Companion Article Research Articles

Thermomechanical stability and inelastic energy dissipation as durability criteria for fuel cell gas diffusion media with pre-assembly effects

In this article, pre-assembly hot-press pressure and thermal expansion effects in gas-diffusion layers (GDLs) are addressed to explore the practicalities of the constitutive model reported in the companion article. A facile technique is proposed to include deformation history dependent residual strain effects. The model is implemented in the numerical environment and compared with widely followed conventional models such as isotropic and orthotropic material models. With the normal and accelerated thermal expansion effects no significant variation in stresses or strains is reported with the compressible GDL model in contrast to the conventional incompressible form of the GDL model. The present work identifies the critical differences with advanced and extended variants of the model along with conventional GDL material models in terms of planar stress/strain distribution and the membrane response. Finally, the model is simulated for micro-cyclic stress loads of varying amplitudes that imitate the real working conditions of fuel cell. The inelastic energy dissipation in GDLs is predicted using the proposed model, which is utilized further to distinguish the safe (elastic) and unsafe (inelastic shakedown) operating limits. The inelastic collapse of GDLs is shown to be a active function of high amplitude micro-cyclic load with high initial clamping load.

A Practical Discussion on Estimating Shelf Life Through Tolerance Intervals.

This paper is a companion article to the research originally presented in "Estimating Shelf Life through Tolerance Intervals" (Schwenke et al., 21:290, 2020) published in AAPS PharmSciTech where tolerance intervals are introduced as an alternative methodology for estimating pharmaceutical shelf life. An industry stability shelf life example data set was used to demonstrate the proposed methods. Although using industry data does give relevance to examples demonstrating shelf life estimation, measures of how well the proposed methods accurately and effectively estimate shelf life cannot be obtained because the true shelf life values are not known for example data sets. In this current paper, the results of a computer simulation are reported where the tolerance interval estimates of shelf life are compared to theoretically known true shelf life values. Various factors that affect a tolerance interval estimate of pharmaceutical shelf life are investigated. A critical decision factor is the choice of the proportion of the stability distribution allowed out of specification at expiry to define the pharmaceutical risk. The number of stability batches available for shelf life estimation and the storage time at which the estimate is made are also considered in this simulation study. The industry example data are again used as the basis for the simulation study to give relevance to this research.

ExoMars TGO/NOMAD‐UVIS Vertical Profiles of Ozone: 1. Seasonal Variation and Comparison to Water

AbstractWe present ∼1.5 Mars Years (MY) of ozone vertical profiles, covering LS = 163° in MY34 to LS = 320° in MY35, a period which includes the 2018 global dust storm. Since April 2018, the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer channel of the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) instrument aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has observed the vertical, latitudinal and seasonal distributions of ozone. Around perihelion, the relative abundance of both ozone and water (from coincident NOMAD measurements) increases with decreasing altitude below ∼40 km. Around aphelion, localized decreases in ozone abundance exist between 25 and 35 km coincident with the location of modeled peak water abundances. High‐latitude (>±55°), high altitude (40–55 km) equinoctial ozone enhancements are observed in both hemispheres (LS ∼350°–40°) and discussed in the companion article to this work (Khayat et al., 2021). The descending branch of the main Hadley cell shapes the observed ozone distribution at LS = 40°–60°, with the possible signature of a northern hemisphere thermally indirect cell identifiable from LS = 40°–80°. Morning terminator observations show elevated ozone abundances with respect to evening observations, with average ozone abundances between 20 and 40 km an order of magnitude higher at sunrise compared to sunset, attributed to diurnal photochemical partitioning along the line of sight between ozone and O or fluctuations in water abundance. The ozone retrievals presented here provide the most complete global description of Mars ozone vertical distributions to date as a function of season and latitude.

The Reimagination of Tourism Studies: Positive Renewal, Restoration, and Revival Today

In this second of three related articles on the adoption of disruptive qualitative cum interpretive research approaches, further coverage is given to the contexts and issues that "soft science" social scientists (and humanists, and posthumanists) face today. While the first artricle (by Hollinshead, Suleman, and Nair here in the previous issue of Tourism, Culture & Communication ) made the case for the potential of disruptive qualitative research and subtle science outlooks in Tourism Studies—to help compensate for the domain's perduring calibrative, managerialist and fast-capitalist perspectives—this follow-up article is a consolidation of the advanced social justice material being covered overall. In this second of the three companion article, the authors provide a further insight on the soft science concepts and constructions that have been aired in the important watershed book on "subtle science methodology" by Brown, Carducci, and Kuby (entitled Disrupting Qualitative Inquiry). In this second of the three companion articles, the need for such research-as-resistance insights within Tourism Studies is expressed per medium of the complex ways in which tourism is imbricated with a sometimes bewildering litany of ongoing cultural, political, economic, environmental, psychic, and other matters, something that regularly renders the ontologies of tourism and travel/Tourism Studies difficult to profile and fathom on account of the fluid acumen (or plural knowability/critical multilogicality) required. At the end of this article, a further seven terms are explicated for the cumulative glossary being developed across the three companion articles. These terms include "methodological freedom" and "guided wandering" (vis-à-vis the discursive cartography of tourism). The third article by Hollinshead, Suleman, and Lo (to appear in the next issue of Tourism, Culture & Communication) will complete the additive glossary by explain terms and concepts that pertain to (1) the revised cognitive practices of tourism, and (2) the rhetorics of futurity of tourism.

Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Stuttering Management Among Adolescents: Part I. Scale Development.

Purpose This article is the first in a two-part series on the application of the Transtheoretical Model to stuttering management among adolescents. In this article, we describe the process of developing measures to assess stage of change (SOC) by defining behaviors of stuttering management, as well as the two primary cognitive constructs that underlie one's readiness to make behavioral change: decisional balance (DB) and situational self-efficacy (SSE). This work hinges on the ability to develop an operational definition of what it means to successfully manage or do something positive about one's stuttering. Method We used an iterative process to develop the three scales. Through qualitative analysis of key informant interview and focus group transcripts with 24 adolescents who stutter and 26 clinicians specializing in stuttering, we developed stuttering-specific SOC, DB, and SSE scales. The drafted scales were cognitively tested with nine adolescents who stutter. Results Thematic analysis yielded a three-part definition of successful stuttering management that formed the basis for the SOC scale: (a) learning and using strategies to modify speech or stuttering, (b) changing negative thoughts and attitudes regarding stuttering, and (c) talking without avoiding sounds, words, or situations. Results from this analysis support a broader view of successful stuttering management; that is, it is likely that doing so requires more than just behavior change, which has long been considered the main objective of stuttering treatment. Additional analyses yielded pros and cons of managing stuttering (62 items for the DB scale) and situations in which it is difficult to manage stuttering (39 items for the SSE scale). Conclusions Qualitative analyses provided a three-part definition of "stuttering management" and a comprehensive pool of items that would allow measurement of DB and SSE that underlie readiness to manage stuttering among adolescents. In the companion article in this two-part series, we describe the next step in scale development: exploratory scale validation of the drafted SOC, DB, and SSE scales.

A hysteresis cohesive approach for predicting mixed-mode delamination onset of composite laminates under cyclic loading: Part II, numerical and experimental analyses

Delamination onset of composite laminates is investigated under cyclic loading by numerical simulation and fatigue experiments. Firstly, laminated composites in the form of double cantilever beam (DCB) testing specimens are fabricated. Two different manufacturing methods including hand layup and vacuum infusion process are used for fabricated three different lay-up configurations. All specimens are subjected to cyclic loading under displacement control conditions. The variations of compliance versus number of cycles are monitored and recorded during the performed fatigue tests. Then, the developed novel approach in the companion article (Part I) is implemented in this article and numerical simulation is performed to predict the onset of fatigue-induced delamination for the same investigated testing specimens. Results show a good agreement with experimental data. It is observed that the proposed model is able to capture the interfacial degradation by employing a damage evolution law in the onset stage of delamination.

Symposium Title: Insight Onto the Utility of Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography for Studying Brain Disorders

Multifractal analysis aims to characterize signals, functions, images or fields, via the fluctuations of their local regularity along time or space, hence capturing crucial features of their temporal/spatial dynamics. Multifractal analysis is becoming a standard tool in signal and image processing, and is nowadays widely used in numerous applications of different natures. Its common formulation relies on the measure of local regularity via the Hölder exponent, by nature restricted to positive values, and thus to locally bounded functions or signals. It is here proposed to base the quantification of local regularity on p-exponents, a novel local regularity measure potentially taking negative values. First, the theoretical properties of p-exponents are studied in detail. Second, wavelet-based multiscale quantities, the p-leaders, are constructed and shown to permit accurate practical estimation of p-exponents. Exploiting the potential dependence with p, it is also shown how the collection of p-exponents enriches the classification of locally singular behaviors in functions, signals or images. The present contribution is complemented by a companion article developing the p-leader based multifractal formalism associated to p-exponents.

Service Research Priorities: Designing Sustainable Service Ecosystems

This article utilizes input from service scholars, practitioners, reviews of published literature, and influential policy documents to identify service research priorities that push the boundaries of extant research. In a companion piece, we focused on four service research priorities related to managing and delivering service in turbulent times. Further, we identified a set of stakeholder-wants from the literature and included research questions that tie key stakeholder-wants to each of the three priorities in this article and the four priorities in the companion article. Here, we highlight the critical importance of scholarship and practice related to the design of sustainable service ecosystems and discuss three key service research priorities: large-scale and complex service ecosystems for transformative impact (SRP5), platform ecosystems and marketplaces (SRP6), and services for disadvantaged consumers and communities (SRP7). We call for an engaged service scholarship that considers the interrelationships among consumers, organizations, employees, platforms, and societal institutions and pursues transformative goals.

Drug Repurposing Patent Applications April–June 2021

Drug Repurposing Patent Applications April–June 2021

Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part II: strategies for therapeutics development

ABSTRACT Introduction: The cellular prion protein (PrPC), some of its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP), and PrPC-containing exosomes have strong neuroprotective activities, which have been reviewed in the companion article (Part I) and are briefly summarized here. Areas covered: We propose that elevating the extracellular levels of a protective PrP form using gene therapy and other approaches is a very promising novel avenue for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against prion disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and several other neurodegenerative diseases. We will dissect the pros and cons of various potential PrP-based treatment options and propose a few strategies that are more likely to succeed. The cited references were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles. Expert opinion: Concurrent knockdown of celllular PrP expression and elevation of the extracellular levels of a neuroprotective PrP N-terminal peptide via optimized gene therapy vectors is a highly promising broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against several neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

Qualitative Research in Veterinary Medical Education: Part 1-Principles of Qualitative Design.

Qualitative methodologies are relative newcomers to health sciences education research. While they may look very different to their quantitative counterparts in terms of size and scope, when well-applied they offer a fresh perspective and generate valuable research findings. Although qualitative research is being increasingly conducted in veterinary medical education, there are few contextualized resources to assist those who would like to develop their expertise in this area. In this article, we address this by introducing the principles of qualitative research design in a veterinary medical education context. Drawing from a range of contemporary resources, we explore the types of research goals and questions that are amenable to qualitative inquiry and discuss the process of formulating a worthwhile research question. We explain what research paradigms are and introduce readers to some of the methodological options available to them in qualitative research. Examples from veterinary medical education are used to illustrate key points. In a second companion article, we will focus on the decisions that need to be made regarding data sampling, collection, and analysis. We will also consider how qualitative research is evaluated, and discuss how qualitative findings are applied. Taken together, the two articles build an understanding of qualitative research, illuminate its potential to contribute to the scholarship of teaching and learning in veterinary medical education, and equip readers with an improved capacity to appraise its value.

The Clothing of a Regency Poet, Lord Byron (1788–1824)

Byron was a best-selling poet and a celebrity with a notorious reputation. This article seeks to examine how his public image and private person were related, the part clothing played in the projection of his public image, and the degree of control he exerted over his body and his self-image. The article examines a number of sources relating to Lord Byron — his journals and letters, his poetry and public output, biographies, bills and accounts, paintings and illustrations, and the surviving clothing associated with the poet. From these a clothing narrative of the poet's early life, up until the time of his departure for Europe in 1816, can be constructed and examined in relation to the fashions of his era and the idiosyncrasies of the poet. Some of the surviving clothes are examined for their cut and construction and discussed in relation to others of the period. A companion article, dealing with his life abroad until the time of his death in 1824, will follow at a later date.

Problems in the deployment of machine-learned models in health care.

[See related articles at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.202434][1] and [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.210036][2] KEY POINTS In a companion article, Verma and colleagues discuss how machine-learned solutions can be developed and implemented to support medical decision-making.[1][3] Both

Assessing the Impact of the Assimilation of SWOT Observations in a Global High-Resolution Analysis and Forecasting System – Part 2: Results

A first attempt was made to quantify the impact of the assimilation of Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) swath altimeter data in a global 1/12° high resolution analysis and forecasting system through a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs). The OSSE framework (Nature Run and Free Run) and data assimilation scheme have been described in detail in a companion article (Benkiran et al., 2021). The impact of assimilating data from SWOT and three nadir altimeters was quantified by estimating analysis and forecast error variances for sea surface height (SSH), temperature, salinity, zonal, and meridional velocities. Wave-number spectra and coherence analyses of SSH errors were also computed. SWOT data will significantly improve the quality of ocean analyses and forecasts. Adding SWOT observations to those of three nadir altimeters globally reduces the variance of SSH and surface velocities in analyses and forecasts by about 30 and 20%, respectively. Improvements are greater in high-latitude regions where space/time coverage of SWOT is much denser. The combination of SWOT data with data from three nadir altimeters provides a better resolution of wavelengths between 50 and 200 km with a more than 40% improvement outside tropical regions with respect to data from three nadir altimeters alone. The study has also highlighted that the impact of using SWOT data is likely to be very different depending on geographical areas. Constraining smaller spatial scales (wavelengths below 100 km) remains challenging as they are also associated with small time scales. Although this is only a first step, the study has demonstrated that SWOT data could be readily assimilated in a global high-resolution analysis and forecasting system with a positive impact at all latitudes and outstanding performances.

A fully integrated undergraduate introductory biology and chemistry course with a community-based focus I: Vision, design, implementation, and development.

We describe a first-semester, integrated, introductory biology and chemistry course for undergraduates at Wellesley College in Wellesley, MA, USA. Our vision was to create a supportive learning community in which students could comfortably make connections between scientific disciplines as they learned necessary content for subsequent courses, further developed problem solving, communication, and laboratory skills, and meaningfully connected with other students and with faculty during their first semester in college. Through highlighting five guiding principles that are central to the course, we describe the integrated course structure and content as well as our efforts to build community, provide support, and engage students in building skills crucial to scientists. We also highlight features of this course and institutional policies that facilitated its logistical and collaborative implementation that can be adapted to fit the needs, goals, and constraints of a diverse range of institutions. A companion article describes an assessment of our course in achieving academic and community building goals.

A Critical Review of Ground Based Observations of Earthquake Precursors

We aim at giving a short review of the seismo-associated phenomena detected on ground that in recent years have been investigated as possible earthquake precursors. The paper comes together with a companion article–published on this same volume by Picozza et al., 2021–devoted to summarize the space-based observation of earthquake–precursors by satellites missions. In the present work, we give an overview of the observations carried out on ground in order to identify earthquake precursors by distinguishing them from the large background constituted by both natural non-seismic and artificial sources. We start discussing the measurements of mechanical parameters and variations of geochemical fluids detected before earthquakes; then we review thermal and atmospheric oscillations; finally, observations of electromagnetic and ionospheric parameters possibly related to the occurrence of impeding earthquakes are discussed. In order to introduce a so large field of research, we focus only on some main case studies and statistical analyses together with the main hypotheses and models proposed in literature in order to explain the observed phenomenology.

Trauma informed interventions: A systematic review.

BackgroundHealth inequities remain a public health concern. Chronic adversity such as discrimination or racism as trauma may perpetuate health inequities in marginalized populations. There is a growing body of the literature on trauma informed and culturally competent care as essential elements of promoting health equity, yet no prior review has systematically addressed trauma informed interventions. The purpose of this study was to appraise the types, setting, scope, and delivery of trauma informed interventions and associated outcomes.MethodsWe performed database searches— PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SCOPUS and PsycINFO—to identify quantitative studies published in English before June 2019. Thirty-two unique studies with one companion article met the eligibility criteria.ResultsMore than half of the 32 studies were randomized controlled trials (n = 19). Thirteen studies were conducted in the United States. Child abuse, domestic violence, or sexual assault were the most common types of trauma addressed (n = 16). While the interventions were largely focused on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 23), depression (n = 16), or anxiety (n = 10), trauma informed interventions were mostly delivered in an outpatient setting (n = 20) by medical professionals (n = 21). Two most frequently used interventions were eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (n = 6) and cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 5). Intervention fidelity was addressed in 16 studies. Trauma informed interventions significantly reduced PTSD symptoms in 11 of 23 studies. Fifteen studies found improvements in three main psychological outcomes including PTSD symptoms (11 of 23), depression (9 of 16), and anxiety (5 of 10). Cognitive behavioral therapy consistently improved a wide range of outcomes including depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal problems, and risky behaviors (n = 5).ConclusionsThere is inconsistent evidence to support trauma informed interventions as an effective approach for psychological outcomes. Future trauma informed intervention should be expanded in scope to address a wide range of trauma types such as racism and discrimination. Additionally, a wider range of trauma outcomes should be studied.

NGA-East ground-motion characterization model Part II: Implementation and hazard implications

As a companion article to Goulet et al., we describe implementation of the NGA-East ground motion characterization (GMC) model in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for sites in the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS). We present extensions to the EPRI/DOE/NRC seismic source characterization (SSC) model for the CEUS needed for full implementation of NGA-East. Comparisons are presented to the EPRI GMC, the currently accepted model by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for hazard assessment at nuclear facilities. Comparisons are presented both in terms of GMC model components and in the resulting seismic hazard assessments for a range of site locations in the CEUS. Illustrations of the effect of various components of the NGA-East GMC on seismic hazard results are also presented. Finally, we present recommendations for application of the NGA-East GMC in PSHA.

Clinical Use of PROMIS, Neuro-QoL, TBI-QoL, and Other Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Individual Adult Clients with Cognitive and Language Disorders.

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) assess health outcomes from the patient's perspective. The National Institutes of Health has invested in the creation of numerous PROMs that comprise the PROMIS, Neuro-QoL, and TBI-QoL measurement systems. Some of these PROMs are potentially useful as primary or secondary outcome measures, or as contextual variables for the treatment of adults with cognitive/language disorders. These PROMs were primarily created for clinical research and interpretation of group means. They also have potential for use with individual clients; however, at present there is only sparse evidence and direction for this application of PROMs. Previous research by Cohen and Hula (2020) described how PROMs could support evidence-based practices in speech-language pathology. This companion article extends upon that work to present clinicians with implementation information about obtaining, administering, scoring, and interpreting PROMs for individual clients with cognitive/language disorders. This includes considerations of the type and extent of communication support that is appropriate, implications of the relatively large measurement error that accompanies individual scores and pairs of scores, and recommendations for applying minimal detectable change values depending on the clinician's desired level of measurement precision. However, more research is needed to guide the interpretation of PROM scores for an individual client.

The Effects of Instructional Strategies on Preservice Teachers’ Math Anxiety and Achievement

The results reported herein represent the quantitative portion of a mixed method investigation that employed a non-equivalent control group design conducted to determine the effects of teaching methods on math anxiety and achievement among preservice elementary teachers enrolled in a mathematics course. Two teaching methods, inquiry-based learning (IBL) and direct instruction (DI), were compared. These results indicated that math anxiety decreased significantly for the IBL group while increasing for the DI group over the course of an academic semester. There was no difference in measured learning outcomes between the two groups. A significant negative correlation between math anxiety and student achievement, however, was found. Qualitative results, discussed in a companion article, contextualize these findings and reveal that the participants attributed varying levels of math anxiety to several factors including course content, teaching methods, assessments, and student behaviors.