Compact City Model Research Articles

Intraurban Temperature Variations: Urban Morphologies of the Densification Process of Copacabana Neighborhood, Brazil

The idea of compact cities is attracting enthusiasts, and some have proposed sustainable options for its implementation. This concept is based on planning for higher density cities with efficient connectivity in their structures. Because climatic characteristics are one of the basic factors to consider when planning a town, the models imported from different climates of Brazil must be intensely scrutinized and analyzed for their adequacy and effectiveness. Previous studies have revealed the inadequacy of the compact city model for tropical countries. In this study, the Copacabana neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, a city that is currently compact, was assessed using computational tools (ENVI-met) to observe the intraurban temperature dynamics and sky view factor (SVF) alterations at three time-points’ unit occupation history: 1930, 1950, and 2018. To determine the effects of morphological changes on thermal sensation, two outdoor comfort indexes were calculated: the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the universal thermal climate (UTCI). From the obtained results, the relationship between urban morphology, air temperature, and thermal comfort indicates that the debate about urban models will be heightened, particularly with regard to the concept of compact cities in the formation of new cities and neighborhoods in the tropics.

Urban Densification of Large Housing Estates in the Context of Privatisation of Public Open Space: the Case of Imanta, Riga

Abstract Urban regeneration with a view to efficient use of urban areas has been a strategy for urban development for decades. Densification is used as a planning approach to promote the implementation of the compact city model and to discourage urban sprawl. The central parts of the city are usually of high density, so the areas outside the city’s historic centre are seen as potential sites for urban densification. In many European cities large-scale residential areas built after the Second World War occupy a significant part of the territory outside of the city’s historic centres. Today, these housing areas are in most cases sleeping areas with great potential for development. Densification of urban areas outside of urban nuclei is not an easy task, and deals with a whole series of challenges. The paper examines the existing approaches focused on densification in large housing estates. In order to define the typical challenges of this process, the examples of infill developments in large housing area Imanta in Riga are analysed. The analysis of infill development in Imanta showed four possible approaches. Some approaches contribute to the improvement of public space for neighbourhood inhabitants in general, still some approaches tend to isolate the new development and inhabitants from the surrounding territory.

La deriva interpretativa de los límites al crecimiento urbanístico del Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de Andalucía

La irrupción del Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de Andalucía supuso una importante convulsión en el urbanismo andaluz1. La regulación del modelo de ciudad compacta preceptuado en su Norma 45 y, específicamente, la imposición de límites a la capacidad decisoria de los ayuntamientos para promover crecimientos urbanísticos, impactó en una situación caracterizada por la vigencia de modelos territoriales que presentaban signos evidentes de sobreclasificación del suelo. Esta casuística fundamentó la necesidad, por parte de la Administración Autonómica, de fijar criterios y reglas para evaluar la adecuación a la planificación territorial de las innovaciones -revisiones integrales, revisiones parciales, modificaciones puntuales o planes de sectorización- a proponer en los Planes Generales de Ordenación Urbanística. Esta iniciativa se instrumentó mediante la formulación de Instrucciones administrativas -instrumentos sin fuerza normativa- lo cual resultó, cuanto menos, paradójico. Se formularon, en apenas siete años -los que median entre 2007 y 2014-, un total de cuatro Instrucciones, cuyo contenido denota una deriva interpretativa, en cierto modo incomprensible, sobre las actuaciones urbanísticas integrantes del crecimiento que habría que considerar computable a efectos de verificar el cumplimiento de los límites impuestos por la citada disposición. El análisis realizado en el artículo certificará el carácter errático, cambiante, voluble e impredecible de la política territorial desarrollada en la región andaluza en dicho periodo.

An indicator of urban morphology for landscape planning in Lombardy (Italy)

PurposeThe spatial development of urban areas affects the characteristics of landscape as well as people’s aesthetic perception of it. Specifically, sprawl results in an urban morphology which is diametrically opposed to the compact city model and which assumes several kinds of patterns: for example “striped”, “ribbon” or “leapfrogged” urban development. Assessing urban morphology in spatial terms is crucial to urban policy, while landscape metrics are the key to a comprehensive understanding of different urban development patterns. The purpose of this paper to design and test an urban morphology indicator (UMI) for the Lombardy Regional Landscape Plan.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes an UMI that can be used to identify the heterogeneity of built-up patterns according to urban porosity, fragmentation and patch shape. This UMI is a result of Esri ArcGIS 10.3 “grouping analysis” which works by applying a spatial statistical metric for clustering geometries in a given geographical area.FindingsMorphological analysis was used in regional urban development policies with a view to minimising impact on surrounding ecosystems and preserving the natural environment and landscape. It defines 28 different urban morphology patterns in the region, which are divided into systems, polarities and urbanised units.Originality/valueThe proposed methodology differs from those traditionally used in qualitative/descriptive landscape planning and supports the identification of morphological features with quantitative statistical and spatial data, allowing a fine-scale assessment of complex metrics.

Metodología para la identificación del suelo intraurbano vacante en México

La expansión de las ciudades en México está en la agenda de las instancias gubernamentales encargadas de la política territorial, que ven en el modelo de ciudad compacta la solución al desbordamiento horizontal y crecimiento desordenado. El objetivo es construir una metodología que permita identificar los tipos de vacíos urbanos por sus dimensiones y contexto locacional. La necesidad de tener un inventario del espacio intraurbano vacante, es el primer paso para orientar los esfuerzos de contención y concentración poblacional; y como resultado, se sugiere una propuesta con cinco categorías, de las cuales, la de tipo lotes baldíos, representa en las principales ciudades de México, el 55% del suelo intraurbano vacante. El presente trabajo se efectuó con el uso de tecnología geoespacial (Sistemas de Información Geográfica y Teledetección o Percepción Remota), a partir de la cual, se diseñó una metodología para identificar a partir de 11 etapas, el tipo de suelo intraurbano vacante clasificado. Se empleó la fotointerpretación y fotoidentificación sobre imágenes de satélite de alta resolución espacial de 60 centímetros en tamaño de píxel para digitalizar el área de cada vacío urbano; y, se validaron los espacios de difícil identificación con percepción remota (Dron Phantom 3 y 4 pro) para reducir el error y facilitar la categorización establecida. La metodología parte de diseñar una tipología con cinco espacios vacíos al interior de las ciudades que privilegia su localización, tamaño y contexto; posteriormente, para identificar cada categoría se sugieren 11 etapas que van desde la definición conceptual hasta el análisis espacial para determinar patrones de concentración. Se encontró que, de las cinco categorías, el 55% de los vacíos urbanos está concentrado en el tipo Lotes Baldíos.

Compact City Model as an Urban Development Policy for Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian Experience

Compact City Model as an Urban Development Policy for Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian Experience

Densificación (no) planificada de una metrópoli. El caso del Área Metropolitana de Lima 2000-2014

The debate on the Peruvian real estate boom, which began in 2006, focuses on its role in driving the national economy, ignoring its consequences on the access to housing for vulnerable people and its socio-spatial effects. This research starts with analysis of the main policy and regulatory changes that have been taking place at different governmental levels, which have also modified the characteristics of local urban management within the Metropolitan Area of Lima (MAL). It then explores the formal supply of apartments –which are regarded as the main real estate product within the MAL, and two major socio-spatial consequences associated with this process: the intensification of segregation patterns and an extension of the compact city model. It is suggested that these dynamics are the result of the interaction, convergence and conflicts of interests among different national, metropolitan and local governments and among real estate actors, banks and the demand for housing. To this end, this paper systematizes and analyzes census information and data of formal building activity over the period 2000 to 2014. This is complemented by qualitative information obtained through interviews and a spatial analysis supported by geographic information systems.

Measuring residential and industrial land use mix in the peri-urban areas of China

While the mix of residential, commercial and recreational use has been desirable for a compact city model, the mix of residential and industrial land use has long been regarded as being negative on the living environment. The peri-urban area of China is characterized by an intermingling of industries with residential land, which poses threats on a sustainable environment. In China, planners tend to criticize the mix of residential and industrial land, but lack a method to quantify the degree to which industrial and residential land is mixed, and are unable to clarify its environmental influence. This research develops an index method (MDI) to measure the mixed degree of residential and industrial land. By taking three peri-urban areas of China as cases, this research explores how this index can be applied to measure the spatial changes of land use mix, and explains the factors leading to this type of mix. It concludes with the implications of environmental impacts of MDI and its inclusion in land use planning and management.

As compact city planning rolls on, a look back: lessons from Sydney and Perth

ABSTRACTThis paper categorises and compares the policy frameworks that have encouraged higher density urban renewal in Sydney and Perth since the mid-2000s, which reflect the ‘compact city’ model that has become international urban planning orthodoxy. The policies can be grouped into four broad categories: (i) metropolitan strategies; (ii) transport and infrastructure plans; (iii) legislation creating development corporations; and (iv) planning system reforms. By comparing these policies, the paper identifies some key similarities and differences in how the compact city model has been adopted in Sydney and Perth. The most significant similarities are the changing power relationships reshaping urban planning and governance, and the ongoing challenges of integrating land-use and transport planning. The paper concludes with some brief commentary on the challenge these two issues pose for the next decade of compact planning, particularly for strategic planning bodies like the Greater Sydney Commission and the Western Australian Planning Commission.

Managing the transition to a more compact city in Australia

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the transition towards the compact city model in Australia, which has become the orthodoxy of metropolitan planning in the last two decades. This transition is aligned with neoliberal policies through which private investment and the marketplace have become dominant in driving urban growth and change. However, an intensive review of the experience of Sydney and Perth shows that a metanarrative of transition from a social-democratic to a neoliberal form in metropolitan planning is an oversimplification, and blurs the redeployment of state powers, processes and institutions to address new challenges. The paper explores two related points. First, it demonstrates how a methodical examination of the eclectic mixture of policies designed to drive the compact city transition can enable the identification and analysis of shared policy trends across the two cities. These trends relate to metropolitan strategies, transport planning, infrastructure funding, centralization and local input. Second, it demonstrates how such a review can also provide broader insights into the contours of the political economy of the compact city, and the potential significance for its citizenry. Key insights relate to who has a say in development control, growing executive power, increased government engagement with lobby groups and growing inequality.

Future implications of urban intensification on residential water demand

Over recent decades Auckland, New Zealand, metropolitan area has vastly expanded as a result of rapid population growth and low-density housing developments. In order to manage the uncontrolled low-density urban sprawl, Auckland Council proposed a compact city model through promoting higher density housing developments. In order to understand the implications of this transition on future residential water demand, this study first evaluated water consumption in three major housing types in Auckland including single houses, low-rise and high-rise apartments. Using the geographic information system, the water consumption information, estimated from a large sample of 60,000 dwellings across Auckland, was subsequently integrated with the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan outlining the future housing composition over different areas in Auckland. Through developing different growth scenarios, the study showed that the housing transition from single houses to more intensified multi-unit houses cannot considerably affect the average per capita water consumption in Auckland.

一極集中型コンパクトシティ政策の有効性に関するアクセシビリティのシミュレーション分析

Recently, governments of some cities have adopted urban policies, based on a compact city concept to facilitate accessibility, mainly for mobility-impaired people among Japan's ageing society. The government of Aomori city has planned a popular compact city model, or a centralized urban physical structure, by controlling the urbanized area of the Mid-city zone (population-incentive zone) in the city master plan established in 1999. The effects of measures for providing accessibility to the central railway station as a representative facility of the city center are analyzed, and the implications for urban policy based on a centralized compact city design in Aomori city are investigated. Accessibility, as represented by time-distance to the central station, is measured based on a road network analysis and timetables of train and bus services. As a result, it is observed at a level where most of the population can reach the facility. The simulations are based on the following measures: 1) supporting migration inside of the Mid-city from the Outer-city forming the suburbs; and 2) improving the frequency of bus transportation in the Toyama housing district, a case-study area in the suburbs. The major findings are as follows. 1) Accessibility to the central station by train is improved with migration and the effects are greater for elderly people. It seems to be useful to strengthen these effects if migration is only into the Inner-city. Although variations in migration measures are found under several conditions, accessibility is finally improved to almost the same level. Therefore, it is important to continue migration support measures, even if the pace is slow. 2) Accessibility to the central station by bus from the Toyama housing district is improved substantially under a situation where the frequency of bus services is increased until five-fold. The effect is also improved for elderly people. Some suburban cores such as large housing districts should be set or maintained at least the short-term aims of urban policy, because the population is already distributed in the suburbs and the level of functions of daily life should be maintained there. Lastly, it is important that the city master plan refers to the phasing of centralization from the suburbs, especially, about methods and times. If it is considered that the suburban cores continue independently in the process of compact city policy, the government of the city should include the cores in the urban structure and the city master plan should be revised.

La densidad urbana como variable de análisis de la ciudad: El caso de Cuenca, Ecuador

El debate teorico sobre la ciudad dispersa versus la ciudad compacta, en el mundo y particularmente en America Latina, ponen en la palestra los aspectos clave a tener en cuenta para proponer un nuevo modelo de ciudad en donde la calidad de vida de las presentes y futuras generaciones sean el punto focal de reflexion. A traves del estudio del estado del arte sobre el tema se concluye que el regreso a la ciudad compacta es la alternativa para un posible desarrollo sustentable en las ciudades intermedias de America Latina. Al observar el caso de Cuenca se concentra el estudio en las densidades de la ciudad desde los anos 50 hasta nuestros dias. Sorprende comprobar que Cuenca fue una ciudad compacta con alta calidad de vida pero que, paulatinamente, se esta expandiendo innecesariamente con todos los problemas que esto implica.

Does compact urban forms relate to good quality of life in high density cities of India? Case of Kolkata

The compact city paradigm claims to result in a better urban quality of life (UQoL). However, does it also resonate for cities that are already compact (i.e., highly dense)? This study empirically assesses the degree of association between the compact urban form (UF) and better UQoL at the neighbourhood scale in the case of Kolkata, an expanding, high-density city in India. Two UF metrics, the Compactness Index (COMPI) and the Mix-Use Index (MUI), which are based on the compact city model, are constructed to classify the city into UF prototypes of compact vs dispersed forms. A multivariate exploratory analysis followed by Cluster Enrichment (CE) was applied on decadal census, amenities and air quality data of 2001 to estimate the dimensions and patterns of the objective UQoL. Logistic regression adjusted by ‘socio-economic cultural status’ (SECS) was applied to assess the likelihood of associations between compact UF and derived UQoL. The results show that the compact UF does have a significant association with a higher UQoL but is sensitive to the growing strengths of a socio-economic and cultural status. Moreover, as the city grows, the relationship between a compact UF and a higher UQoL becomes skewed. This evidence suggests that a compact city policy for growing high-density cities like Kolkata does have the potential to achieve a better UQoL provided there is a sensitive and balanced growth policy.

Applying quantitative techniques to evaluate the level of sustainability for physical dimension of urban form in sanandaj city, iran

This paper aims to understand and evaluate the sustainability of physical dimension of urban form in rapidly growing urban areas and presents some quantitative methods (Shannon's Entropy and Holden Apportioning Technique) to measure the level of sustainability for urban form as a practical implication. The rapid urbanization in Iran in the second half of the 20th century has mostly manifested itself in the emergence of large cities and issue of sustainable urban form is becoming ever more important, taking into consideration the contemporary urban population growth and the concern of sustainable development. The Sanandaj City is located on the west- ern side of Iran, and has a population of about 400,000. There has been rapid urbanization during the last three decades in the city and it is therefore chosen as a case study. The results of these measurements indicate that in order to achieve sustainable urban form, the urban policies for development should be changed. A more rational and focused approach is required in development of the urban areas to achieve effi cacy and sustainability. The main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the level of sustainability for physical urban form in the Sanandaj City, located on the in western side of Iran. This city has experienced dramatic changes in size and shape during last 30 years. A greater understanding of the sustainable urban form that contributes to the quality of a community is needed by design and planning profes- sionals to be able to play a more infl uential role in the preservation, enhancement and development of successful community environment especially for Iranian cities. The rapid urbanization in Iran in the second half of the 20th century has mostly manifested itself in the emergence of large cities without specifi c elements of Iranian culture. This will isolate them from their rich architectural and urban design heritage. In addition, the old city centers, which are the only remnant of the glorious past, are slowly vanishing, due to modern development. While sustainability of city is multifaceted, physical urban form and its relation to the effi ciency of the city is the most acknowledged issue in the world environmental agenda. Many scholars argue that sustainable urban form is a key towards achieving a sustainable development and that quality of life is one of its vital components. Moreover, as cities promote the goal of becoming livable through compact polycentric approaches; potential importance to spatial factors in determining well-being grows more vital. Yet there exists very little empirical research to establish this claim. Hence urban forms cannot be considered 'sustainable' in the full sense if they are not acceptable to people as places to live, work and interact. Today it is fully accepted that to achieve sustainable urban form, particularly in relation to land func- tionality and planning policy, the most effi cient solution must be performed using compact city model. This model consists of a city shape with high density and mixed land use. Therefore, an understanding of the physical development pattern in order to navigate it towards sustainable urban development is essential. A vital element for this acceptance is the measurement of compactness/sprawl. Hence this

Mapping urban residential density patterns: Compact city model in Melbourne, Australia

The advocacy of the notion of ‘compact city’ as a strategy to reduce urban sprawl, to support greater utilisation of existing infrastructure and services in more established areas and to improve connectivity of employment and transit hubs is vigorously debated in urban research. Using the urban residential density as a surrogate measure for urban compactness, this paper empirically examines the cadastre database that contains details of every property in order to capture changes in urban residential density patterns in Melbourne, Australia using geospatial techniques. The paper discusses the realisation of the density aspect of compact city policy implemented in Melbourne 2030 Plan. The policy of densification in pursuit of a more compact city has produced mixed results. The findings of this study indicate that urban densities across the buffer zones around Melbourne CBD are significantly different. The dwindling dwelling counts in the inner suburbs and a rapid densification of the inner outer zone is surprising, with urban development following contrasting patterns to what was anticipated to emerge after such a policy change. Contrary, the dwelling density around the designated Activity Centres between the first two zones are statistically insignificant – questioning the fundamental purpose of the compact city model to increase the residential density around significant economic and transit hubs. The ‘hollowing effect’ (i.e. a localised reduction in dwelling densities) observed in the analysis around inner suburbs necessitates us to further examine the quality of data input particularly the coding of multi-storey developments and land sub-divisions into the cadastre database.

Urban Sustainability and the Urban Forms of China's Leading Mega Cities: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou

Rapid urbanisation and economic development in China since the 1980s have taken place while sustainable development has increasingly dominated the global planning trends. The three leading cities in China—Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou—have invariably adopted sustainability principles in their urban form planning strategies. However, their actual urban development has not yet realised these sustainability tenets. This article argues that such sustainability performance has resulted from the marketisation reforms in the urban sector. As compaction was not the governments' conscious effort to improve sustainability, the sustainability benefits and disbenefits of these three cities associated with their urban forms differed from those postulated in the compact city model. Urban policies were found to be more influential on some sustainability benefits/disbenefits than urban forms. The better successes of Shanghai and Guangzhou in developing new urban conglomerations over Beijing speaks for the need to consider the economic structure of the host city in devising multi-nodal urban forms.

Metabolic suburbs, or the virtue of low densities

The ‘Compact City’ model of sustainable development relies almost exclusively on transport energy analysis to justify the raising of low residential densities by the insertion of higher density dwellings within them. Higher densities mean more people per hectare, which makes public transport more economically viable, which cuts down on car use, which saves transport energy. Suburbs are very popular, however - over 80% of the populations of the UK and the US would prefer to live in them - and they can't all be bulldozed or ‘densified’. Turning the Compact City model on its head frees us to ask what environmental advantages low densities might have. Most suburbs have abundant open land, and land can perform: grow food and fuel, collect and recycle water, modify harsh microclimates, save and generate energy. The ‘performative’ potential of the suburban landscape can transform it into a grown infrastructure contributing to the reduction of the overall environmental impact of a city region, justifying its relatively low densities.

Bari, a public mediterranean city: new projects to valorise public heritage

The metropolitan area of Bari today has one million inhabitants. New regional legislation and the institution of a Strategic Plan have begun a process of urban transformation based on an innovative model of a compact, integrated and sustainable city. After the framework agreement with ENEA (the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) in 2010 to implement projects to upgrade its building heritage, Bari is a candidate for the «Smart Cities & Communities» project and will launch its candidature for European Capital of Culture 2019. This text will analyse examples of valorisation of Bari’s public building heritage with a focus on case studies of major strategic importance, with the aim of identifying possible ethical-aesthetic values in the relationship between the dynamics of urban transformation and architectural quality.

Relationship between Spatial Proximity and Travel-to-Work Distance: The Effect of the Compact City

Boussauw K., Neutens T. and Witlox F. Relationship between spatial proximity and travel-to-work distance: the effect of the compact city, Regional Studies. In this paper, an assessment is made of the relationship between selected aspects of spatial proximity (density, diversity, minimum commuting distance, jobs–housing balance and job accessibility) and reported commuting distances in Flanders, Belgium. Results show that correlations may depend on the considered trip end. For example, a high residential density, a high degree of spatial diversity and a high level of job accessibility are all associated with a short commute by residents, while a high job density is associated with a long commute by employees. A jobs–housing balance close to 1 is associated with a short commute by both residents and employees. In general, it appears that the alleged sustainability benefits of the compact city model are still valid in a context of continuously expanding commuting trip lengths. Boussauw K., Neutens T. et Witlox F. Le rapport entre la proximité géographique et la distance des trajets quotidiens pour se rendre au travail: l'impact de la ville compacte, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à évaluer le rapport entre des caractéristiques sélectionnées de la proximité géographique (la densité, la diversité, les distances minimales des trajets quotidiens pour se rendre au travail, le compromis entre l'emploi et le logement, et la disponibilité de l'emploi) et les distances des trajets quotidiens pour se rendre au travail en Flandres, en Belgique, selon les sources. Les résultats laissent voir que les corrélations pourraient dépendre de la destination prévue. Par exemple, une forte densité de logements, une importante diversité géographique et une disponibilité de l'emploi élevée se rapportent, toutes les trois, à une distance courte pour se rendre au travail pour les habitants, tandis qu'une forte densité de l'emploi se rapporte à de longues distances pour se rendre au travail pour les employés. Un compromis entre l'emploi et le logement qui s'approche de 1 se rapporte à de courtes distances pour se rendre au travail à la fois pour les habitants et pour les employés. En règle générale, il semble que les avantages durables prévus du modèle de la ville compacte sont toujours valables dans le cadre des distances des trajets quotidiens pour se rendre au travail qui ne cessent d'augmenter. Ville compacte Proximité géographique Trajets quotidiens pour se rendre au travail Aménagement du territoire durable Flandre Boussauw K., Neutens T. und Witlox F. Beziehung zwischen räumlicher Nähe und Berufspendlerdistanz: der Effekt der kompakten Stadt, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Beziehung zwischen ausgewählten Aspekten der räumlichen Nähe (Dichte, Diversität, minimale Berufspendlerdistanz, Arbeitsplätze-Wohnungs-Gleichgewicht und Zugänglichkeit von Arbeitsplätzen) und den berichteten Berufspendlerdistanzen im belgischen Flandern. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass die Zusammenhänge vom untersuchten Reiseende abhängen können. So gehen zum Beispiel eine hohe Wohnungsdichte, ein hohes Maß von räumlicher Diversität und ein hohes Maß an Zugänglichkeit von Arbeitsplätzen alle mit kurzen Berufspendlerdistanzen der Anwohner einher, während eine hohe Arbeitsplatzdichte mit langen Berufspendlerdistanzen der Arbeitnehmer verknüpft ist. Ein Arbeitsplätze-Wohnungs-Gleichgewicht von nahezu 1 geht mit kurzen Berufspendlerdistanzen der Anwohner und Arbeitnehmer einher. Im Allgemeinen scheint der behauptete Nachhaltigkeitsnutzen des kompakten Stadtmodells im Kontext der ständig steigenden Berufspendlerdistanzen weiterhin seine Gültigkeit zu besitzen. Kompakte Stadt Räumliche Nähe Pendlerverkehr Nachhaltige Raumentwicklung Flandern Boussauw K., Neutens T. y Witlox F. Relación entre la proximidad espacial y la distancia al trabajo: el efecto de la ciudad compacta, Regional Studies. En este documento analizamos la relación entre aspectos seleccionados de la proximidad espacial (densidad, diversidad, desplazamientos mínimos al trabajo, equilibrio entre trabajo y vivienda y acceso al trabajo) y las distancias al trabajo informadas en Flandes, Bélgica. Los resultados indican que las correlaciones podrían depender del final del viaje considerado. Por ejemplo, una alta densidad en áreas residenciales, un alto grado de diversidad espacial y un alto nivel de accesibilidad al trabajo son características que se asocian a un corto desplazamiento al trabajo por parte de los residentes mientras que una alta densidad laboral está relacionada con desplazamientos al trabajo de largas distancias de los empleados. Un equilibrio entre trabajo y vivienda cerca de 1 se asocia a un corto desplazamiento al trabajo por parte de residentes y empleados. En general, parece que los supuestos beneficios de sostenibilidad del modelo de ciudad compacta todavía son válidos en un contexto en el que las distancias de desplazamientos al trabajo aumentan continuamente. Ciudad compacta Proximidad espacial Desplazamientos al trabajo Desarrollo espacial sostenible Flandes