Compact Disk Read Only Memory Research Articles

Moving Toward Seamless Interinstitutional Electronic Image Transfer.

There is universal agreement that the retirement of medical image transfer via compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROMs) and other physical media is long overdue, especially in a world where it is almost impossible to purchase a new computer with a CD-ROM reader. It is embarrassing that medicine’s most technologically advanced specialty continues to rely on antiquated technology like CD-ROMs and facsimile machines to transfer information essential to radiology workflow and patient care. Despite the efforts of radiology’s leading specialty society initiatives such as Image Share and #DitchtheDisk, the response from industry leaders and the overall diagnostic imaging market has been slow to adopt modern image-sharing standards and interoperability.

Bachelor of Education Teacher Trainees’ Information Evaluating Ability and Utilization of E-resources at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

Utilization of e-resources by Bachelor of Education Teacher Trainee exposes the learner to up-to-the minute information in multimedia format such as Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) databases, e-journals, institutional digital resources and video recordings among other resources. To benefit from accessing quality information from e-resources, trainees are supposed to evaluate resources. However, there have been complaints from library staff and faculty that trainees of the University of Nairobi were inadequately inducted on evaluation of e-resources. The trainees hardly utilize e-resources while experiencing difficulties in evaluating sources for quality. The study examined trainees’ evaluating ability. The objective of the study was to establish trainees’ evaluating ability and utilization of e-resources. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Stratified random sampling was used to identify 370 teacher trainees and data was collected using questionnaires, interview guides and document analysis guide. Validity was ascertained using the faculty involved in teacher training processes. The instrument demonstrated high internal consistency (>.90) using test-retest method. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to establish the relationship between trainees evaluating ability and utilization of e-resources. The findings revealed a significant statistical association between trainees’ evaluating ability and utilization of e-resources. The study recommended that a policy be formulated at the University of Nairobi requesting trainees to attend information literacy sessions conducted by the library. The trainees should be taught evaluation criteria to improve learners’ practices of assessing accuracy, currency, objectivity, coverage and authority of information that support academic tasks. Replication of a longitudinal study should be undertaken to monitor trainees’ evaluating ability from first year to fourth year.

Metal-coated plastics recycling by pulsed electric discharge

Recycling of useful materials such as metals and plastics are evaluated important from the viewpoint of resource conservation and environmental protection. In this respect, the application of pulsed power technology to the recycling field has attracted considerable attention. We used a compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) as a separation processing target in this study. A magnetic pulse compression pulsed power generator (MPC-PPG) was designed and constructed to provide a positive pulse voltage. By applying an electric discharge, the protective layer containing the metal layer was separated from the plastic substrate in the atmospheric air. Here, to clarify the mechanism of the metal separation, shock waves and their induced fluid flow generation and propagation were observed by schlieren and shadowgraph visualization methods. Initially, the Mach number of the shock wave was 5.6, soon afterward the shock wave velocity decreased gradually. The fragments of the metal and the protective layers were removed from the plastic substrate with the shock wave propagation. The proposed method and process is applicable to the recycling of electronic wastes on an industrial scale for efficient recovery of valuable materials.

Reading bits on a CD‐ROM without a photodiode

The authors demonstrate that the bits of a Compact Disc – Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) can be read without aphotodiode (PD). A commercial CD-ROM drive was used and left unmodified except a beam splitter was removed which wouldroute the light to a PD. This allowed for the reflected light to be incident on the laser within the laser package itself. Bymonitoring fluctuations in the voltage across the laser diode under constant-current injection, it was possible to read andinterpret the bits from a spinning CD-ROM

Efficacy of e-technologies in improving breastfeeding outcomes among perinatal women: a meta-analysis.

A growing line of research has highlighted that e-technologies may play a promising role in improving breastfeeding outcomes. The objective of this review was to synthesise the best of available evidence by conducting a meta-analysis to evaluate whether e-technologies have had any effect in improving breastfeeding outcomes among perinatal women. The review was conducted using nine electronic databases to search for English-language research studies from 2007 to 2014. A 'risk of bias' table was used to assess methodological quality. Meta-analysis was performed with the RevMan software. The Q test and I(2) test was used to assess the heterogeneity. The test of overall effect was assessed using z-statistics at P < 0.05. Of 1842 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 16 experimental studies were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Half of the selected studies had a low risk of bias, from which a total of 5505 women in six countries in these studies were included. Meta-analyses revealed that e-technologies significantly improved exclusive breastfeeding initiation (z = 6.90, P < 0.00001), exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks (z = 2.12, P = 0.03) and 6 months (z = 3.2, P = 0.001), breastfeeding attitude (z = 3.01, P = 0.003) and breastfeeding knowledge (z = 4.54, P = < 0.00001) in subgroup analyses. This review provides support for the development of web-based, texting messaging, compact disc read-only memory, electronic prompts and interactive computer agent interventions for promoting and supporting breastfeeding.

The effectiveness of internet-based e-learning on clinician behavior and patient outcomes: a systematic review protocol.

Review question/objective The objective of this systematic review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence for the effectiveness of internet-based e-learning programs on health care professional behavior and patient outcomes. Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies whose participants were Health care professionals in any health care context. For the purpose of this review, a Health care professionals will be any individual who requires a degree qualification to practice in their respective field Types of intervention(s) This review will consider studies that evaluated an internet-based e-learning program. For the purposes of this review internet-based e-learning programs are defined as any asynchronous educational intervention that is mediated electronically via the internet. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include the following outcome measures: • Impact on clinician behavior measured using objectively administered evaluation criteria • Impact on patient outcomes measured using objectively administered evaluation criteria For the purposes of this review, impact on clinician behavior is defined as the degree to which the intervention influenced their ability to perform the skill for which the intervention was designed. For the purposes of this review, impact on patient outcomes is defined as the degree to which patients’ health care outcomes were affected (either positively or negatively) as a result of the intervention.

The Magic of Optical Memories

Optical memory in the form of compact discs is ever increasing inpopularity throughout the world. Two variations are Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD ROM) and Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-I). CD ROM is well-suited to information storage in the form of text. CD-I is not in the production yet but will be capable of text, graphics, video still frames, and audio at three different quality levels. Education is not the target market for CD ROM or CD-I. Nevertheless, both CD ROM and CD-I can be a great boon to language education and will find their place in the education market.

Cyber Portfolio: The Innovative Menu for 21st Century Technology

Cyber portfolio is a valuable innovative menu for teachers who seek out strategies or methods to integrate technology into their lessons. This paper presents a straightforward preparation on how to innovate a menu that addresses the 21st century skills blended with higher order thinking skills, multiple intelligence, technology and multimedia. Specifically, this cyber portfolio is an administrative tool that manages, organizes, displays and evaluates the e-portfolio of students. Additionally, through cyber portfolio, these e-portfolios or the digitized collection of students’ outputs (e.g., text-based, word-processed documents, graphics, videos or multimedia elements, and other e-resources) are easily archived on a Website or other electronic media, such as a CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) or DVD (digital video disc). With cyber portfolio, teachers can control and easily navigate to the various works of their students as well as track student’s e-portfolio. In short, the cyber portfolio provides teachers with a menu or a set of choices that increase their capabilities in using the latest technology while improving their students’ abilities to communicate the value of their work. Moreover, this paper, discusses the “hows” of developing a cyber portfolio as an innovative menu that speeds up the teaching-learning process and blends classroom activities with latest technology available in the Internet. Finally, some conclusions on the effective utilization of cyber portfolio as a public table in showcasing students’ individual achievements are also presented.

Library Digitization - A Panacea for Educational Development in Nigeria

The need for development of education in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Digital library - a collection of documents in organized electronic form, available on the internet or on CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory) remains a veritable instrument for engendering formidable transformation of the Nigerian decaying educational system. The traditional/conventional physical library, although provides a basis for the digital library, does not possess the required speed that could position Nigeria on a platform that could enable it compete favourably with other nations of the world in the area of knowledge acquisition, preservation and dissemination. In this paper, effort is made to examine the place of digital libraries in the development of education in Nigeria. In order to appropriately tackle the challenges of library digitization identified in the paper, it was recommended amongst others that all stakeholders should be active players in the entire process of establishing and sustaining them. Librarians should begin to foresee the added roles library digitization will impose on them in an attempt to build the library for tomorrow and begin to develop themselves for such tasks. There is need to incorporate library digitization as a specialization in Nigerian library school curriculum.

E-learning technologies and adult education in Nigeria

The internet has proved to be one of the greatest learning resources available in the 21st Century. Modern education is becoming progressively more dynamic. Internet has helped man to see the other part of the world at the click of a mouse. Various forms of instructional technologies such as the overhead projector, opaque projector, filmstrip and slide projectors, radio and television to mention but a few have been used as media in instructional process. In recent times, e-learning emerged as the fastest means by which one can teach and learn online. This paper explores the concept of e-learning. It outlined and discussed the needed e-learning resources for the usage of academic adult educators. Some of them are computer, compact disc, read-only-memory (CD-ROM) packages, videophone system and digital library. It enumerated the benefits of e-learning to academic adult educators such as collaborative studies, virtual library. It recommends among other things that the government of Nigeria should provide computerized/digital libraries for accessibility of information in the internet. Key words: Nigeria, adult education, e-learning, learner.

Computer Assisted Language Learning in Spanish Elementary School Foreign Language Classrooms: The Role of CD-ROMs

A recent review of Spanish language-learning software is compared with a look back at a 1992 study (Schrier and Fast) which focused on the use of CD-ROMs (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory) in the foreign language in elementary school (FLES) classroom. Findings from a survey of technology use in Spanish FLES classrooms and FLES classroom observations illuminate the issues and concerns today, including the types of technology that Spanish teachers incorporate in their lessons and the types they avoid. Despite the continued production of software by textbook manufacturers and educational learning companies, Spanish FLES teachers maintain that CD-ROMs are not helpful in their teaching.

CD roms and multimedia projector as complimentary educational technology in teaching music in colleges of education in Nigeria

This paper examines the potentials of utilizing Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) and the multimedia projector as complimentary educational technology for teaching music in colleges of education in Nigeria. While recognizing the problem of ineffective methods of teaching in Nigeria's educational system, the study highlights the advantages which both selected technologies would bring to the world of teaching and learning music in Nigerian higher institutions as a whole and teacher education in particular. It went on to provide useful and practical steps on how any music teacher who desires a positive and radical change in his/her approach to teaching could explore these potentials to achieve the desired results. Far-reaching and practicable recommendations, which include promotion and procurement of new technologies, acquisition of skills and their utilization by individuals and various educational institutions as well as the role of government in adequately funding higher education were also made. Nigerian Music Review Vol. 6 2005: pp. 89-94

Molecular markers in epidemiological monitoring of the spread of resistance to antimalarials: a review.

To review the prevalence and distribution of resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine combination and the use of molecular markers for monitoring the spread of the resistance. Literature search on compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), Medline and Internet, using the key words: Malaria and epidemiology, malaria and resistance, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance and chloroquine resistance. Some articles were manually reviewed. Relevant studies or articles on resistance to chloroquine, sulphadoxine pyrimethamine combination and other antimalarials and molecular resistance markers from various sources are included in the review. From individual study or articles. Information on antimalarial resistance is harmonised under the headings; Introduction, Prevalence and distribution of resistance to antimalarials, Use of molecular markers for epidemiological monitoring of antimalarial resistance. The spread and status of resistance to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and chloroquine should be monitored constantly in major health facilities. This will not only detect the emergence of resistance to these drugs but also generate information on the extent of resistance to these antimalarials. Mutations in the dhfr and dhps genes can be used as markers in SP resistance surveilance while the presence of pfcrt mutations thought to confer resistance should also be analysed to ascertain whether they truly correlate to the resistance patterns that have been observed in various malarious regions. Little is known on the interaction and exact role(s) of PfCRT protein in conferring the resistance trait.

Minimising antibiotic resistance to Staphylococcus aureus in developing countries.

To assess the role of rational drug use and laboratory service in preventing the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in developing countries. Literature search on compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) Medline and Internet using the key words: Staphylococcus and antibiotic resistance. A few articles were manually reviewed. Relevant studies or articles on antibiotic resistance with special reference to Eastern Africa, region are included in the review. From individual studies or articles. Evidence for the spread of S. aureus multiple antibiotic resistance is synchronized under the headings: Introduction, current situation, antibiotic resistance control strategies, are outlined. There is need for concerted efforts between different groups to monitor changes in the epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus. Strategies aimed at preventing transmission of resistant strains are remarkably effective when strictly enforced. Necessary attention should be given on the subject so that meaningful control measures preventing the expansion of antimicrobial resistance can be formulated, thereby ensuring the future successful treatment of Staphylococcal infections.

Nosocomial infections in developing countries: cost effective control and prevention.

To review the efficient and cost-effective preventive, control and surveillance measures that could be employed against nosocomial infections in developing countries. Literature search on compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), Medline and Internet, using the key words: nosocomial infection, prevention and control, use of antibiotics and use of computers. Some articles were manually reviewed. Relevant studies or articles on nosocomial infections in developing and developed countries were included in the review. From individual studies or articles. Information on nosocomial infections from developing and developed countries with some emphasis on Kenya is synchronized under the headings; introduction, historical background of nosocomial infections. Current situation of nosocomial infections and predisposing factors, nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance, consequences of nosocomial infections, hospital infection control programme and use of computers in nosocomial infection surveillance, and the cost benefit of infection prevention and control programme. Nosocomial infections may be contained more effectively by having an infection prevention and control programme. Computer-assisted epidemiological surveillance appears to be the most important aspect of monitoring infection control programmes, and to identify changes in risk factors that can increase the infection rate. Even minimally, effective infection control programmes are cost-effective. For the war against nosocomial infections to be won, the whole exercise should be handled as a global project with significant inputs from developing countries.

Fabrication of Beam-rotating Actuator for Multiple-beam Disk Drive

Current trends in computer and communication industries are towards increasingly higher resolution images and video processing techniques. However, such sophisticated processing tasks require massive storage systems such as a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) and digital versatile disc (DVD). Current demands in the development of such systems are higher data density storage media and an improved data transfer rate. The latter is discussed in this paper. A multiple-beam optical disk drive is presented as a method for improving the effective data transfer rate by increasing the beam spot number formed on an optical disk. The beam-rotating actuator is necessary for positioning the multiple-beam onto more than one track. Ray tracing was also employed for the real system setup. The beam-rotating actuator is made up of piezoelectric material, a high-stiffness wire hinge and a dove prism. The actuator has an approximately 1 kHz resonance frequency and a suitable operational range. The dynamic equation for the actuator is derived for the control of the real system.

Combating cholera epidemics by targeting reservoirs of infection and transmission routes: a review.

To determine the parameters which can be investigated for prevention and effective control of cholera. Literature search on compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), medline and internet, using the key words: cholera outbreaks, and cholera transmission. A few reviews were manually reviewed. Relevant studies or articles on cholera outbreaks and transmission worldwide, with special reference to Kenya is included in the review. From individual study or articles. Information on cholera epidemics worldwide and in Kenya is synchronized under the headings; Introduction, History and predisposing factors, Current situation, Bioecology and transmission patterns, and, Use of molecular epidemiological and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in mapping out the bioecology, reservoirs and transmission routes of cholera. Cholera can be prevented and controlled more effectively at environment level. This requires a multi-disciplinary approach including poverty alleviation.

Compact Disk: A Revolutionary Storage Medium

Compact Disk Read –Only- Memory (CD-ROM),is one of the laser based mass data storage devices that came into being as a contender for an alternative to magnetic tape ,which runs into miles for the same quality of data recorded. Tremendous strides in finding applications for laser made CD-ROM a versatile medium for storage of large mass of information .CD – ROM technology which uses laser, rather than electromagnetic methods for recording and/or playback is generally known by its generic name, optical storage media.

Vibration Control of a CD-ROM Feeding System Using Electro-Rheological Mounts

This paper presents vibration control of a CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory) drive feeding system using an electro-rheological (ER) fluid mount. An appropriate size of the ER mount, which is adaptable to existing CD-ROM drive feeding system, is designed and manufactured on the basis of Bingham characteristics of an ER fluid. After verifying that damping force of the ER mount can be tuned by the intensity of electric field, the ER mount is installed to the drive feeding system. The governing equation of motion is then derived, and a skyhook controller is designed to effectively control unwanted vibration caused from external excitation. The controller is incorporated with the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) methodology, and vibration control performances are evaluated in both frequency and time domains.

Position tracking control of an optical pick-up device using piezoceramic actuator

This paper proposes a piezoactuator-driven optical pick-up for compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) drive in order to achieve fine motion control of objective lens. The dynamic model of the proposed optical pick-up consisting of piezoceramic bimorph, wire suspension and objective lens is derived from Hamilton’s principle. A state-space control model is subsequently formulated by considering hysteresis behavior of the piezoactuator and frequency variation of the device as uncertainties. A sliding-mode controller, which is known to be robust to system uncertainties is designed for fine motion tracking control of the objective lens in vertical direction (focusing). The controller is then experimentally realized and position-tracking responses of the optical pick-up are presented in time domain. In addition, control durability is demonstrated by showing favorable tracking performance of a sinusoidal trajectory up to 8000 cycles of operation.