Russell’s philosophy itself. The first essay, Ivor Grattan-Guinness’s “Mathematics in and behind Russell ’s Logicism”, as is to be expected, is one of several papers in the volume that concentrates on Russell’s logico-mathematical concerns. The paper avoids technical discussion and provides a rather brisk summary of Russell’s influences and advances. As a consequence...

Grammatical Relations and Change (review)

Reviewed by: Grammatical relations and change ed. by Jan Terje Faarlund Claire Bowern Grammatical relations and change. Ed. by Jan Terje Faarlund. (Studies in language companion series 56.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001. Pp. 326. ISBN 9027230587. $65 (Hb). Approximately half of the papers collected here were presented as part of a workshop on Grammatical Relations and Grammatical Change at ICHL XIV (the Fourteenth International Conference on Historical Linguistics) in Vancouver in 1999. Additional papers were invited following the workshop. The contributors to the volume are: Werner Abraham (‘How far does semantic bleaching go?’), John Ole Askedal (‘Oblique subjects, structural and lexical case marking’), Jan Terje Faarlund (‘The notion of oblique subject and its status in the history of Icelandic’), Elly van Gelderen (‘Towards personal subjects in English: Variation in feature interpretability’), Alice Harris (‘Focus and universal principles governing simplification of cleft structures’), Lars Heltoft (‘Recasting Danish subjects: Case system, word order and subject development’), Alana Johns (‘Ergative to accusative: Comparing evidence from Inuktitut’), D. Gary Miller (‘Subject and object in Old English and Latin copular deontics’), Muriel Norde (‘The loss of lexical case in Swedish’), Lene Schøsler (‘The coding of the subject-object from Latin to Modern French’), and Annette Veerman-Leichsenring (‘Changes in Popolocan word order and clause structure’). The term ‘grammatical relations’ here refers, for the most part, to the relation between the head of a predicate and its argument phrases (particularly ‘subject’ and ‘object’); some authors, however, use the term in a wider sense, to refer to the relationship between nonlexical heads and their complements. There is a distinct bias in this book towards data from Germanic and Romance, with eight of the eleven papers dealing with languages from one or both of these subgroups. The three other papers consider data from North-East Caucasian, Popolocan (Otomanguean), and Inuktitut. This is a shame since many of the papers make claims about typological tendencies which cannot be said to have been tested to any rigorous extent because of their bias towards languages from a single family and area. Despite the small number of languages considered, the book does have quite a broad range of perspectives on such topics as change of marking of grammatical relations, change of category of core arguments, and grammaticalization more generally. Abraham’s paper, for example, discusses semantic bleaching of focus particles, evidential meanings of tenses, and nominative subject representations (among other categories). Johns considers shift of relations from ergative alignment to accusative via the reanalysis of an antipassive in different Inuktitut dialects. Harris examines the grammatical change in focus constructions and shows that languages move through several stages in going from biclausal focus cleft constructions to single clauses with a marked focus position. Overall, there do not seem to be many new insights in the volume; it is a treatment of well-known topics from Germanic syntax with the occasional non-Western European language for variety. It is, however, a useful summary of the issues and treatments of some interesting problems in historical syntax. Claire Bowern Harvard University Copyright © 2004 Linguistic Society of America

The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy (review)

Reviewed by: The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy Ann Garry (bio) The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy. Edited by Miranda Fricker and Jennifer Hornsby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Seeing the word companion in a title, a reader may imagine an expensive seven-hundred page book. However, do not confuse the Cambridge series of companions, the slimmer volumes, with the big ones from Blackwell. Miranda Fricker and Jennifer Hornsby have focused their volume of thirteen essays to engage with the philosophical issues and fields most familiar in Anglophone philosophy. The essays cover ethics and political philosophy as well as the various subfields of metaphysics and epistemology. Each author has been asked to both introduce a specific field and contribute to it. Amazingly, they are able do so in very clearly written essays that run between fourteen and seventeen pages. The standard format is to review major themes and currents of feminist philosophy in one's field and to develop an example in more detail (or, in the case of Alison Wylie's essay, to explicate common ground in feminist philosophy of science). It is a fine book. The focus of the book is not feminist philosophy in general, but the ways in which feminism makes its mark on traditional philosophy. Although more emphasis is given to the possibilities for reconstructing or transforming philosophy in a feminist spirit, authors also explain the ways in which male bias, sexism, or cultural androcentrism has affected the allegedly gender-neutral abstract subject. Two authors illustrate well the way the essays conceive the relation between feminist and traditional philosophy. Sabina Lovibond calls upon the image of Neurath's boat. Feminist philosophers are (among those) repairing the philosophical boat while at sea (17). Alison Jaggar modifies Audre Lorde: "Rather than scrapping the master's tools, many feminist philosophers are working to transform them so that we may build a moral household that has no head nor master" (242). The editors' introduction spells out very clearly the scope and aims of the volume: it is founded on the belief that philosophy can be redeemed; it is aimed at nonfeminist students and teachers as well as feminists; and it focuses on analytic philosophy because this tradition has been deemed the least hospitable to feminism. (Despite the volume's analytic focus, individual authors discuss Irigaray, Le Doeuff, Foucault, Habermas, and others as needed.) [End Page 230] Two essays focus on history of philosophy: Sabina Lovibond's "Feminism in Ancient Philosophy: The Feminist Stake in Greek Rationalism" begins the volume, and Genevieve Lloyd's "Feminism in History of Philosophy: Appropriating the Past" finishes it. Lovibond argues that feminist philosophers need to rely on the Greek rationalist tradition in spite of its misogyny. She sets her argument in the context of the choice between our inherited "Hellenism and Hebraism" and in a discussion of care/justice ethics. Lovibond's essay is a good example of what Lloyd might cite as a feminist conversation with the past for the purpose of engaging in the present. Lloyd's own focus here is on the methodology of history of philosophy rather than on history itself. She rejects a dichotomy between past-centered and present-centered history, wanting feminists instead "to balance imaginative interpretation of cultural meanings with painstaking close reading of texts in the context of their own philosophical concerns" (260) and to be explicit in discussing their methodology. The rest of the essays focus on contemporary issues. Ethics: Marilyn Friedman on autonomy and Alison Jaggar on moral justification; political philosophy: Diemut Bubeck on women's difference; metaphysics: Sally Haslanger on negotiating the natural; epistemology: Rae Langton on exclusion and objectification and Miranda Fricker on pluralism without postmodernism; philosophy of science: Alison Wylie on making sense of contingency and constraint; philosophy of language: Jennifer Hornsby on communicative speech acts; philosophy of mind: Susan James on personal identity and Naomi Scheman against physicalism; psychoanalysis: Sarah Richmond on the value of Melanie Klein for feminist philosophers. Where two essays are included in one field, the range of topics is good—with remarkably little repetition even as authors quickly highlight feminist themes in the area. Obviously each author has her own point of view on...

The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy by Donna Tussing s&gt; Orwin (review)

REVIEWS 725 melodrama could be used to polemicize with and ultimately undermine Stalinistvalues by comparing two family melodramas from differentperiods of Soviet history, AleksandrStolper'swartime melodrama WaitforMe (I943) and Mikhail Kalatozov's TheCranes areFlying(1957), one of the key cultural events of Krushchev's Thaw. Finally, Joan Neuberger's essay brings the reader closer to the present and argues for a reassessment of Nikita Mikhalkov's early film SlaveofLove(I976). Neuberger attempts to persuade her reader that farfrom being, in the commonly held view, 'a light-weightbit of "retro-chic" or romantic nostalgia', Mikhalkov's film is in fact 'deeply ambivalent' (p. 262) for, she concludes, while it 'valorizes and defends the right to a private life, SlaveofLovedoes not let us forget that private fulfilment has its costs and that those costs are moral and political' (p. 28 I). Helena Goscilo's essay, which closes the collection, returns the reader briefly to the pre-Revolutionary period as she considers the melodramatic qualitiesof the funeralof Vera Kholodnaia (i 893-1919), undisputed 'Queen' of the pre-Revolutionary screen, before exploring in the same way Stalin's funeral and recent post-Soviet funerals held in honour of prominent 'New Russians',among others. All the essays on cinema are illustratedby black and white stills from the films they discuss. It is disappointing, however, that the quality of most is so poor. Not only are they reproduced in an extremely small format, but also many are blurred and out of focus. These are relatively minor quibbles, however, and are not intended to detractfrom the overallmeritsof this book. Readers interested in melodrama in general, as well as those whose area of interest is the art, culture, politics, society or history of Russia in particular will findmuch of value and interestin this challenging and thought-provoking collection of essays. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies RACHEL MORLEY University College London Tussing Orwin, Donna (ed.) 77ieCambridge Companion to Tolstoy. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge University Press, 2002. XV + 271 PP. Chronology. Tables. Notes. Further Reading. Indexes. ?I4.95: $22.00 (paperback). IN many Britishuniversities,studentsof Russian literatureare probablymore likelyto studyTat'ianaTolstaia,who is modern, female and short,ratherthan Lev Tolstoi who is none of the above. It isperhapsa signof the times that only two of the contributors,Richard Freebornand GarethJones, are British.The remaining nine contributors, as well as the editor, work in North America, where the study of the great Russian classicsis evidently thriving. This is the latest in the Cambridge series of Companions, which now runs to some eighty volumes. Two of these have dealt with Russian culture and this is the thirdto dealwith an individualRussianauthor,followingvolumes on Chekhov(edited by Vera Gottlieb and Paul Allain) and Dostoevskii (edited by W. J. Leatherbarrow). 726 SEER, 8i, 4, 2003 Any reader believing that the word 'companion' implies 'reference book' may be somewhat disappointed. This book bears scant resemblance to such invaluable aids to scholarship as V. A. Manuilov's incomparable Lermontov Encyclopaedia (Lermontovskia entsiklopediia) (Moscow, I98 I) and the variousLetopsi zhitni i tvorchestva which were published in both Soviet and post-Soviet times. Notable among these was N. N. Gusev'stwo-volume chronicle of Tolstoi'slife and works (Moscow, I958, I960), due acknowledgement to which is paid by Donna Tussing Orwin at the end of her own chronology (compiled with the help of Megan Swift) of Tolstoi's life and work, which opens this book. It begins, rather shakily,with the name of Tolstoi's mother being given in the first entry as 'Marya Nikolaevich Volkonskaia',but recovers to become the most complete chronology of Tolstoi's life and work yet to be published in English. Otherwise this book, like the other books in the series, is a 'companion' only in the sense that any work of secondary literature accompanies readers in their study of an author's primary texts. It is, the chronology apart, a collection of essays, albeit, according to the blurb, 'specially commissioned' essays. Leaving aside the question as to what other sortof essaysthere might be, it must be said that these are, without exception, very good essays. Indeed, the first three, written by Gary Saul Morson, BarbaraLonnqvist and Hugh McClean and dealing with WarandPeace, Anna...

A Design Model for Geosynthetic-reinforced Pavements

The first paper to this companion series of articles [Perkins, S.W and Edens, M.Q. (2003) “Finite elements and distress models for geosynthetic-reinforced pavements”, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 3(4), 239–250] described a finite element response model and empirical damage models that were combined to form a mechanistic–empirical (M–E) for geosynthetic-reinforced flexible pavement systems. The model provides predictions of an extension of service life or a reduction in unbound aggregate thickness for equivalent service life when the geosynthetic is placed at the bottom of the aggregate layer. In this paper, the model is used in a parametric study involving the analysis of over 465 cases to provide predictions of reinforcement benefit for a range of design parameters. The parameters varied are those that are believed to be most influential on reinforcement benefit and include thickness of the structural section, strength and/or stiffness of the subgrade, tensile modulus in both principal directions of the geosynthetic and several other properties related to the type and structure of the geosynthetic. Regression equations are used to relate reinforcement benefit results from the parametric study to these pavement design parameters and form the basis of the design model presented in this paper. This model is calibrated against the results of large-scale reinforced pavement test sections. The design model allows for the design of geosynthetic-reinforced flexible pavements using generic input parameters for the pavement system.

Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English (review)

Reviewed by: Pathways of change: Grammaticalization in English ed. by Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein Agustinus Gianto Pathways of change: Grammaticalization in English. Ed. by Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach, and Dieter Stein. (Studies in language companion series 53.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000. Pp. x, 391. $105.00. In their introductory essay, Olga Fischer and Anette Rosenbach (1–37) give an overview of the current understanding of grammaticalization, focusing subsequently on the two different approaches (formal vs. functional) together with its mechanisms and causes (metaphor/metonymy, semantic bleaching, principle of unidirectionality, language contact, and iconicity). Silvia Adamson (39–66) traces the development of the word lovely from a simple descriptive adjective into an affective adjective and intensifier. According to Minoji Akimoto (67–84), besides general principles of change, sociocultural factors also have their share in the grammaticalization of pray from a verb into a courtesy marker in the fifteenth century and subsequently to its obsolescence since the nineteenth century. For Guohua Chen (85–110), the need to highlight semantic and pragmatic properties of concessive sentences in Early Modern English has motivated the grammaticalization of concessive markers like although and albeit. Changes in the combinations of auxiliaries in English allow David Denison (111–47) to infer dates of their grammaticalization. On the basis of changes in the use of to-infinitive, Olga Fischer questions the idea that grammaticalization is unidirectional and nonreversable (149–69). While examining changes in the use of infinitive and semi-auxiliaries (e.g. is going to), Susan Fitzmaurice (171–86) finds a correlation between the emergence of such semi-auxiliaries and the growing use of negative split infinitives. Examining Old English, Elly van Gelderen (187–206) observes that, when the verb moves to the front, agreement with the subject is less needed. Verbs with a 3rd person subject, however, tend to last longer. Roger Lass (207–27) stresses that unidirectionality in grammaticalization is a mere statistical truth rather than a truth about language change. Ursula Lenker (229–49) establishes that the cline ‘clause-internal adverbial > sentence adverbial > discourse particle’ holds true for two Old English adverbs—soþlice and witodlice. Bettelou Los (251–74) observes that in Æfric’s usage the verbs onginnan/beginnan ‘begin’ followed by bare infinitive are not in free variation with their use with to-infinitive. In the first case, these verbs function more as auxiliaries for inchoative aspect rather than as full verbs. With to-infinitives, they still preserve their lexical meaning and can signal thematic discontinuity. Robert McColl Millar (275–310) suggests that the grammaticalization of the English definite article was brought about by contact with Old Norse, which had developed a separate article. Lack of symmetry in the use of verb forms in counterfactual conditionals leads Rafał Molencki (311–28) to suspect that the apodosis is epistemically more remote than the protasis. Sali A. Tagliamonte (329–54) interprets the free alternation between periphrastic perfect and the preterite in Samaná English (spoken in the Dominican Republic) as evidence for an earlier stage in North American English. Ilse Wischer (355–70) maintains that, on the basis of the development of methinks, grammaticalization and lexicalization are not contradictory processes. Nearly all the papers published in this volume have in one way or another provided grounds for reevaluating the principle of unidirectionality of change which is often considered a basic feature of grammaticalization. Agustinus Gianto Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome Copyright © 2003 Linguistic Society of America

Book reviews

Abstract Critical Care of the Surgical Patient. Companion Series to Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery G. C. Hanson (ed.). 282 × 223 mm. Pp. 454. Illustrated. 1997. New York: Chapman and Hall. Complications of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery: Prevention and Management J. L. Ponsky (ed.). 285 × 220 mm. Pp. 292. Illustrated. 1997. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott-Raven. Hamilton Bailey's Physical Signs. Demonstrations of Physical Signs in Clinical Surgery. 18th ed J. S. P. Lumley (ed.). 245 × 188 mm. Pp. 518. Illustrated. 1997. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Collocational and Idiomatic Aspects of Composite Predicates in the History of English (review)

Reviewed by: Colloquial and idiomatic aspects of composite predicates in the history of English ed. by Laurel J. Brinton, Minoji Akimoto Karen Steffen Chung Colloquial and idiomatic aspects of composite predicates in the history of English. Ed. by Laurel J. Brinton and Minoji Akimoto. (Studies in language companion series.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1998. Pp. xii, 283. This book, a follow-up volume to Brinton’s 1998 The development of English aspectual systems: Aspectualizers and post-verbal particles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), introduces a fresh historical angle to the growing literature on English compound verbs. The seven papers plus introduction by Japanese and Western scholars cover the development of complex verbs from Old to Late Modern English. The main collocation types examined in this volume are light verb + deverbal noun, such as do a report, make a call, give an answer; and verb + postverbal particle, e.g. write down, dust off, think over, which often express Aktionsart, or lexical rather than syntactic aspect. The first paper, which is by the editors, presents interesting representative examples of Old English collocations with verbs such as (ge)macian ‘make’, sellan, giefan ‘give’, habban ‘have’, and (ge)niman, tacan ‘take’ + N, and concludes that this type of construction is a native development in English which was reinforced by a parallel form in Latin. The second paper, by Meiko Matsumoto, continues an examination of the development of these verb types in Middle English. By this time the construction has become partially but not highly idiomaticized, a feature partly revealed by the use of adjectival as opposed to adverbial modification of the expression. In Ch. 4, the third paper, Harumi Tanabe examines ‘Composite predicates and phrasal verbs in The Paston Letters’, a collection of letters and documents from the late fifteenth century. Tanabe does a frequency count and analysis of the various light verb + N constructions, noting the incidence of modifiers such as zero article, possessive pronouns, and adjectives, and the low frequency of passivization of this construction type. Risto Hiltunen picks up the developmental thread for the Early Modern English period in Ch. 5, basing her observations mainly on a corpus of dramatic, poetic, and prose texts. Hiltunen identifies four patterns in the constructions based on article use and plurality. For Ch.6, Merja Kytö conducted a corpus-based study of the light verbs make, have, give, take, and do for the same period, taking special note of similarities and differences between the verbs and their use. Included is an appendix listing which deverbal nouns appear with which verbs. Co-editor Akimoto wrote a comparable chapter for the Late Modern English period, also taking into consideration prepositional phrases such as in connection with and with regard to. Ch.8, by Elizabeth Closs Traugott, offers ‘A historical overview of complex predicate types’. This chapter summarizes major events in the evolution of this construction type for each period, putting each development into historical perspective. An impressive collection of references for the entire volume appears in the back of the book, and [End Page 204] there is a short general index, something not always provided in collections of papers. This carefully and attractively produced volume promises to be a valuable resource to scholars with a particular interest in the growth and enrichment of the English language through complex verb development. Karen Steffen Chung National Taiwan University Copyright © 2002 Linguistic Society of America