Compact Density Research Articles

Effectiveness of nano dust enhanced with pirimiphos-methyl in controlling Sitophilus oryzae on wheat grain

The bioefficacy of several inert materials, such as Diatomaceous earth (DE), bentonite, and biochar enhanced with pirimiphos-methyl against Sitophilus oryzae, was used to evaluate the insecticidal activity of three new formulations using the technique of mixing with grain. DE was the most effective material (LC50 3.198 g/kg), followed by biochar LC50 3.709 g/kg, whereas bentonite was the least effective (LC50 3. 979 g/kg). The three materials were loaded with pirimiphos-methyl (0.5%). The formula of Pirimiphos-methyl with DE reported the highest significant effect compared to the other two formulations, with an LC50 value of 0.082 g/kg. DE formula had a co-toxicity coefficient value that was 6.46 times greater than pirimiphos-methyl, followed by the biochar formula, which was 1.74 times more effective, and the bentonite formula, which had a 0.69-fold increase in activity. In the laboratory examination of the wheat’s free and compact bulk densities after being treated with LC50s of each dust material, DE slightly affected wheat-free bulk density. Still, both bentonite and biochar reduced the free bulk density. However, all the tested materials decreased in compact bulk density. The germination percentages of wheat treated with LC50 values of DE and bentonite and biochar after 10 days of storage revealed no significant difference between treated and untreated seeds after 7 days of germination.

Empirical phenotyping and genome-wide association study reveal the association of panicle architecture with yield in Chenopodium quinoa.

Chenopodium quinoa manifests adaptability to grow under varying agro-climatic scenarios. Assessing quinoa germplasm's phenotypic and genetic variability is a prerequisite for introducing it as a potential candidate in cropping systems. Adaptability is the basic outcome of ecological genomics of crop plants. Adaptive variation predicted with a genome-wide association study provides a valuable basis for marker-assisted breeding. Hence, a panel of 72 quinoa plants was phenotyped for agro morphological attributes and association-mapping for distinct imperative agronomic traits. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to assess genetic relatedness and population structure. Heatmap analysis showed three genotypes were early maturing, and six genotypes were attributed for highest yield. The SD-121-07 exhibited highest yield per plant possessing green, glomerulate shaped, compact density panicle with less leaves. However, SJrecm-03 yielded less exhibiting pink, intermediate shape, intermediate density panicles with less leaves. The phenotyping revealed strong correlation of panicle architecture with yield in quinoa. A genome-wide association study unraveled the associations between ISSR makers and agro-morphological traits. Mixed linear modes analysis yielded nine markers associated with eight traits at p ≤ 0.01. Moreover, ISSR markers significantly associated with panicle shape and leafiness were also associated with yield per plant. These findings contribute to the provision of authenticity for marker-assisted selection that ultimately would support quinoa breeding programs.

Influence of powder ball milling pretreatment on microstructure and properties of Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys sintered in a normal-pressure hydrogen atmosphere

In this work, the effect of powder ball milling pretreatment on the microstructure and properties of the Mo-30W-20Cu (mass fraction) refractory functional alloys sintered in normal-pressure H2 is investigated systematically. The results indicate that a moderate milling can obviously refine the particle size of the Mo-30W-20Cu composite powder, largely contributing to the sintering densification and thermo-physical property improvement. In contrast, an excess milling instead causes reaggregation of plastic Cu particles, negatively influencing the following compact densification and the property improvement. The composition analysis shows that there is a strong compositional inheritance correlation between the pretreated powders and the corresponding bulk alloys. Besides, the experimental and the calculated results of the thermal and electrical conductivities of the sintered alloys are compared, and they show a similar trend with milling time varying. This work can provide valuable theoretical and technological insights for preparation of high-performance Mo-W-Cu refractory functional alloys.

Influence of matrix materials on the stability of weakly layered rock slopes

In this study, a novel matrix material was developed by blending powdery clay (PC) with varying proportions of diatomaceous earth (DE) and straw, aiming to enhance the mechanical stability and ability of the water cycle of the materials. The unconsolidated-undrained triaxial, compaction, and infiltration tests were conducted to assess the mechanical characteristics of PC containing different ratios of DE and straw. The findings revealed that the addition of straw and DE enhanced soil permeability, as their quantities increased. However, when both DE and straw were mixed with the matrix soil at similar content levels, a decrease in the permeability coefficient was observed. Additionally, the results indicated a decrease in maximum compacted density with an increase in the proportions of straw and DE. When the straw content was below 50% and the DE content was below 40%, a rapid decrease in density was observed. In contrast, when the straw content exceeded 50% and the DE content exceeded 40%, the rate of density reduction decreased. Considering water cycle and mechanical stability comprehensively, the optimal soil matrix ratios are recommended as 50% PC, 40% DE content, and 10% straw. At this ratio, the cohesion specimen reaches its maximum value at approximately 42.83 kPa. Therefore, the appropriate selection of matrix materials in slope projects can enhance drainage performance, shearing strength, and slope stability, effectively reducing the likelihood of slope disasters.

Unique insights into the design of low-strain single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes with superior cycling stability

Micro-sized single-crystalline Ni-rich cathodes are emerging as prominent candidates owing to their larger compact density and higher safety compared with poly-crystalline counterparts, yet the uneven stress distribution and lattice oxygen loss result in the intragranular crack generation and planar gliding. Herein, taking LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 as an example, an optimal particle size of 3.7 µm is predicted by simulating the stress distributions at various states of charge and their relationship with fracture free-energy, and then, the fitted curves of particle size with calcination temperature and time are further built, which guides the successful synthesis of target-sized particles (m-NCM83) with highly ordered layered structure by a unique high-temperature short-duration pulse lithiation strategy. The m-NCM83 significantly reduces strain energy, Li/O loss, and cationic mixing, thereby inhibiting crack formation, planar gliding, and surface degradation. Accordingly, the m-NCM83 exhibits superior cycling stability with highly structural integrity and dual-doped m-NCM83 further shows excellent 88.1% capacity retention.

High Volumetric Energy Density LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials Synthesized by Dodecyl Polyglucoside-Assisted Glucose-Polyethylene Glycol Composite Carbon Source

Abstract High volumetric energy density LiFePO4/C cathode materials were synthesized by wet ball milling, spray drying, and carbothermal reduction method using glucose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as composite carbon sources and dodecyl polyglucoside (C12APG) as a milling aid. With the introduction of C12APG during the ball milling process, the prepared cathode materials have uniform particle size (100-200 nm in diameter) and regular primary particle morphology. In addition, PEG substitutes part of glucose as a carbon source, resulting in low carbon content and high graphitization of residual carbon after high-temperature calcination. The prepared LiFePO4/C cathode materials have a high powder compaction density (2.68 g cm-3) and excellent electrochemical performance (discharged capacities of 161.2 and 141.7 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C and 5 C, and cycle retention of 98.6% for 100 cycles at 1 C/1 C). This LiFePO4/C composite was assembled into 14500-type cylindrical batteries with a compaction density of 2.62 g cm-3 for the positive electrode. The volumetric energy densities of the positive electrode were 1135.18 Wh L-1 and 918.16 Wh L-1 at 0.2 C and 5 C, respectively.

BULK DENSITY AND COMPACT BULK DENSITY OF RICE BRAN FROM VARIOUS REGENCIES MIXED WITH RICE HUSK


 
 
 Rice bran mixed with rice husk often occurs in the feed industry, as a result of scarcity of rice bran as animal feed. The aim of the study was to study the heap density and compaction density of rice bran obtained from various districts mixed with rice husk. The study was conducted experimentally using a 2-way classification design consis- ting of 4 treatments of rice bran and rice husk mixtures and 5 districts. Data were analyzed by means of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the mixture of rice bran and rice husk in various districts showed significant differences (P<0.05). Adulteration of rice bran by rice husk can be detected by adding 60% rice husk to bulk density and 40% to compact bulk density. The value of compact bulk density is faster in detecting the adulteration of rice bran with rice husk compared to the value of bulk density. The conclusion of this study is that at the level of 40% addition of rice husk, adulteration of rice bran can be determined by measuring the compact bulk density.
 
 

Axisymmetric Pressing Problem of Discrete Metal Materials

The paper presents an analytically closed solution to the problem of axisymmetric pressing of discrete metal materials by the method of jointly solving the differential equations of equilibrium of the metal and the plasticity conditions of the porous body, taking into account all pressing factors without exception: the type and properties of the charge, loading conditions, porosity, temperature, friction, etc. The purpose of this work is to develop the foundations of the engineering theory of pressure processing of discrete materials using the example of solving the problem of axisymmetric pressing of structurally inhomogeneous metal chips in a movable closed matrix. The basis for constructing a physical and mathema-tical model of the process is the idealized case of uniform compaction of a porous body with the subsequent determination of the lateral pressure coefficient corresponding to the actual degree of compaction at various stages of loading. The resulting equation for the relationship between the stress tensor components and the yield stress and relative compaction density represents the cylindrical Mises plasticity condition, which in the limit at zero porosity transforms into the plasticity condition for compact metals. The boundary value problem is solved for tangential stresses, taking into account the magnitude and direction of action of contact friction forces, which in their physical nature do not differ from the friction forces in the depth of the pressed material. The physico-mathematical model makes it possible to calculate the stress fields and density of the body according to the coordinates of the deformation zone, as well as energy-power parameters (pressure, force, work of deformation) provided that three structural and rheological characteristics are determined: the yield strength, relative compression and the degree of deformation compaction. Due to the fact that the problem is solved in relation to bodies of rotation in a general form and in a general formulation, the solution itself should be considered as methodological for any axisymmetric loading scheme.

Evaluation of Density and Homogeneity of Three Different Root Canal Obturation Techniques: A Three –Dimensional Computed Tomography In Vitro Study

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare three dimensionally the density and homogeneity of cold lateral compaction, warm vertical compacti on and guttaflow root canal obturation techniques using computed tomography. Thirty canals of 12 mm from extracted lower single canal premolars were selected then instrumented and divided randomly into 3 groups with 10 roots in each group. Group I was obturation with cold lateral compaction technique, group II was obturated with warm vertical compaction technique and group III was obturated with guttaflow system. The specimens were then analyzed for the density and homogeneity in both vertical and hor i zontalsections in apical, middle and coronal third with 1 mm section thickness using computed tomography. The data obtained in hounsefield units were subjected to statistical analysis. In conclusionguttaflow was superior in the apical part and none of the tested obturation techniques can achieve three dimensional dense and homogenous obturation from apical to coronal parts of root.

Finite element simulation of electromagnetic axial powder compaction of SS 316 powder

Electromagnetic axial powder compaction (EMAPC) uses strong magnetic fields to compact powder metallurgy components at high speeds. Lorentz forces accelerate the punch to compact powder in EMAPC. Thus, high magnetic fields cause powder deformations in microseconds. Therefore, measuring the compact height, magnetic field distribution, and compaction velocity was difficult. No literature has reported EMAPC finite element (FE) modeling. Thus, an LS-DYNA multi-physics solver-based FE 3D model has been developed to study SS316s EMAPC. A cylindrical SS316 sample was simulated for EMAPC at various discharge energies. The powder-compressed sample's final deformation was predicted through simulation. To characterize compacted samples, sintered samples were studied for density, porosity, and microhardness. Compressed samples were microscopically examined using optical microscopy. Increased discharge energy lowers height, increases density, and microhardness. FE analysis can be used to optimize EMAPC process parameters for powder compact density and porosity.

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor Topologies Magnetic Performance Comparison

Axial flux permanent magnet motors have attracted increasing attention due to their compact topology and high torque density. Many topological variations have arisen over time; however, limited research has directly compared the differences in magnetic performance of these topologies. This paper carries out a comprehensive investigation, employing both analytical and 3D finite element analyses, to compare the magnetic performance of three topologies: yokeless and segmented armature (YASA), axial flux internal rotor (AFIR), and offset AFIR. The findings reveal that each topology offers specific advantages for different applications. The YASA topology excels in minimizing core losses; the AFIR configuration achieves the highest torque density; and the offset AFIR topology shows the highest efficiency. The offset AFIR topology appears to offer advantages for a wide array of applications due to its higher power factor and lower permanent magnet loss, leading to reduced costs for converter design and cooling system design.

The Parameters Calibration of Additive Mass Method and Its Application in Compaction Density Measurement of Soil Rock Mixtures

The additive mass method (AMM) is applied to test the compaction density of soil–rock mixtures (S–RMs) due to its high efficiency, nondestructiveness and accuracy. However, there is no systematic research on influence factor of AMM. In this study, AMM test parameters were systematically calibrated first, and a calculation model for the compaction density of S–RM was established in the test area. After that, the AMM was applied in the on‐site detection of the compaction density of an earth–rockfill dam. After calibration test, the main geophone frequency was 40 Hz, the drop distance and offset distance were 20 and 70 cm, respectively, and set the ∆m of five levels as 38, 88, 138, 213, and 288 kg. The detection error of K–K/ρ model had a better precision than the ω−2−ω−2/ρ model through on‐site testing and verification. A new calculation model with lower accuracy based on vibration stiffness–vibration stiffness/density K−K/ρ) model was proposed according to the test error distribution. It was found that the test error of the K−K/ρ model was reduced to 0.9%. The results demonstrated that the AMM could accurately detect the compaction density of S–RM after the test parameters were reasonably determined.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВНЕСЕННЯ КАРБАМІД-АМІАЧНОЇ СУМІШІ АПЛІКАТОРОМ «DRAGON» ПРИ ВИРОЩУВАННІ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ

The purpose of this research is determination of the effect of various methods of application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator from “ROPA-Ukraine” on the agrophysical and agrochemical parameters of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Materials and Methods. Field studies on the application of KAS by the DRAGON applicator were conducted in the fields of the «Ploskivske» STOV farm, village Ploske, Bilotserkiv district, Kyiv region, on winter wheat crops and were accompanied by laboratory analyses and field observations. Statistical processing of accounting data was carried out by the method of variance analysis. The scheme of the experiment provided for the introduction of liquid KAS mineral fertilizers with the DRAGON applicator on the surface of the soil (plants) and into the soil with the help of injectors. Observations analyses and accounts accompanied experiments. To determine the structure of the crop, sample sheaves were selected. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of applying a specific agrotechnical method were based on the results of comparing the values of the evaluation criteria obtained in the experiment with the values of the control variant. Results showed that application of fertilizers affects the supply of plants with available nutrients and is an effective means of increasing the productivity of field crops, including winter wheat. According to the results of the analysis of soil samples throughout the growing season of winter wheat, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil was high and very high in all variants of the experiment. Before the onset of winter, the compaction density, depending on the variant of the experiments and the soil layer, was from 0.94 to 1.30 g/cm2. At the time of vegetation recovery, the density of the 0-40 cm soil layer was within 0.82-1.36 g/cm3. The maximum compaction density – 1.36 g/cm3 – was in the version of feeding by injection. At the same time, its indicators did not go beyond the optimal parameters. The difference between the number of plants per unit area, before reaching the phase of full ripeness on variants with different methods of KAS, was 9.5%: with injection application of fertilizers, the density of standing plants was 4.949 million pcs./ha, for surface – 5.420 million units/ha. The biological yield of winter wheat grain on the control option, where fertilization was not applied, was 75.7 c/ha. Fertilization of KAS crops contributed to an increase in yield by 6.7-13.6 t/ha. Conclusions. The use of the DRAGON - 6000 applicator manufactured by ROPA Ukraine LLC when applying KAS contributes to the retention of productive moisture, loosening of the soil, the rate of accumulation of above-ground mass, graininess of ears, the formation of better agrochemical and biometric indicators of the soil under crops during the growing season of winter wheat, the formation of better biometric indicators and indicators of the yield structure and productivity of agrophytocenosis plants. Keywords: Applicator, injector, fertilizers, fertilizer application method, urea-ammonia mixture, productive moisture, soil compaction, biological yield, yield structure.

Elettra 2.0: The Vacuum System Design for a New Generation Storage Ring

Next-generation synchrotron facilities currently under development and construction are promising and delivering great advances in terms of machine design and research physics. At the same time, they are pushing the limits of technological solutions for various subsystems: to achieve the desired ultra-low electron beam emittance required in the next generation machines, the magnetic lattice has to adopt a compact design with reduced magnet apertures and other constraints like high heat load from synchrotron radiation, dynamic pressure inside vacuum chambers and chamber wall impedance are presenting unique challenges for the vacuum and engineering teams. At Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy), the Elettra 2.0 project aims to develop a new-generation storage ring. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned constraints, we decided to adopt a new design of a vacuum chamber, while utilizing novel pumping solutions to overcome hugely reduced conductance compared to the current machine. Large sputter ion pumps (SIP) will be in the majority replaced by distributed non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings and small NEG cartridges and SIP pumps. For the synchrotron radiation handling, due to the tight space constraints imposed by the compact lattice, the photon absorption will be managed jointly with discrete and distributed solutions: photon absorbers have been carefully studied for combining compact form and high power density loads, while key sections of the new storage ring will be water-cooled. Throughout the whole development phase, we were using Monte-Carlo simulation codes like SynRad and MolFlow+ as effective tools supporting the design of new vacuum chambers and photon absorbers. The current state of development for the Elettra 2.0 vacuum system, the challenges we faced and the solutions we adopted are presented here.

Study on synergistic effect of multiple physical fields on hot mix asphalt during compaction process.

The multiple physical fields of hot mix asphalt (HMA) during the compaction process have a significant impact on the durability of asphalt pavement, and this research aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of the HMA field compaction of multi-physical field evolution during the compaction process. First, the temperature field, structural layer thickness variation, and structural layer density variation were monitored during field compaction. Second, the evolution properties of compaction thickness were obtained under the synergistic influence of multi-physical fields by temperature field and compaction thickness. Finally, the evolution properties of compaction density were obtained under the synergistic influence of multi-physical fields based on the temperature field and structural layer density. The results showed that the field compaction process could be characterized by three stages under the synergistic impact of multi-physical fields. The cooling of the temperature field presents two-stage characteristics. There were cubic polynomial evolution properties for the temperature field versus time and the density versus temperature field. There was an exponential relationship between the thickness of the compacted layer and the number of mills. The aggregate particles showed different motion characteristics in the horizontal and vertical directions and vertical directions. The vertical displacement was larger than the horizontal displacement under the synergistic influence of multi-physical fields during the three stages of compaction. The migration and reorganization of aggregate particles affected the evolution of the multi-physics fields of the compaction process under the action of different compaction modes.

Aluminium doping in single-crystal nickel-rich cathodes: insights into electrochemical degradation and enhancement

Al doped single-crystal nickel-rich NCMA cathode materials are considered one of the most promising candidates for automobile Li-ion batteries due to their high compacted density and superior cycling stability.

Features of the construction of canals in half-cut-half-fill

This study examines the construction features of the Bustan Canal in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, designed with a half-cut-half-fill method to optimize water supply and drainage capabilities. Given the region’s high groundwater levels, canals were constructed in trenches, serving dual purposes of irrigation and open drainage to mitigate flooding risks. The primary goal was to enhance the canal’s efficiency coefficient to 0.85 by applying concrete lining to its slopes and bed, transitioning from mechanical to gravity irrigation sourced from the Tuyamuyun Reservoir on the Amu Darya River. The study highlights the advantages of using excavated soil for embankment construction, which significantly reduces transportation costs. Physical properties and granulometric composition of the soils were analyzed in accredited laboratories, confirming optimal compaction densities between 1.72 g/cm³ and 1.77 g/cm³ at moisture contents ranging from 17% to 20%. The findings underscore the importance of this canal system in supporting agriculture over an area of 100,000 hectares, enhancing water management practices in Southern Karakalpakstan.

Research on Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of the High Compacted Density Ni-Co-Mn Ternary Cathode Materials

Research on Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of the High Compacted Density Ni-Co-Mn Ternary Cathode Materials

Interlayer Confined Water Enabled Pseudocapacitive Sodium-Ion Storage in Nonaqueous Electrolyte.

Electrochemical capacitors have faced the limitations of low energy density for decades, owing to the low capacity of electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC)-type positive electrodes. In this work, we reveal the functions of interlayer confined water in iron vanadate (FeV3O8.7·nH2O) for sodium-ion storage in nonaqueous electrolyte. Using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, in situ Raman, and ex situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrate that both nonfaradaic (surficial EDLC) and faradaic (pseudocapacitance-dominated Na+ intercalation) processes are involved in the charge storages. The interlayer confined water is able to accelerate the fast Na+ intercalations and is highly stable (without the removal of water or co-intercalation of [Na-diglyme]+) in the nonaqueous environment. Furthermore, coupling the pseudocapacitive FeV3O8.7·nH2O with EDLC-type activated carbon (FeVO-AC) as the positive electrode brings comprehensive enhancements, displaying the enlarged compaction density of ∼2 times, specific capacity of ∼1.5 times, and volumetric capacity of ∼3 times compared to the AC electrode. Furthermore, the as-assembled hybrid sodium-ion capacitor, consisting of an FeVO-AC positive electrode and a mesocarbon microbeads negative electrode, shows a high energy density of 108 Wh kg-1 at 108 W kg-1 and 15.3 Wh kg-1 at 8.3 kW kg-1. Our results offer an emerging route for improving both specific and volumetric energy densities of electrochemical capacitors.

Compaction Characteristics of a Foam Asphalt Hot In-Place Recycling Asphalt Mixture

This study investigates the application of foam asphalt (FA) to enhance the compaction effectiveness of a hot in-place recycling asphalt mixture (HIR-AM) during the HIR process of old road surfaces. Initially, the process parameters for FA preparation were determined through expansion-rate and half-life tests. Subsequently, the study focused on evaluating the impact of FA on the compaction quality of HIR-AM. Performance assessments were conducted through rutting tests, low-temperature bending tests, Hamburg wheel tracking tests, dynamic modulus analyses, and various other experiments to evaluate the road performance of HIR-FAM. Finally, the research findings were validated through practical engineering applications, and the construction process for HIR-FAM was summarized. The research results reveal that the optimal foaming temperature for SBS asphalt is 170 °C, with an ideal water content of 1.7%. Under the same compaction temperature, HIR-FAM demonstrated a significant reduction in void content, ranging from 3.8% to 21.2% compared to HIR-AM. Moreover, a higher proportion of FA usage resulted in a more substantial decrease in void content. Compared to HIR-AM, HIR-FAM exhibited notable improvements, including an 11.6% increase in dynamic stability, a 13.4% enhancement in bending strength, a 13.3% increase in maximum bending strain, an 8.1% improvement in residual stability, and an 8.5% boost in freeze–thaw splitting strength. Furthermore, HIR-FAM demonstrated superior water-thermal stability and resistance to low-frequency loads. Paving a test road verified that the adoption of foam asphalt in thermal recycling led to a compaction density increase of over 0.79% compared to traditional in situ thermal recycling sections, with improved compaction uniformity.