Digital Content Research Articles

Toward Personalized Care and Patient Empowerment and Perspectives on a Personal Health Record in Hemophilia Care: Qualitative Interview Study.

To enable personalized treatment and shared decision-making in chronic care, relevant health information is collected. However, health information is often fragmented across hospital information systems, digital health apps, and questionnaire portals. This also pertains to hemophilia care, in which scattered information hampers integrated care. We intend to co-design a nationwide digital personal health record (PHR) for patients to help manage their health information. For this, user perspectives are crucial. This study aims to assess patients' and health care providers' perspectives regarding the use of a PHR in hemophilia care in the Netherlands, required functionalities, and expectations and concerns. In this semistructured interview study, 19 pediatric and adult persons with hemophilia, parents, and women with other inherited bleeding disorders, as well as 18 health care providers working within and outside of hemophilia treatment centers, participated. Perspectives of patients and providers were explored separately. To explore requirements, participants were asked to prioritize functionalities. Participants expected a PHR would increase the transparency of health information, improve patients' understanding of their illness, and help the coordination of care between health care providers and institutions. Prioritized functionalities included the integration of relevant health information and patient-entered data. Formulated expectations and concerns focused on 4 themes: usability, safety, inclusiveness, and implementation. While patients expressed worries over medicalization (ie, more confrontational reminders of their illness), providers were concerned about an increased workload. People with hemophilia, their parents, and health care providers welcomed the development of a PHR, as they expected it would result in better coordinated care. Formulated expectations and concerns will contribute to the successful development of a PHR for persons with hemophilia, and ultimately, for all persons with a chronic condition.

IMPROVING LITERACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: UNLEASHING CRITICAL THINKING POTENTIAL

The study also found that literacy education in schools and families plays an important role in shaping individuals' critical thinking skills. Learning that involves relevant digital media and content tailored to individual needs, as well as approaches that encourage critical reflection and dialogue, can improve literacy in the digital age and critical thinking skills. Theoretical foundations that support the relationship between literacy in the digital age and critical thinking skills are explored to provide a deeper understanding of the role of literacy in the digital age. The research method used is a qualitative approach involving two groups of research subjects, namely high school students and university students. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews and surveys to obtain their views and perceptions related to literacy and critical thinking in the digital era. The results showed that increasing literacy in the digital era significantly contributed to the development of critical thinking potential in individuals. Research subjects who have higher literacy levels tend to be better able to critically analyze information, identify fake news, and critically evaluate information sources. They also have a higher awareness of the dangers of misleading information and are better able to sort out relevant information.

Artificial intelligence guided screening for cardiomyopathies in an obstetric population: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial.

Nigeria has the highest reported incidence of peripartum cardiomyopathy worldwide. This open-label, pragmatic clinical trial randomized pregnant and postpartum women to usual care or artificial intelligence (AI)-guided screening to assess its impact on the diagnosis left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in the perinatal period. The study intervention included digital stethoscope recordings with point of-care AI predictions and a 12-lead electrocardiogram with asynchronous AI predictions for LVSD. The primary end point was identification of LVSD during the study period. In the intervention arm, the primary end point was defined as the number of identified participants with LVSD as determined by a positive AI screen, confirmed by echocardiography. In the control arm, this was the number of participants with clinical recognition and documentation of LVSD on echocardiography in keeping with current standard of care. Participants in the intervention arm had a confirmatory echocardiogram at baseline for AI model validation. A total of 1,232 (616 in each arm) participants were randomized and 1,195 participants (587 intervention arm and 608 control arm) completed the baseline visit at 6 hospitals in Nigeria between August 2022 and September 2023 with follow-up through May 2024. Using the AI-enabled digital stethoscope, the primary study end point was met with detection of 24 out of 587 (4.1%) versus 12 out of 608 (2.0%) patients with LVSD (intervention versus control odds ratio 2.12, 95% CI 1.05-4.27; P = 0.032). With the 12-lead AI-electrocardiogram model, the primary end point was detected in 20 out of 587 (3.4%) versus 12 out of 608 (2.0%) patients (odds ratio 1.75, 95% CI 0.85-3.62; P = 0.125). A similar direction of effect was observed in prespecified subgroup analysis. There were no serious adverse events related to study participation. In pregnant and postpartum women, AI-guided screening using a digital stethoscope improved the diagnosis of pregnancy-related cardiomyopathy. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05438576.

Engaging Generation Z: Marketing Innovations in Islamic Boarding Schools for Sustainability

This study aims to analyze the strategy of Islamic boarding schools in marketing education amidst the onslaught of educational competition that utilizes digital technology by non-Islamic boarding school educational institutions and to find the unique marketing values of Islamic boarding schools that have made them survive until now. The approach used is qualitative with a case study type. Data collection is done through interviews, observations, and documentation. The analysis uses three interactive models: reduction, presentation, data depiction, and conclusion. The study results show that educational marketing is done by dominating social media, sharing information, activities, and achievements, and holding online registration. In addition, digital marketing is also carried out by managing websites and social media. These findings indicate that implementing a curriculum that focuses on students’ competence can be a model of adaptation for other Islamic boarding schools and influence educational marketing trends by directing strategies toward digital, increasing competitiveness, and preparing students to face future challenges. This Islamic boarding school also carries out digital content relevance in the form of graphic design training activities, applications, and creative videos and films.

Lucidity of Space and Gendered Performativity in Arabic Digital Literature

This article seeks to examine a new trend in Arabic women’s literature that not only aims to forge women’s communities but also creates resistance. Digital media is the mechanism that some Arab women authors employ to implement and foster a self-authority that acknowledges flexible identities in an age of revolutions and search for freedom. As a case study, I examine Ahlam Mosteghanemi’s Nessayne com and Rajaa Alsanea’s novel Girls of Riyadh, which originally appearing as compendiums, and Ibrahim Alsaqir’s novel Girls of Riyadh: The Complete Picture that comes as a literary response to the resistance of cultural and gender establishments. I suggest that the digital realm provides an arena for women to resist oppressing social establishments and that literary works and digital practices like Alsanea’s create spaces of and for resistance. Moreover, Alsanea’s and Mosteghanemi’s works are committed to promoting change in Arab societies, bridging the public and the private sphere by means of digital content. Arab women writers’ sites and blogs address subjects that challenge prevalent gendered structures in the Arab world, deconstruct cultural norms, give visibility and focus on the implications of gender on memory, love, masculinity and femininity, and sexuality. They do so by employing chats as a narrative technique that engages readers and women’s communities in the characters’ experiences and thereby inviting them to participate in making their work a site of challenge to gender and cultural establishments. As Alsanea’s representations of women subjectivities are uncommon and her characters defy the notion of the universality of woman as a shared gender, they are prohibited, criticized, and challenged. Those who defy gender performativity, such as Alsanea and Mosteghanemi, enact feminist resistance. The study engages with MENA gender and masculinity literature. It is also informed by Judith Butler’s notion of performativity, the construction of gender, and the demystification of the universalistic notion of “woman”.

Design and Development of Mobile Based Application for Competency Oriented Dental Education

Abstract Background: Teaching, Learning and Asssessment in Competency Based Dental Education need to be digitally captured in an user friendly manner which can be accessed by students and mentor which would be useful for continuous monitoring, periodic assessment and maintenance of a digital record. Methods: A novel customised mobile based application MSCORE© developed for competency oriented dental training among undergraduate interns of an institute. Initial perception on the use of the application was recorded using a questionnaire from the entire batch of interns. Factor Analysis was done to check the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Results: From the 30-item questionnaire, factor analysis extracted four aforementioned factors and reliability was found for 22 questions. Sixty-three percent of students felt that the application is easy to learn. Overall high scores were recorded for 71% of the students. Eighty-five percent of the students scored high on the suitability of the task. Seventy three scored the high on the satisfaction scale. However, advantages over existing written methods scored high only among 49% of the students. Conclusions: Mobile application-based mentoring, monitoring and assessment can be a better alternative to conventional models as it was found to demonstrate good perception by the digital natives of the present generation.

Formation of Future Teachers’ Digital Literacy in the Digital Educational Environment of a Pedagogical College

In the era of digital transformation of education, the roles and functions of the teacher are changing, there is a need to update the skills to adapt to new technologies, integrate digital tools into the educational process, develop digital literacy and digital competencies. In this regard, the article updates the problem of training modern teachers who are digitally literate and are able to effectively use digital resources to enrich the educational experience of students. The authors have developed and presented a structural and functional model for the formation of digital literacy of a future teacher, which includes a digital educational environment based on the introduction and use of digital educational content, various digital technologies, and specialized equipment for the educational process. It has been revealed that for the greatest effect of implementing the presented model, it is necessary to use active and interactive methods and forms of learning when integrating formal, non-formal and informal education within the digital educational environment. The study was conducted with students of the following specialties: Preschool education, Special preschool education, Teaching in primary grades, Pedagogy of additional education. The article presents the experience of developing digital skills, which are part of digital literacy, among future teachers within the framework of the modern digital educational environment of a pedagogical college, where today the learning process is built taking into account the requirements of modern standards and on the basis of PBL of the federal project “Professionalitet”. The results of the study made it possible to highlight the main aspects of the effective implementation of digital technologies in the learning process of students as future teachers in the digital educational environment of a pedagogical college and showed an improvement in the dynamics of the formation of digital literacy levels among future teachers. Keywords: digital literacy, digital educational environment, digital educational content, future teacher, pedagogical college

Experiment and simulation study on transfer phenomena and performance optimization of MgH2 based hydrogen storage reactors

This paper investigated the heat transfer phenomenon and enhancement mechanism in MgH2 based hydrogen storage reactors, aiming to optimize the heat and mass transfer resistance and reaction kinetics issues encountered in practical applications of the hydrogen storage materials. The powdered MgH2 hydrogen storage material and its compacted disks were prepared to study the thermophysical properties and hydrogen absorption/desorption characteristics. For the disk prepared by composite 5 wt% EG under a compression pressure of 100 MPa, its axial and radial thermal conductivity can be as high as 2.53 and 2.03 W/(m·K), respectively, and the average hydrogen absorption rate within 1000 s is 17.2% faster than that of the powder material when applied in reactors. To gain a better understanding of the influence of the material properties, and operating conditions on the heat transfer and reaction performance inside the reactor, mathematical models for the heat and mass transfer and reaction processes of the reactor were established. Simulation results revealed the coupling mechanism of heat transfer and reaction within the storage reactor, and showed that the increased thermal conductivity and hydrogen absorption pressure can further accelerate absorption process. When the thermal conductivity increases from 2 to 10 W/(m·K) and the absorption pressure increases from 1 to 1.8 MPa, the average hydrogen absorption rate can increase by 79.4% and 42.2%, respectively.

AR/VR and MicroLED Displays—What Is Real?

AbstractDevelopments promise to transform how we interact with digital content and reshape the display industry landscape in the years to come.

Examining the digital skills of nursing students: the power of information for problem-solving

Our society is undergoing digital change. Dealing with digital technologies has become a daily practice. Many healthcare facilities are implementing digital technologies. Nurses are placed in a strategic position to be the leader of the digital healthcare workforce. Nursing students are more exposed to this technological advancement as they are future professional nurses. This study aimed to examine how information-processing and exchanging skills in digital spaces affect digital problem-solving skills among nursing students. The Bayesian mindsponge framework (BMF) was used as a conceptual framework. This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design. The population was all nursing students in two private nursing institutions located in Bangkok, Thailand (n=476) and Surabaya, Indonesia (n=179). Samples were the total population. Self-developed instrument was used in data collection. Data analysis used BMF analytics. The majority were females aged 20-22 years old who use smartphones and tablets daily. The information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces were positively associated with digital problem-solving skills among nursing students (MInformationProcess=0.30 and SDInformationProcess=0.05; MInformationExchange=0.37, and SDInformationExchange=0.05). More efforts are needed to improve nursing students’ problem-solving skills by using digital content, for instance, by modifying the information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces. Collaborative learning methods should be promoted in order to support the creation of conducive environment for supporting knowledge or information-exchanging behavior among nursing students by using digital technology.

MINDS

Context. The majority of young stars form in multiple systems, the properties of which can significantly impact the evolution of any circumstellar disks. Aims. We investigate the physical and chemical properties of the equal-mass, small-separation (~66 milliarcsecond, ~9 au) binary system DF Tau. Previous spatially resolved observations indicate that only DF Tau A has a circumstellar disk, while DF Tau B does not, as concluded by a lack of accretion signatures and a near-infrared excess. Methods. We present JWST-MIRI MRS observations of DF Tau. The MIRI spectrum shows emission from a forest of H2O lines and emission from CO, C2H2, HCN, CO2, and OH. Local thermodynamic equilibrium slab models were used to determine the properties of the gas. The binary system is not spatially or spectrally resolved in the MIRI observations; therefore, we analyzed high spatial and spectral resolution observations from ALMA, VLTI-GRAVITY, and IRTF-iSHELL to aid in the interpretation of the molecular emission observed with JWST. Results. The 1.3 mm ALMA observations show two equal-brightness sources of compact (R ≲ 3 au) continuum emission that are detected at high significance, with separations consistent with astrometry from VLTI-GRAVITY and movement consistent with the known orbital parameters of the system. We interpret this as a robust detection of the disk around DF Tau B, which we suggest may host a small (~1 au) cavity; such a cavity would reconcile all of the observations of this source. In contrast, the disk around DF Tau A is expected to be a full disk, and spatially and spectrally resolved dust and gas emission traced by ground-based infrared observations point to hot, close-in (≲0.2 au) material around this star. High-temperature emission (~500–1000 K) from H2O, HCN, and potentially C2H2 in the MIRI data likely originates in the disk around DF Tau A, while a cold H2O component (≲200 K) with an extended emitting area is consistent with an origin from both disks. Conclusions. Given the unique characteristics of this binary pair, complementary observations are critical for constraining the properties of these disks. Despite the very compact outer disk properties, the inner disk composition and the conditions of the DF Tau disks are remarkably similar to those of isolated systems, suggesting that neither the outer disk evolution nor the close binary nature are driving factors in setting the inner disk chemistry in this system. However, constraining the geometry of the disk around DF Tau B, via higher angular resolution ALMA observations for instance, would provide additional insight into the properties of the mid-infrared gas emission observed with MIRI. JWST observations of spatially resolved binaries, at a range of separations, will be important for understanding the impact of binarity on inner disk chemistry more generally.

Analysis of The Digital Extension Content of The Central Administration of Agricultural Extension and Environment Website, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt

Analysis of The Digital Extension Content of The Central Administration of Agricultural Extension and Environment Website, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt

Content Automation in Marketing Research: A Bibliometric Analysis using VOSviewer

Objectives: This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of content automation in marketing research using bibliometric analysis spanning 20 years from 2004 to 2024. The primary influential factors, topics, and areas of research were analyzed to determine future research paths. Methods/Analysis: Sample selection and data collection were conducted using the Scopus database. The initial dataset was adjusted by applying certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final dataset consisting of 149 articles in the RIS format was loaded into the VOSviewer program to perform a bibliometric analysis. Findings: The results revealed key findings, including the highest citation-counting papers, the most common research format, the research field, the year of publication, collaboration countries, the journal, prominent authors, popular themes, areas for further investigation, and the intellectual framework of current research on the topic. Novelty/ Improvement:Four areas were identified for future research: marketing automation as digital commerce content marketing, artificial intelligence for digital marketing transformation, automation and optimization for personalized advertising content, and automatic knowledge discovery. The temporal development of these issues was also examined to offer valuable insights into the changing focus of academic interest over time and establish a foundation for future investigations. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-019 Full Text: PDF

Classification of Premature Ventricular Contractions in Athletes During Routine Preparticipation Exams.

Large-scale data on incidental premature ventricular contraction (PVC) prevalence and morphologies have been lacking, leaving many providers without guidance on further cardiac testing for patients with incidental PVCs on ECG. Athletes offer an intriguing cohort to understand the clinical significance, prevalence, and common morphologies of incidental PVCs because they often undergo ECG screening during preparticipation exams. Digital ECGs were obtained from 10 728 screened athletes aged 14 to 35 years during mass screenings in schools and professional sports teams between 2014 and 2021. A retrospective analysis of ECGs with PVCs was performed using the simultaneous display of frontal (limb) and horizontal (precordial) plane leads. PVCs were coded for morphology and categorized as benign or nonbenign using recommended criteria. Twenty-six athletes (0.24%) were found to have at least 1 PVC. Among these, 50% were female, 65% were White, 8% were Asian, 4% were Hispanic, and 23% were Black. Nineteen of the 26 (73%) ECGs had PVCs with a left bundle branch block pattern compared with 7 (27%) with a right bundle branch block pattern. Twenty-four ECGs (96%) had PVCs with benign patterns, including 18 with right ventricular outflow tract, 5 with left anterior fascicle, and 2 with left posterior fascicle morphology. There is a low prevalence of PVCs on routine ECG screening of young athletes, and most PVCs are of benign morphology in this population. This study highlights the value of using digital ECG recorders with simultaneous lead display to guide decision-making about further cardiac testing and referrals in young athletes with PVCs. Using our results and review of the literature, we propose methods and algorithms of PVC evaluation on screening ECGs to help guide many providers with risk stratification and decision-making about further cardiac testing and electrophysiology referrals in young athletes with PVCs.

From Clicks to Calm: Investigating the Link Between Mindfulness and Digital Hoarding Behavior Among Chinese Youth.

Digital hoarding refers to the continuous acquisition of digital content and the difficulty in disposing of it. This behavior is increasingly common among today's youth. This study aims to explore the impact of mindfulness on digital hoarding behavior, investigating self-control as a mediator and upward social comparison via social media as a moderator. A total of 956 young individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. The research instruments used included the Mindfulness Measure, the Self-Control Scale, the Social Comparison Scale, and the Digital Hoarding Behavior Questionnaire. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. For more complex analyses, we examined the mediating role of self-control and the moderating effects of upward social comparison via social media in the relationship between mindfulness and digital hoarding behavior. 1) Mindfulness significantly negatively predicted digital hoarding. 2) Self-control mediated the relationship between mindfulness and digital hoarding. 3) Upward social comparison via social media moderated the relationship between mindfulness and self-control, specifically the first segment of the mediation pathway. This research is pioneering in exploring mindfulness as a protective factor against digital hoarding, offering fresh insights into this nascent field. The findings also suggest prevention and intervention strategies for digital information management disorder in young people.

More than meets the eye: Augmented reality in surgical oncology.

In the field of surgical oncology, there has been a desire for innovative techniques to improve tumor visualization, resection, and patient outcomes. Augmented reality (AR) technology superimposes digital content onto the real-world environment, enhancing the user's experience by blending digital and physical elements. A thorough examination of AR technology in surgical oncology has yet to be performed. A scoping review of intraoperative AR in surgical oncology was conducted according to the guidelines and recommendations of The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyzes Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework. All original articles examining the use of intraoperative AR during surgical management of cancer were included. Exclusion criteria included virtual reality applications only, preoperative use only, fluorescence, AR not specific to surgical oncology, and study design (reviews, commentaries, abstracts). A total of 2735 articles were identified of which 83 were included. Most studies (52) were performed on animals or phantom models, while the remaining included patients. A total of 1112 intraoperative AR surgical cases were performed across the studies. The most common anatomic site was brain (20 articles), followed by liver (16), renal (9), and head and neck (8). AR was most often used for intraoperative navigation or anatomic visualization of tumors or critical structures but was also used to identify osteotomy or craniotomy planes. AR technology has been applied across the field of surgical oncology to aid in localization and resection of tumors.

Assessment of the Need for Designing an Interactive Educational Tool on Exophytic Lesions of the Oral Mucosa.

Introduction This study sought to evaluate the necessity of creating an interactive educational resource for instructing dental students on oral exophytic lesions. It also aimed to determine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to assess the quality of educational software tailored to these lesions. Materials and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 102 dental students from Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, who had completed the theoretical course on oral exophytic lesions. A paper questionnaire, including 23 items, assessed their clinical knowledge, the efficacy and limitations of existing educational resources, and the need for interactive electronic courseware (e-courseware). The questionnaire's validity and reliability were evaluated through expert feedback and statistical measures (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha). Results Students' answers to the seven items about evaluating their clinical diagnosis knowledge of oral exophytic lesions were between four and five items correct on average. This finding indicated that students' overall skill in diagnosing exophytic lesions was poor to moderate.The study highlighted a moderate level of self-assessed clinical ability in diagnosing oral exophytic lesions among students (62.7%), with a preference for textbooks and color atlases as primary information sources. The disadvantages of existing electronic resources were noted, alongside a strong student consensus (88.23%) on the need for interactive e-courseware featuring comprehensive, visually engaging content for differential diagnosis education. The reliability and validity analyses of the questionnaire underscored its appropriateness for assessing educational needs. In this regard, ICC for the usability of scientific context, training ability, and interaction was 0.92, 0.73, and 0.82, respectively. Also, Cronbach's alpha score was at 0.90. Conclusion The research underscores a significant gap in dental students' knowledge and diagnostic skills regarding oral exophytic lesions. It emphasizes the critical need for an innovative, interactive educational tool that aligns with contemporary students' digital learning preferences. The envisioned e-courseware would facilitate self-learning and address current resources' limitations, potentially transforming dental education by enhancing clinical diagnostic skills through accessible, effective, and engaging digital content.

Development and Initial Pilot Evaluation of a Psychoeducational Intervention for Individuals at High Risk for Pancreatic Cancer.

To develop and determine the acceptability of a group-based digital health psychoeducational intervention aimed at reducing cancer worry based on acceptance and commitment therapy for individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer. 13 individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer with a genetic variant or family history. Three groups met virtually for one hour each week for four weeks. These sessions provided psychoeducational materials. Digital resources provided mindfulness and educational content. Reported measurements included qualitative responses and participant-reported acceptability. All participants found the sessions to be useful and would recommend them to others. Recommendations from the first two groups included requests to access the content provided during the remote sessions, contributing to the creation of digital content for the third group. Individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer can benefit from psychoeducation to reduce cancer worry, which can be accomplished through digital psychoeducational interventions.

Beyond distribution: The critical role of content tracking

In the dynamic landscape of digital asset management (DAM), managing the life cycle of digital assets extends beyond mere storage and retrieval. This paper emphasises the critical importance of content tracking for safeguarding brand integrity and compliance. It outlines the complexities involved in managing digital assets, from pre-production to postdistribution, highlighting the necessity of tracking usage rights and expiration dates across various platforms and geographies. The piece explores advanced technologies such as visual matching and rights management systems that use artificial intelligence to automate tracking and compliance analysis, thereby mitigating legal risks and enhancing operational efficiency. The paper discusses practical scenarios where content tracking is indispensable, such as managing expiring content, avoiding rights violations and maintaining brand consistency during rebranding efforts. It concludes that in a world where digital content predominates, a robust content tracking system integrated with a DAM system is essential for maintaining control over digital assets and ensuring their compliant and effective use. This not only protects the brand but also optimises content performance, ultimately contributing to the brand’s market success.

Advanced digital competency assessment of vocational teachers': A new approach based on fuzzy-analytical hierarcy process

<p>Teachers need digital competence to adapt easily to the current digital era. This study tries to discover the perceptions of vocational high school (VHS) teachers in Indonesia related to advanced digital competencies, which include information, communication, content creation, digital security, and problem-solving competencies. The multi-criteria Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) problem-solving method is used to rank the priority digital competencies that are most mastered by the respondents, and then their performance is validated by the fuzzy AHP artificial intelligence-based method. A poll was conducted with 392 respondents, with the research instrument adopting the digital competency measurement platform from DigComp. The study's results show that the fuzzy AHP method has proven that the classical AHP method is a very good way to prioritize VHS teachers' digital skills based on several factors. The two methods gave almost identical results in determining the priority order of VHS teacher digital competencies. The survey results reveal that VHS teachers in Indonesia must immediately develop their skills in terms of digital content creation and digital security. Teachers, teacher professional organizations, and decision-makers are expected to use the findings of this study as a reference in implementing VHS teacher digital competency improvement trainings.</p>