Commuter Routes Research Articles

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Air Quality on Commuter Lane of The Sub-Urban Area of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Yogyakarta, a city based on culture, education, and tourism, has different commuting activities from other industrialized cities in Indonesia. On the other hand, the city is also dominated by motorcycles, like most cities in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The movement of commuters by motorcycle affects the instantaneous air quality. In this paper, the results of an investigation of the spatio-temporal pattern of air quality of commuter routes in the suburbs of Yogyakarta are presented. Data were collected through observation by measuring five air quality parameters and vehicle intensity in 10 commuter routes in Yogyakarta. Data were analyzed using GIS analysis using average nearest neighbour, statistical analysis using simple linear regression, and matching analysis referring to The World Air Quality Index and Vianney and Erfianto (2023), supported by descriptive analysis. There are three critical findings from this study. First, air quality varies spatially and temporally, with differences among commuter routes and travel times. Second, the relationship between passing vehicle intensity and air quality is unique. Some positively correlate with linear, exponential, logarithmic, or polynomial relationship properties. Third, poor air quality tends to be found on main routes with high vehicle intensity. In summary, this study provides new insights into air quality patterns concerning commuter traffic in motorcycle-dominated cities in Indonesia.

Development and implementation of carbon accounting models and standardization platforms in public institutions

Public institutions, emblematic of public infrastructure, exhibit extensive reach and operational scope, positioning them as vanguards in China’s dual carbon initiatives and serving as exemplars. Electricity and natural gas predominantly fuel the operations of public institutions. Notably, the fixed commute routes and consistent procurement patterns of office personnel yield a standardized energy consumption profile within these entities. Researching carbon emissions related to commuting and evaluating procurement strategies for reducing carbon footprints in public institutions demonstrate a precision-tailored approach. This paper, through an analysis of the energy consumption characteristics, utilization structure of public institutions, and the commuting behaviors and procurement practices of office personnel, establishes a bespoke carbon accounting model specifically designed for public institutions, seamlessly embedded within a comprehensive platform. By providing fundamental methodological frameworks and advanced technological foundations for carbon accounting in public institutions across China, this work propels the nation’s efforts towards carbon peak and ultimately carbon neutrality.

Comparing user human comfort vibration on key commuter cycling routes in Melbourne Australia

Cycling as an active mode of travel is recognised as an important part of the transport mix within Melbourne Australia. This city has a number of identified key commuter cycling routes in the vicinity of the CBD. Human comfort, including vibration level, is a factor in the selection of routes by an end user. This study aims to quantify the measured vibration experienced by a cyclist on a set of these main cycling routes informed by ISO2631-1 methods. Overall vibration values are then compared between routes. The results are combined with GPS position and speed data to enable mapping and visual route comparison.

Collaborative Optimization of Company Commuter Bus Stop Selection and Route Programming Considering Stochastic Travel Time and Demand

Company commuter bus service (CCBS) is a convenient commuting mode provided for employees. which has always been popular because of its flexible route planning and low cost. Some companies offer CCBS to their employees for free. However, there are also some companies that need employees to pay the fare for CCBS. For fee-based CCBS, profit is an important consideration. Appropriate stop setting and route programming can attract more commuters and generate greater profits. This paper studies the stop selection and route planning for CCBS considering uncertain demand and travel time. In the data preparation phase, we propose an improved fuzzy c-means clustering to obtain appropriate clusters of commuters’ addresses. In the solution phase, we designed a collaborative framework for stop selection and route programming with the objective to maximize the profit of CCBS. A novel heuristic stochastic dynamic programming (H-SDP) method is then designed for the stop selection sub-problem considering the uncertainties of both traveling time and commuting demand. Meanwhile, we employ a variable neighborhood search algorithm with a novel shaking operation suitable for the routing problem. Finally, we conduct a series of computational experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the developed algorithms.

An examination of the spatial coverage and temporal variability of Google Street View (GSV) images in small- and medium-sized cities: A people-based approach

We conduct a methodological investigation of the spatial coverage and temporal variability of Google Street View (GSV) images adopting a people-based approach. Specifically, we focus on walk commute trajectories (i.e., home-to-work trips) of 97,505 people from 45 small- and medium-sized cities in the U.S., which have been rarely discussed in previous studies. Our results reveal that 44% of commute routes do not have adequate GSV image spatial coverage. Results also demonstrate the substantial variability in their temporal ranges. We reveal that the average monthly variation in timestamps of GSV images on commute trajectories is approximately seven years, and only about 10% of samples contain GSV images taken within one year. Lastly, we illustrate regional differences in the spatial coverage scores and temporal variability levels of the 45 cities. As our results demonstrate that GSV images are imperfect in their spatial coverage and temporal variability, we recommend researchers be aware of these methodological limitations and potential negative impacts on their conclusions.

Understanding the capacities of urban street spaces by mapping Melbourne’s parklets

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, many parklets have been deployed onto kerbside carparking spaces throughout Melbourne, Australia, by street-fronting hospitality businesses, to provide socially-distanced outdoor dining spaces. These temporary parklets provide useful indicators of the varying capacities of urban streets to support street life and commercial activity. By examining the distribution of Melbourne’s parklets, this paper identifies numerous urban design factors that provide capacity for parklets, or inhibit them. The analysis shows parklets thrive on traditional, pedestrian-friendly shopping streets with narrow frontages and good access but low through-traffic. Car-dependent outer-suburban shopping streets and strip shopping centres also support numerous parklets. Key hindrances include commercial streets serving as arterial commuter routes and streets that already have extensive traffic-calming features. Minor side streets can provide parklet capacity, but many design conditions inhibit this. The paper challenges policy-makers, planners and designers to address a variety of impediments to creating more pedestrian-friendly street environments.

Impact of Highway Construction on Internal Migration: A Korea Perspective

Transportation facilities in the classical migration model expand the scale of population movement by reducing the physical distance and costs of travel between regions. This study empirically analyzes the effect of population inflow into a region near a highway construction using a migration model. The purpose was to examine whether large-scale transportation infrastructure such as highways contributes to the growth and balanced development of the connected regions. Four metropolitan transport-type and commuter transport-type highway routes constructed in South Korea after 2000 were used as study subjects. The results show that population inflow occurred in the region where commuter transport-type highways were constructed. However, no effect was observed in regions where metropolitan transport-type highways were constructed. The reason for these unique results is that factors affecting migration include not only transit facilities, but also parameters such as economic factors, housing, and amenities. Moreover, the findings show that the impact of population inflow is affected by the geographical characteristics of the highway construction areas and city size.

Mobility prediction for uneven distribution of bikes in bike sharing systems

SummaryUser mobility represents the movement of either individual or group. In smart cities, detection and prediction of mobility patterns are required for numerous applications like resource distribution, traffic management, and user behavioral analysis. With the increase in the number of smart vehicles, urban mobility detection and prediction have become a critical problem for study. Bike‐sharing ecosystems (BSS) form an integral part of such ecosystems, as it supports the green revolution, ease of access, and solves traffic problems. However, recent schemes have suggested that BSS are challenged by issues of high density, mobility complexity of bikes (stations), large commute cost, uneven distribution, and route imbalances. To address the critical issues, the article proposes a hybrid scheme that combines rebalancing using clustering that addresses the mobility complexity. Once rebalancing is done, we address the uneven distribution among clusters using prediction models. This article is presented a comparative analysis of algorithms like fuzzy C‐means clustering, linear regression, decision tree, and random forest classifiers for predictive analysis performed on weather data and nonweather data. The presented results indicate the viability of the proposed model in real‐world scenarios.

Analysis of Passenger-Ferry Routes Using Connectivity Measures

This study examines ferry routes that arrive at a Central Business District (CBD) during peak periods. Ferries are investigated because in certain locations they provide an alternative to buses and private vehicles, with potentially faster and more reliable journey times. The objectives of the study were to (1) conduct a connectivity analysis of existing commuter ferry services and (2) investigate potential demand for ferry services and develop potential new routes. The case study is of Auckland, New Zealand. The first stage of the study analyzed the connectivity of existing ferries routes to the CBD with bus services within the CBD utilizing measures of connectivity with attributes of walking, waiting, and travel times, and scheduled headways. The second stage involved developing new commuter routes from within the greater Auckland region to the CBD. The origins of these new routes were developed based on the potential demand of area units derived from journey-to-work data from the 2006 New Zealand Census. These new routes were then compared with existing bus routes from similar locations to the CBD to provide an additional assessment of the feasibility of the new routes. Finally, recommendations are made on the establishment of the new ferry routes.

A Novel Approach to Estimating the Dose of Ambient Air Pollution during Cycling Commutes from Home to School and Route Optimizations

Students’ exposure to air pollution during active commuting between home and school has been linked with numerous adverse health outcomes. An accurate assessment of cycling students’ dose of air pollution during commutes could help mitigate the adverse health effect of exposure. However, up to date, it is still challenging to fill this research gap. In this study, we proposed a modeling framework to estimate cycling students’ terrain-based dosage of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during home-school commutes for the very first time. The approach was further applied to compare the benefit and costs of different route choices and examine exposure justice issues during students’ cycling from home to school in Auckland, New Zealand. Results show that most of the cycling students could find an alternative lowest-dose route, and for around 25% of them, a 1% increase in route length was associated with a more than 1% decrease in NO2 dosage. Evidence demonstrates that exposure inequalities existed to some extent during students’ cycling commutes. This study could deepen our understanding of cyclists’ exposure, and some recommendations were also provided to optimize students’ daily active commute routes.

Perhitungan Jumlah Maksimum Flight Cycle Tanpa Refuelling pada Kondisi Full Tank dan Full Payload pada Jaringan Rute Commuter Pesawat ATR 72

Transportation is the process of moving or moving people and goods from one place to another with a specific purpose, ATR aircraft are very suitable for regional flights, so that fuel utilization must be calculated to make the transportation cost is minimum. Indonesian airlines have very big demands in world aviation competition. One of Indonesia's domestic route type is commuter, ATR aircraft is very suitable for regional flights with commuter route, flights with short range with small aircraft for carrying passengers between airports with low passenger capacity. One of commuter advantage is the aircraft didn't have to refueling in the transit airport. The purpose of this research is to determine maximum flight cycle without refueling based on weight variation using FCOM data and fuel consumption calculation using analytical methods based on ATR aircraft specification. Using an analytic method for calculating fuel consumption from FCOM data with full tank strategy, full payload and refueling strategy in every airport for Nusa Tenggara and Sumatera route. This research calculation has resulted for Nusa Tenggara route total fuel is 4750,57 kg and Sumatera 4474,88 kg strategy full tank. Calculation has result for Nusa Tenggara 2789,69 kg and Sumatera 2658,98 kg strategy full payload.Then obtained full tank strategy not as much as 12 flights cycle, full payload as much as 7 flights cycle in Nusa Tenggara route and full tank strategy as much as 10 flight cycle, full payload obtained 6 flight cycle in Sumatera route On the Sumatra route.

Forecasting the Operational Lifetime of Battery-Powered Electric Aircraft

In recent years, advancements in high-energy and -power density batteries have become central to developing viable aircraft for urban air mobility. In this paper, we introduce the time-dependent aircraft performance over operational lifetime diagram, which is a means of integrating battery lifetime modeling into the assessment of all-electric aircraft meant to service commuter routes: both within polycentric metropolitan regions and between residential and commercial spaces. Four aircraft representing the major configuration classes of urban air mobility concepts were simulated under continuous operation spanning one year. The aircraft flew eight daily flights, with recharging of the battery pack occurring at the end of each flight. The behaviors exhibited by the aircraft powertrains offer more holistic perspectives on the limitations of battery-powered aircraft than other traditional, nontemporal methods. This study highlights that, depending on the vehicle configuration, range, and battery pack size, the battery life of achievable missions can fall by as much as 45%. Additionally, the findings reveal that the rate of change in an operational lifetime can range between 8 and 23 days per nautical mile flown. These findings equip air transportation network modelers with information critical to improving strategies for optimizing vehicle utility and maximizing revenue.

Innovating to Preserve

Threatened with closure because of corrosion and other deterioration, the Arlington Memorial Bridge in Washington, D.C., was renovated and rehabilitated with innovative design and construction practices. The iconic crossing will continue to serve as both a major commuter route and a ceremonial entrance to the nation's capital for years to come.

High efficiency public transportation system: Role of big data in making recommendations

With increasing urbanization across the world, the demand for smart transportation methods to support everyone, as well as freight, becomes more vital. To tackle the challenges of growing congestion on the roads, big data analytics (BDA) strategies can be used to offer insights for real decision-making, and policy designing. This study has two primary goals. First, this study evaluates academic literature regarding BDA for smart commuter routes programs; and next based upon the studies, it suggests a framework that is effective, but comprehensive in making recommendation to drive down the congestion and increase efficiency of shared transportation system. The study believes that the framework suggested is solid, versatile, and adaptive enough to be implemented in transportation systems in large cities. Using the framework, system will be managed in a centralized system, allowing much more efficient transportation across cities. Further studies should be conducted over a long period, in smaller cities as well, to make improvement on the framework.

Are commuter air taxis coming to your city? A ranking of 40 cities in the United States

Given the high levels of congestion that many commuters in the United States experience, the urban air mobility community has been exploring the potential of using a new class of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for commuters. To date, only a few studies have been conducted that compare how potential air taxi demand across cities varies. This study calculates a measure of air taxi demand for commuters for the 40 most populous combined statistical areas (CSAs) in the U.S. by using: (1) cell phone data to identify regular commuters in cities, (2)census data to associate household income characteristics with commuters, and (3)a mode choice model calibrated from a stated preference survey to predict the number of commuters that would use an air taxi. Air taxi commuter demand is concentrated in a handful of CSAs; the CSAs for New York City, LosAngeles, and Washington, D.C., generate 33percent of the overall air taxi demand. Results are sensitive to location of existing vertiports, existing ground infrastructure and congestion levels on competing modes, and current commute patterns. A resultant set of online maps of potential air taxi routes allows readers to visualize how air taxi commuter routes differ across CSAs. Results will be of value both to aircraft manufacturers seeking to design air taxi vehicles to serve different cities as well as city planners for identifying where investments in port infrastructure may be needed to support a commuter air taxi service.

Public acceptance of electric roadways: The case of Los Angeles, California

Dynamic charging has the potential to overcome the barriers to electric vehicle (EV) adoption by converting road segments into powered lanes (electric roadways or ERs). This paper focuses on examining public acceptance by determining the factors that affect the short-term and long-term intention to purchase an EV and drive on ERs; identifying the clusters of the technology acceptance; and assessing the value of travel time savings (VTTS) for driving on ERs, in general, and for different clusters. A survey was conducted in Los Angeles, California and distributed online, gathering 600 responses. The results showed that respondents’ innovativeness, lifestyle and environmental consciousness significantly affect the intention to drive on ERs in the short- and long-run. Public acceptance, in general, seems to be related to charging patterns, safety of commute route, and safety concerns for ERs, among other factors, and depends on the implementation time of the technology. Higher VTTS were found for electrified lanes exclusive for EVs on interstate and arterial roads. People who were classified as positive toward ERs had higher VTTS for ERs followed by those who were neutral and those who were concerned about ERs. This paper can help policymakers and transport operators devise strategies to accelerate EV adoption by appropriately implementing the ER technology.

The Impact of Route Choice on Active Commuters' Exposure to Air Pollution: A Systematic Review

As air pollution varies significantly in both space and time, commuter exposure may differ considerably depending on the route taken between home to work. This is especially the case for active mode commuters who often have a wider range of route choices available to them compared with those traveling by private motor vehicle or by public transport. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of route choice on air pollution exposure among active commuters, and to estimate, based on modeling, the health benefits able to be achieved from air pollution exposure reductions, modeled across a population, through route optimization. We searched for studies that used portable personal air pollution monitoring equipment during active mode commuting, and reported measurements of air quality on at least two routes, either as a journey to work or to school. The World Health Organization (WHO) model AirQ+ was then exploited to estimate the premature deaths attributable to air pollution according to route choice. Ten publications were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Ultrafine particle counts (UFP), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) were the most commonly measured pollutants in the studies identified. The exposures associated with “high exposure” and “low exposure” routes (categorized based on differences in traffic counts on the roads along the commute route or walking on opposite sides of the road with different levels of traffic traveling in each direction) were found to vary on average by 30 ± 8%, 42 ± 35%, and 55 ± 17% for BC, CO and UFP, respectively. On the basis of modeling, and on the estimated exposures to BC, up to 36 out of 10,000 deaths could be prevented by choosing a low exposure route compared with a high exposure route during active commuting. The results of this study may be useful for both individuals in their commute planning, and also for urban transport planners as impetus for investing in infrastructure to support healthy active mode commuting.

Sticking with steam – why Britain’s railways stayed loyal to Georgian technology into the ‘space age’

This paper asks why was Britain slow to adopt diesel and electric traction on its railways. The management of Britain’s railways were aware of technical developments in electrification and diesel traction from the start. Advocates of electrification ranged across the rail industry and the UK had diesel pioneers such as the Armstrong Whitworth Company. British owned railway companies and equipment suppliers successfully pursued electrification overseas. Nevertheless, Britain’s domestic railways in the main stuck with steam until labour and coal shortages prompted change after nationalisation following WW2. Insufficient capital explains the reluctance to electrify during the inter-war period once the advantages became obvious, although Southern made considerable progress on its commuter routes into London. Britain’s railways remained ‘tooled-up’ for steam and locked into a labour intensive, coal using technology into the 1960’s. Fuel requirements for the Royal Navy set Britain on a twentieth century trajectory of oil use, a change that slowly fed into the rail industry once diesel technology became reliable.

The Model of the Relationship between Urban Rail Transit and Residential Location

In order to investigate the intrinsic relationship between residence choice and urban rail transit, this paper establishes a housing valuation model, explores the interface link between the rail transit and other transport modes by the establishment of a model, and also obtains the family transportation impedance. According to the balanced housing price, the various districts’ hedonic cost, and the generalized transportation impedance, the attractiveness of the various districts with respect to each mobile home is obtained. Satisfaction of any resident is received by establishing a close degree model. Due to the satisfaction and the price, we construct a largest consumer surplus model and then obtain the residence of the greatest consumer surplus for mobile home. Numerical example’s result indicates that all high-income mobile homes will chose the residence for the commute destination district, especially the one in the suburbs. Furthermore, the low-income families chose the residence for the commute destination district, which has the rail transit if the income is allowed, or the nearest district to the destination with rail transportation if not. This illustrates that whether a road having urban rail transit plays a significant impact only on the low-income family residence choice when the commuter routes pass through the road and almost has no influence for other families. Hence, it is shown that the reasonable urban planning is important and that urban rail transit should form a network that will play a key role.

Commuter exposure to particulate matter in urban public transportation of Xi'an, China.

To investigate commuter exposures to particulate matter (PM) in urban public transportation buses and subways, PM concentrations were simultaneously monitored for these two modes, over the same routes, in Xi'an, China. The microenvironment variabilities in each stage of the total trip were analyzed. Exposure doses for the different commute processes were estimated based on the heart rates of volunteers. Experimental measurements were taken during peak traffic hours in July and October (summer and autumn) on two typical commute routes, for a total of 36 trips. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of different variables on commuter exposures. On the same route, the average PM exposure concentration of bus commuters was higher than those of subway commuters. For example, on Route 1 in the case study, the average PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 exposure concentrations of bus commuters were 71.6%, 19%, and 10.4% higher, respectively, than those of subway commuters. In the ground transportation mode, the exposure concentration of bus commuters was affected by the type of vehicle. Particle concentrations were significantly higher inside compressed natural gas (CNG) buses, than in pure electric (PE) buses, and in summer, the PM10 concentration in a CNG bus was 4.3 times higher than that in a PE bus. In a CNG bus, commuters in the back door area suffered the highest PM10 exposure concentration (179.6μg/m3), followed by those in the rear of the carriage (142.8μg/m3), and then those in the front door area (105.4μg/m3). Commuters' avoidance of ground traffic sources, effective ventilation systems in buses, and the use of screens in subway systems can all help to lower the PM exposure of commuters. For all the modes of transportation in our study, the hottest spots for PM exposure appeared in the period when commuters were waiting for transit vehicles to arrive.