Compact Fluorescent Research Articles

Sailing Towards Sustainability: How Seafarers Embrace New Work Cultures for Energy Efficient Ship Operations in Maritime Industry

It is imperative to take proactive measures in light of the escalating concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of international shipping. The GHG study conducted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) indicates that the sector accounted for 2.2% and 2.89 % of emissions in 2012 and 2018, respectively. As a result, IMO has endorsed strategies to reduce ship-induced emissions to 50% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2100. For reducing carbon emissions, regulations such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) were implemented a decade ago. We collected data from 104 seafarers in 24 countries using purposive sampling, exploring how the energy-efficient operation of ships transforms their work cultures onboard ships. The majority of seafarers in our study agreed that energy-efficient ship operation has changed seafarers' working cultures over the last decade. Seafarers have adopted a variety of energy efficiency (EE) practices, including meticulous record-keeping of fuel consumption and adherence to Planned Maintenance Systems. As well as preparing for Port State Control (PSC) inspections, they follow energy-saving measures prescribed by the SEEMP. In addition to engine maintenance, energy-saving practices, accurate reporting and recording of EE-related data, and efficient power usage, they provide just-in-time arrival, crew training, energy-efficient lighting, environmental awareness, and slow steaming to minimize fuel consumption. The majority of seafarers implemented SEEMP successfully and met the company's objectives, but they did not receive any form of recognition or financial incentives. Although SEEMP can help shipping companies gain financial benefits and preserve the environment, seafarers do not receive tangible rewards or appreciation for implementing it. Only one-fourth of seafarers were rewarded with incentives, bonuses, formal recognition, or trophies. This study holds significant implications for policymakers, offering insight into seafarers' adaptation to energy-efficient ship operations and advocating for integrating Industry 4.0 technologies for EE regulations compliance by reducing seafarers' workloads and improving data accuracy.

Study on Smart Street Light (SSL) using Ultra Narrowband (UNB) Technology: a case study of Malaysia Power Utility

Street light is important to road user and residential area to improve visibility and creating safer road by preventing traffic accidents and also by reducing crime. However, present practice for street lighting management largely remains a challenge. Smart Street Lighting (SSL) system is a system where the street lighting system adds up with communication technology producing a real time monitoring system. Smart Street Lighting (SSL) is known to gain high value creation through maintenance savings and improvement of the environmental impact for Malaysia. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) through its research arm, TNB Research (TNBR) has recently carried a feasibility study on the compatibility of SSL system using Ultra Narrowband (UNB) technology on the energy efficient and better light intensity of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology street light. The SSL systems have been deployed on a small scale, tested and monitored at selected areas. This paper discussed the technical performance such as functionality and compatibility that have been assessed in the study.

LCST ion gels fabricating "all-in-one" smart windows: thermotropic, electrochromic and power-generating.

Smart windows always respond to single stimuli, which cannot satisfy various needs in practical applications. Smart windows that integrate thermotropic, electrochromic and power-generating functions in one device is highly challenging yet important in satisfying on-demand light modulation and energy efficiency in practical applications. Herein, a thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature (LCST) ion gel was fabricated via a facile in situ polymerization of butyl acrylate in a conventional ionic liquid to explore "all in one" smart windows. The ion gel-assembled smart windows are thermotropic and electrochromic with a reliable adjustment of light transparency as well as power-generating, enabled by the ionic Soret effect of ionic liquids. Additionally, the ion gels demonstrated self-defensive robust mechanical properties, thermal insulating and antifogging properties. With such an interdisciplinary and comprehensive study of the ion gels, the LCST ion gels could fulfil the requirements of genius windows with high energy-saving potential and exceptional climate adaptability, such as shut-down of light transmission in summer, daily solar energy collection, and colour changes on demand. It conceptually updates smart windows from an energy saving to an energy supplier in buildings. It is the first time to explore the "all in one" smart windows based on integrated multifunctional ionic liquids, which could greatly bridge the gap between the materials and buildings to accelerate practical applications of smart windows.

Розробка енергоефективної системи штучного освітлення головного корпусу Криворізького національного університету

Розробка енергоефективної системи штучного освітлення головного корпусу Криворізького національного університету

The Use of Photovoltaic Cell Systemin Lighting theParking Lots in AL-ZahraCo-operative Society

This research explores the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) cells in the purpose of lightingparking lots within Al-Zahraa co-op’spremises,the aim of this project wasto reduce the environmental impact of carbon emission and to enhance energy sustainability. Traditional lighting methods often rely on fossil fuel-based electricity, contributing to carbon emissions and escalating operational costs. Leveraging PV technology offers a renewable alternative by harnessing solar energy to power lighting fixtures efficiently. Through strategic placement of PV panels and integration with energy-efficient LED lighting, the Al-Zahraa Association can achieve reliable illumination while minimizing energy consumption. Battery storage systems ensure uninterrupted lighting during periods of low sunlight or high demand. This initiative showcases a commitment to environmental stewardship, reducing carbon emissions, and inspiring sustainable practices within the community.

Effect of Metal Nanoparticles on Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Soybean

This study presents the effects of nanoscale zerovalent cobalt (NZVC) on the photosynthetic activity and expression of genes related to the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). Treatment of soybean seeds with NZVC solution (at concentrations of 0.17; 0.33 and 100 mg/kg seed) has increased the efficiency of light energy absorbed by photosystem II, improved photosynthetic efficiency, and maintained the function of photosynthetic apparatus when plant growth is reduced by enhancing the value of photosynthetic parameters (Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, ETR, FPSII) compared with the control. The expression of genes involved in photosynthesis in soybean leaves was changed by growth time and NZVC treatment concentration. The psaA, Lhca, psbA, and psbB genes had increased expression levels at 17 and 32 days after sowing, then decreased at 70 days after sowing. The expression of the psbE, and Cyt b6f genes was greater than the control during the growth period. Treatment of soybean seeds with high concentrations of NZVC (0.33 and 100 mg/kg seed) did not negatively affect the photosynthetic function of soybean plants. The activity of nitrate and nitrite reductases and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase of cobalt-treated plants were better than those of the control. This is a defense mechanism of plants to minimize the harmful effects of these stresses. This result has elucidated the mechanism of increasing the yield of soybean when its seeds were treated with NZVC.

Photosynthetic adaptation strategies in peppers under continuous lighting: insights into photosystem protection.

Energy efficient lighting strategies have received increased interest from controlled environment producers. Long photoperiods (up to 24 h - continuous lighting (CL)) of lower light intensities could be used to achieve the desired daily light integral (DLI) with lower installed light capacity/capital costs and low electricity costs in regions with low night electricity prices. However, plants grown under CL tend to have higher carbohydrate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which may lead to leaf chlorosis and down-regulation of photosynthesis. We hypothesize that the use of dynamic CL using a spectral change and/or light intensity change between day and night can negate CL-injury. In this experiment we set out to assess the impact of CL on pepper plants by subjecting them to white light during the day and up to 150 µmol m-2 s-1 of monochromatic blue light at night while controlling the DLI at the same level. Plants grown under all CL treatments had similar cumulative fruit number and weight compared to the 16h control indicating no reduction in production. Plants grown under CL had higher carbohydrate levels and ROS-scavenging capacity than plants grown under the 16h control. Conversely, the amount of photosynthetic pigment decreased with increasing nighttime blue light intensity. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a metric often used to measure stress, was unaffected by light treatments. However, when light-adapted, the operating efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) decreased and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased with increasing nighttime blue light intensity. This suggests that both acclimated and instantaneous photochemistry during CL can be altered and is dependent on the nighttime light intensity. Furthermore, light-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence measurements may be more adept at detecting altered photochemical states than the conventional stress metric using dark-adapted measurements.

Research on energy-saving lighting control of high-rise building by the PID control algorithm

The lighting of high-rise buildings consumes a significant amount of electricity, making it essential to implement energy-saving measures. In this paper, the lighting of high-rise buildings was briefly analyzed, followed by a description of the proportion, integration, and differentiation (PID) control algorithm. To improve the efficiency of lighting control for energy conservation, the fuzzy PID control algorithm was analyzed. The self-tuning of parameters was achieved by utilizing the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to develop a WOA-fuzzy PID control algorithm. Finally, experimental analysis was carried out. The simulation findings showed that the WOA-fuzzy PID algorithm had the shortest stabilization time (6.77 s), the smallest maximum overshoot (3.12%), and better anti-interference capability compared to the PID and fuzzy PID algorithms. Finally, it was found from practical application that the use of the WOA-optimized algorithm resulted in a 43.7% reduction in monthly electricity consumption. The findings suggest the effectiveness of the WOA-fuzzy PID algorithm in energy-efficient lighting control and its applicability to real-world high-rise buildings.

Experience from a light trap Lepidoptera survey in a populated settlement: effects of meteorological factors and changes in lunar phases

In the framework of the research, light trap Lepidoptera collections were carried out in the territory of a settlement (Velyki Berehy, Zakarpatska Oblast, Ukraine), which is bordered by nature reserves, forests, and agricultural areas, as well as by the remains of a large marsh (Szernye bog) that had been drained in the past. A Jermy light trap with a household LED bulb was used to capture the moths and butterflies. In addition to assessing the Lepidoptera fauna of the area, the study aimed to find out which species of Lepidoptera are attracted to energy-saving light bulbs commonly used in households in a settlement located in a habitat-diverse environment. In addition to the artificial light pollution conditions and other anthropogenic influences of the settlement, the direction and magnitude of the effects of temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, wind speed, and moon phase parameters at the time of collection on the flight trends of nocturnal Lepidoptera species were also investigated. A total of 97 days of collecting between May 2018 and May 2019 resulted in the collection of 122 Lepidoptera species from 16 families. In terms of their ecological requirements, species were found in closed and open forest, forest edge, scrub, meadow, actively cultivated and abandoned agricultural areas, as well as in dry and wet areas. Several species considered being agricultural, forestry, or horticultural pests were identified, but not in abundance. Among the environmental variables, temperature variation showed a strong significant positive correlation with daily species numbers and abundance, while relative humidity, wind speed, cloud coverage and moon phases showed varying degrees of negative correlation, but were generally weak. The effects of the interactions of natural and man-made environmental influences on living organisms are difficult to assess objectively, but their research is of paramount importance for the long-term effective conservation of habitats of particular conservation value and for the preservation of their biodiversity.

Photochemical activity in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons depends on the light transmittance of covering tissues and the spectral composition of light.

Many crops require not only leaf photosynthesis for their seed development but also the photochemical reactions that occur in the seeds. The purpose of this work was a comparative analysis of light transmittance and photochemical activity in the leaves of Pisum sativum L. and its pericarp, seed coat, and cotyledons at the early, middle, and late maturation stages. The spectral composition of light was measured using a spectroradiometer in the range of 390-760 nm. We assessed the light transmittance of plant tissues by placing the plant tissue between the light source and the spectroradiometer's sensor. PAM fluorometry was used to quantify the photochemical activity in plant tissues: this technique is handy for evaluating the efficiency of converting light energy into chemical energy through the analysis of the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence excitation and quenching. On average, a photochemically active green leaf of pea transmitted 15 % of solar radiation in the 390-760 nm, blue light was delayed entirely, and the transmitted red light never exceeded 5 %. Photochemically active radiation passing through the pericarp and coat and reaching the cotyledons at the early and middle seed maturation stages manifested a high proportion of green and far-red light; there was no blue light, and the percentage of red light was about 2 %. However, the cotyledons were photochemically active regardless of low irradiance and spectral ranges untypical of leaf photosynthesis. At the early and middle maturation stages, the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) averaged 0.5 at the periphery of cotyledons and 0.3 at their center. Since the intensity of embryonic photochemical reactions significantly affects the efficiency of reserve nutrient accumulation, this parameter is a promising marker in pea breeding for seeds with improved nutritional qualities.

Enerji Verimli Aydınlatma Tasarımı: Farklı Pencere Boyutlarında Optimum Gün Işığı Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

In recent years, with the frequently discussed concept of sustainability, designers have been increasingly demanded to improve spatial comfort conditions. The growing emphasis on energy efficiency in design has led designers to consider these issues at earlier stages of the design process. Daylight, seen as a clean, uninterrupted energy source and a cost-effective alternative to artificial lighting, also ensures visual comfort for individuals due to its good color rendering. Despite all these well-known benefits, design criteria have not been established to reduce the energy consumption rate caused by artificial lighting while taking into account the factors affecting daylight, an important input. This study presents an investigation aimed at achieving energy savings in lighting by using the ideal window concept and other parameters to optimally benefit from daylight. The study has been applied under cloudy sky and deep room conditions, which represent the worst-case scenarios. As an alternative to time-consuming mathematical calculations, the Velux Daylight Visualizer lighting simulation program was used to create three-dimensional designs for horizontal, vertical, square, and roof windows separately, and the effects of these windows on the daylight factor were analyzed. The impact of different furniture colors in the interior space was also examined. Following the investigations, it was observed that roof windows produced more daylight compared to others. However, since roof windows cannot be used in multi-story buildings, a comparison was made between horizontal, vertical, and square windows, and it was concluded that horizontal windows placed close to the upper wall were more efficient than the others. In addition, it was observed that lighter-colored furniture, among the light and dark furniture, produced more daylight compared to the other.

Low-cost measurement light intensity and efficiency of the lamp For school purposes in science experiment

The purpose of this research is to assist science teachers in carrying out experiments in science classes, particularly physics classes, to ascertain the optimal light intensity and efficiency of various lamp types made of inexpensive materials that are related to scientific concepts. The purpose of this study was to develop a practical learning technique based on experiments to measure the lamp’s energy efficiency and light intensity. Three different types of bulbs were used in this research experiment: CFL, LED, and incandescent. Students select a lamp after the experiment based on observations of light intensity and calculations of the lamp’s efficiency using a solar power meter and efficiency equation. The light intensity of the LED lamp shows the highest value with 18,66W/m2 rather than Compact Fluorescent lamp with 15,05% and incandescent lamp with 0,02%. While the efficiency of the LED lamp is 52,6%, the CFL is 26,89%, and the incandescent lamp is 11,26% Novelty: There is not a lot of study on the measurement of light intensity and the calculation of lamp efficiency using inexpensive materials for science-related student experiments.

Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with NiO and pt as Counter Electrodes for DSSC applications

NiO-MWCNT was synthesized using the hydrothermal method and used as a low-cost, platinum-free counter electrode for Dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs. The DSSC based on NiO-MWCNT as a counter electrode achieves a high-power conversion efficiency of 8.53% under a simulated solar illumination of 100 mW cm-2 (AM 1.5). This efficiency is comparable to 7.9% for a DSSC equipped with a Pt counter electrode. Good charge conduction characteristics of the NiO-MWCNT electrode decreases charge loss and boosts the effectiveness of converting light into electrical current. The NiO-MWCNT electrode also increases light absorption and increases the efficiency of converting light energy into electrical energy by enhancing light dispersion within the solar cell. Other advantages of NiO-MWCNT electrodes are low cost and great sustainability. Comparing it to platinum, rare and expensive material, the use of NiO-MWCNT reduces the cost of the solar cell and contributes to environmental sustainability. In addition, the NiO-MWCNT electrode has a high chemical stability, making it more resistant to corrosion and damage in dye solar cell environments. This enhances the lifespan of the cell and ensures its long-term sustainability.

СТАН І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ БІЛИХ СВІТЛОДІОДІВ З ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯМ, НАБЛИЖЕНИМ ДО ПРИРОДНОГО

Innovative technologies for the production of modern LEDs have allowed leading manufacturers (Seoul Semiconductor, Samsung, Cree) to develop their own ways of producing highly efficient white LEDs characterised by radiation parameters close to natural light. Modern LED light source development technologies have led to a sharp decrease in the use of white light guides with a colour rendering index in the range of 70-75, while the new most efficient LEDs have a colour rendering index of at least 80, and LEDs with a colour rendering index of more than 90 are becoming more widely used. LEDs with a correlated colour temperature in the range of 3000-4500 K, which were not as commonly used before due to their lower efficiency, have become more widespread. To create energy-efficient lighting, it is now considered important to create LED lighting devices with a spectral composition of radiation close to white natural light, as it is the most acceptable for improving the psycho-physiological state of a person and adequate perception of the environment. The most comfortable and safe for humans is the value of the correlated colour temperature of light close to 4000-4500 K and the colour rendering index of more than 90 units. Leading lighting companies are successfully working on solving this problem. This paper analyses ways to improve the luminous efficiency and colour rendering index of white LEDs used by leading manufacturers of modern LEDs. The most efficient white LEDs with a colour rendering index in the range of 93-96 and a luminous efficiency of 105-200 lm/W are considered. In the face of fierce competition, leading manufacturers are addressing the issue of improving the quality of LED lighting equipment in their own ways, which ensures the continuous development of LED technologies. The maximum theoretically determined spectral efficiencies of white LEDs are about 370 lm/W, which may indicate possible significant achievements and significant prospects for the further development of LED lighting technology.

Evaluation of the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of methylene blue using nascent and Ag+ ions-modified TiO2.

In photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, adsorption and degradation are two important processes that take place. Various instrumental techniques and trapping experiments have been used to identify the reactive species and the mechanism of photodegradation. The present work focuses on investigating the mechanism of photo-induced degradation from the comparative characterization of fresh and used samples, isotherm models, competitive adsorption, and desorption studies of pure and Ag+-modified TiO2 NPs. The comparative characterizations of fresh and used NPs were carried out with FT-IR, EDX, and XRF analyses after methylene blue (MB) degradation. The Ag+ doped TiO2 used in this study was fabricated using simple impregnation technique. The prepared NPs were characterized using techniques including XPS, XRD, SEM/EDX, XRF, UV-DRS, and pH point-zero charge analyses (pHPZC). The Ag+-modified TiO2 NPs showed improved efficiency compared to pure TiO2 NPs using normal compact fluorescent light (CFL). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to test the adsorption behavior on the surface photocatalysts. The investigational data finest fitted to the Langmuir isotherms model compared to Freundlich model, suggesting the homogeneous monolayer adsorption followed by degradations. The competitive removal of MB in the presence of a photo-generated electrons trapper (Cd2+) was enhanced almost 3-folds (115mg/L) compared to the removal from a single MB solution (40mg/L). The characterization of the used samples as well as adsorption in the dark and negligible desorption of used samples support the involvement of the proposed photo-induced degradation mechanism.

Prioritizing IoT-driven Sustainability Initiatives in Retail Chains: Exploring Case Studies and Industry Insights

INTRODUCTION: Prioritizing sustainability initiatives is crucial for retail chains as they integrate Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to drive environmental responsibility. Retail chains have responsibility to establish environmental stewardship when they globally expand in terms of operations, supply chain and offerings. By prioritizing the initiatives retail chains can reduce impacts on environment, resource waster and mitigate risks related to that with the help of concepts like IoT.
 OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to explore how IoT can aid in sustainable practices, mitigate risks, and enhance efficiency while addressing challenges, ultimately providing insights for retail chains to prioritize sustainability in the IoT context.
 METHODS: The research employs a qualitative approach, focusing on in-depth case studies and analysis of industry reports and literature to explore IoT-driven sustainability initiatives in retail chains. It includes a diverse sample of retail chains, such as supermarkets and fashion retail, selected based on data availability related to their use of IoT for sustainability. The study involves descriptive analysis to present an overview of these initiatives and competitive analysis to identify sustainability leaders and areas for improvement. However, limitations include potential data availability issues and reliance on publicly available sources, with findings reflecting data up to the 2018-2021 timeframe.
 RESULTS: The results highlight significant sustainability benefits achieved through IoT integration in various retail chain types. Case studies, such as Sainsbury's and Coca-Cola, demonstrate waste reduction and sustainable practices. Examples from Nordstrom and 7-Eleven showcase energy efficiency improvements. The versatility of IoT technologies across supermarkets, department stores, and convenience stores emphasizes the transformative power of IoT in driving sustainability in the retail industry. The study proposes a prioritization approach, considering key metrics and leveraging frameworks like the Triple Bottom Line, Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, and Sustainability Framework for effective decision-making and goal alignment in IoT-driven sustainability initiatives.
 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this paper highlights the substantial potential of prioritizing IoT-driven sustainability initiatives in retail chains for positive environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Through case studies, the diverse applications of IoT, such as food waste reduction and energy-efficient lighting, demonstrate tangible benefits. The trend towards sustainable sourcing and materials is evident across various retail chain types. The discussion underscores the need for a systematic approach, utilizing frameworks like the Triple Bottom Line, to align with strategic objectives and optimize resources.

Design of the electrical system on a general cargo ship with a length of 105,669 meters

This research investigates the incorporation of LED lights and the zonal cavity method in the initial design stage of a cargo-type ship, focusing on efficient lighting for diverse ship zones. The study aims to determine optimal lighting requirements, adhering to industry standards, for zones such as double bottom, maindeck, poopdeck, boatdeck, bridgedeck, navdeck, and emergency conditions. Ships play a vital role in transporting passengers and goods across seas and rivers, necessitating effective lighting systems for safe operations, particularly during nighttime. This paper explores the integration of LED lights and the zonal cavity method in the general arrangement design of a cargo ship. The zonal cavity method is applied to ascertain lighting intensity in different ship zones based on room dimensions, including width, height, length, and area. Illumination values are determined according to established standards for each zone. The cumulative lighting electricity load for various ship zones using LED lights is calculated to identify specific power requirements.The lighting power requirements for the double bottom, maindeck, poopdeck, boatdeck, bridgedeck, navdeck, and emergency conditions are found to be 0.141 KW, 0.75 KW, 1.068 KW, 0.762 KW, 0.671 KW, 0.42 KW, and 0.296 KW, respectively. The total lighting power for all zones is calculated as 3.7776 KW, suggesting the installation of a 4 KW generator for optimal power supply.The application of the zonal cavity method in the planning and design of a cargo ship's lighting system, combined with energy-efficient LED lights, proves to be an effective approach. The results indicate that a 4 KW generator is sufficient to meet the lighting power demands for various ship zones, ensuring compliance with safety standards and technological advancements in maritime lighting.

Enhancing tunnel lighting quality and energy efficiency with color aggregate semi-flexible pavement

This study investigates the feasibility and performance effect of using waste materials such as marble and glass to replace asphalt pavement aggregate to develop tunnel energy-saving semi-flexible pavement (SFP). The improvement of tunnel lighting quality and the reduction of energy consumption are simulated and verified by computer. The results show that burying waste materials such as old marble and glass on the SFP surface and filling it with reflective slurry can enhance the pavement reflectance and improve the lighting quality in the tunnel. Compared with the traditional asphalt pavement, embedding 4% waste marble particles (4.5–13.2 mm) in the SFP can effectively improve the average brightness in the tunnel and reduce energy consumption.

Structural insights into photosystem II supercomplex and trimeric FCP antennae of a centric diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana

Diatoms are dominant marine algae and contribute around a quarter of global primary productivity, the success of which is largely attributed to their photosynthetic capacity aided by specific fucoxanthin chlorophyll-binding proteins (FCPs) to enhance the blue-green light absorption under water. We purified a photosystem II (PSII)-FCPII supercomplex and a trimeric FCP from Cyclotella meneghiniana (Cm) and solved their structures by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structures reveal detailed organizations of monomeric, dimeric and trimeric FCP antennae, as well as distinct assemblies of Lhcx6_1 and dimeric FCPII-H in PSII core. Each Cm-PSII-FCPII monomer contains an Lhcx6_1, an FCP heterodimer and other three FCP monomers, which form an efficient pigment network for harvesting energy. More diadinoxanthins and diatoxanthins are found in FCPs, which may function to quench excess energy. The trimeric FCP contains more chlorophylls c and fucoxanthins. These diversified FCPs and PSII-FCPII provide a structural basis for efficient light energy harvesting, transfer, and dissipation in C. meneghiniana.

Socio-Economic Barriers to Adopting Energy-Saving Bioclimatic Strategies in a Mediterranean Sustainable Real Estate Setting: A Quantitative Analysis of Resident Perspectives

In response to escalating environmental challenges, this research underscores the pivotal role of sustainable construction practices, particularly focusing on bioclimatic design as a foundational element within the realm of sustainable architecture and environmental upgrading of buildings, within the broader context of sustainable urban planning. The study delves into the perspectives of residents in Cyprus concerning bioclimatic building design. Employing a quantitative methodology, the investigation aims to comprehensively assess homeowner views on the benefits, motivations, concerns, and preferred techniques associated with bioclimatic design. By comprehending these perspectives and contextual factors, this study identifies obstacles hindering broader implementation and illuminates why adoption remains limited, despite the potential for substantial energy and emissions reductions. The research also examines the background of respondents, such as heating/cooling systems, energy expenses, and upgrade preferences, to provide essential context for the findings. A structured questionnaire was administered to a stratified sample of 150 pedestrians in the Pafos area, ensuring a representative cross-section of the local population. This method allowed for a robust examination of demographic influences on opinions and an in-depth analysis of the impact of residential characteristics. The findings reveal a substantial influence of cost considerations in shaping decisions related to residential property development and the renovation of existing structures, contributing to the limitation of widespread adoption across the island. This influence persists even as a majority of respondents express a readiness to undertake building energy upgrades, among which, the most popular actions include the installation of specialized glass, the replacement of traditional air conditioning units with inverters, and the adoption of energy-efficient lighting. The research culminates in the proposal that introducing financial incentives has the potential to enhance homeowner participation in bioclimatic and energy upgrades. This recommendation is particularly salient in the climatic context of Cyprus, where the implementation of solar control measures emerges as a promising avenue for bolstering energy efficiency. In considering the socio-economic dimensions implicit in these findings, it becomes evident that the interplay between financial considerations and sustainable construction practices is a critical aspect. The identified barriers underscore the necessity for nuanced strategies and policy frameworks that address the socio-economic dimensions of bioclimatic design adoption. In this context, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the intricate relationship between financial factors and sustainable architectural practices, offering implications for future research endeavors and potential avenues for policy interventions.