Assumption Of Community Research Articles

ASUMSI PUBLIK TERHADAP PASAL 51 KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA SEBAGAI DASAR IMUNITAS PEJABAT NEGARA

AbstractMany people consider that the existence of Article 51 paragraph (1) and (2) in the Criminal Code is a basis for absolute immunity or immunity for officials. No exception for ordinary people who ultimately know the contents of the article who then assume that the law we profess is very damaging to a sense of justice. The existence of this article has also attracted the attention of academics, as evidenced by the number of studies published in publications that we can find in online media. It is this community's assumption that will lead to a setback of the law itself because of the loss of public trust in the existing legal system. Position orders without authority, do not cause criminal abolition, except if the governed, in good faith thinks that the order is given with authority and its implementation is included in the work environment, that is about the sound of paragraph (2) of article 51 of the Criminal Code. The problem that often occurs is that many articles in legislation do not explain in detail the true meaning. If we may examine paragraph (2) in that article, it means that an official's actions can be justified even though there is no prior order, either from the law or an order of an authorized position with only the basis of good faith from the act. The intent of good faith can invite diverse interpretations, then questions arise; what are the criteria of good faith, whichever boundary of good faith is intended, and so on.Keywords: Article 51, Criminal Code, Academics, Justice.

Violence against Women and Patriarkhi Culture in Indonesia

One of the violations of human rights is violence experienced by women, where women are placed in a weak and vulnerable position with violence in terms of physical, psychological, economic and sexual violence. This violence results in women often undergoing unfavorable treatment and results in prolonged trauma due to acts carried out by men as holders of power and superior in life, as well as dominating both in the household, the economy and also politics. The existence of patriarchal culture which has existed for a long time and assumes that women indeed in their nature must serve their husbands and as successors to offspring result in women being unable to do anything, especially if coupled with the community's assumption that a woman as a weak person not required get an education which is high because it is labeled as a weak human being and this is what causes men to increasingly dominate the superior or power of women. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of patriarchal culture to violence experienced by women and efforts to combat violence caused by patriarchal culture. Method This study was conducted with normative research by examining the literature and legislation relating to the problem under study. The result is that a culture of patriarchy dominates the superiority of men to rule where woman can rule in life its aspects.

EKSISTENSI PESANTREN ARRAHMAH CURUP, BENGKULU: Antara kemunduran dan kurangnya sikap disiplin santri

An Islamic boarding school is known as an educational institution which teaches discipline, independence, responsibility, and an attitude that cares of environment and has high social values. Such an attitude cannot be naturally embedded without being preceded by existing rules. It is such a different thing as regards community's assumptions about the degree of students’ discipline at Ar-Rahmah boarding school of Curup. Their assumptions are declining and have an impact on the lack of public confidence in the existence of Ar-Rahmah as an institution that teaches discipline. In order to answer questions surrounding this issue, this study was carried out by using a qualitative approach according to its procedures. This study concluded that the factors of low discipline included students’ low awareness in implementing the rules applied in the Islamic boarding school, educators’ weak supervision in students’ activities, and appropriate punishments not applied when any of the students broke the rules. Keywords: existence, community’s interest, discipline attitude

Assumptions About Competency-Based Medical Education and the State of the Underlying Evidence: A Critical Narrative Review.

As educators have implemented competency-based medical education (CBME) as a framework for training and assessment, they have made decisions based on available evidence and on the medical education community's assumptions about CBME. This critical narrative review aimed to collect, synthesize, and judge the existing evidence underpinning assumptions the community has made about CBME. The authors searched Ovid MEDLINE to identify empirical studies published January 2000 to February 2019 reporting on competence, competency, and CBME. The knowledge synthesis focused on "core" assumptions about CBME, selected via a survey of stakeholders who judged 31 previously identified assumptions. The authors judged, independently and in pairs, whether evidence from included studies supported, did not support, or was mixed related to each of the core assumptions. Assumptions were also analyzed to categorize their shared or contrasting purposes and foci. From 8,086 unique articles, the authors reviewed 709 full-text articles and included 189 studies reporting evidence related to 15 core assumptions. Most studies (80%; n = 152) used a quantitative design. Many focused on procedural skills (48%; n = 90) and assessed behavior in clinical settings (37%; n = 69). On aggregate, the studies produced a mixed evidence base, reporting 362 data points related to the core assumptions (169 supportive, 138 not supportive, and 55 mixed). The 31 assumptions were organized into 3 categories: aspirations, conceptualizations, and assessment practices. The reviewed evidence base is significant but mixed, with limited diversity in research designs and the types of competencies studied. This review pinpoints tensions to resolve (where evidence is mixed) and research questions to ask (where evidence is absent). The findings will help the community make explicit its assumptions about CBME, consider the value of those assumptions, and generate timely research questions to produce evidence about how and why CBME functions (or not).

Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action

Substantial inequalities exist in cancer survival rates across countries. In addition to prevention of new cancers by reduction of risk factors, strategies are needed to close the gap between developed and developing countries in cancer survival and the effects of the disease on human suffering. We challenge the public health community's assumption that cancers will remain untreated in poor countries, and note the analogy to similarly unfounded arguments from more than a decade ago against provision of HIV treatment. In resource-constrained countries without specialised services, experience has shown that much can be done to prevent and treat cancer by deployment of primary and secondary caregivers, use of off-patent drugs, and application of regional and global mechanisms for financing and procurement. Furthermore, several middle-income countries have included cancer treatment in national health insurance coverage with a focus on people living in poverty. These strategies can reduce costs, increase access to health services, and strengthen health systems to meet the challenge of cancer and other diseases. In 2009, we formed the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries, which is composed of leaders from the global health and cancer care communities, and is dedicated to proposal, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to advance this agenda.

Consumer Participation in Mailing Lists: A Field Experiment

Increasingly, companies are acquiring customer names and personal information for database marketing purposes. Because lists of customer names often are sold and rented without customer knowledge, legislation has been proposed to curtail the ability of marketers to sell personal information without customer consent. In reaction, the direct marketing community has responded with aggressive self-regulation, strongly recommending negative option permission formats and carefully worded disclosure statements. The author examines the assumptions underlying the direct marketing community's self-regulation efforts. Using afield experiment, the author measures consumers’ willingness to provide marketers with personal information and permission to rent this information based on varying permission formats, type of information requested, and level of disclosure. The results of the field experiment support the direct marketing community's assumptions about how question format affects consumers’ willingness to allow their personal information to be transferred to a third party. However, the results do not support the common assumptions that using negative option formats and not asking consumers for sensitive information improves consumers’ willingness to join mailing lists.

Tacit Shared Understandings of a First-Grade Writing Community

This study examined first graders' tacit shared understandings about composing as related to expectations about the processes and meaning of writing. Data were gathered in one first-grade classroom during the 2 1/2-hour reading/writing block over a 20-week period. The 19 students were ethnically diverse and ranged in SES from low to middle income. Domain, typological, theme, and reconstructive intersubjective analysis were all used in analyzing the following sources of data: field observations gathered by a participant observer; informal talk with students and the teacher; formal interviews with the teacher, students, and parents; and regularly collected samples of the students' writing and drawing. Two levels of student assumptions emerged from the data. The first level addresses the community's assumptions about composing which evolved through daily interactions. Specifically, it was alright to compose in one's own way, but the writer had to be able to interpret it and attending to audience interest is more important than exact decoding. The second level includes the cultural themes regarding the meaning of writing: (a) Illustrations and text reference three different virtual realities that can mediate relations with others, (b) writing is for exploring self and issues, and (c) writing can be an act of unity with others. These assumptions have implications for the research and teaching of writing at all levels.

Good Fences Make Good Neighbors: The Importance of Maintaining the Boundary between Factual and Fictional Narrative

Good Fences Make Good Neighbors: The Importance of Maintaining the Boundary between Factual and Fictional Narrative WILLIAM R. SIEBENSCHUH Literary generic distinctions exist only in the minds of the community of readers that creates and agrees to accept them. They are valid only as long as that community's assumptions and expectations remain stable. As a rule, changes occur continuously but gradually. Sometimes, however, the process gets speeded up. When fundamental generic assumptions are challenged directly, or made to seem invalid, temporary theoretical confu­ sion, experiment, and reassessment occur. Such confusion, experiment, and reassessment is now occurring among students of the factual genres. If literary criticism were a science, I believe that what is happening might be called a paradigm shift. "A paradigm holds sway in a profession when most of its members share the same values, recognize the same problems, and agree on similar solutions. But in time, unexplained violations of the model, or anomalies, may subvert the paradigm; questions are raised which have no meaning in the old paradigm. Practitioners must then seek new answers, which lead toward the development of a new paradigm."1 Parallels between literary genres and scientific models may not be exact in every point but Kuhn's seems an accurate description of the current state of debate about the generic status of autobiography, biography, and 205 206 / SIEBENSCHUH even history. Critics no longer "share the same values, recognize the same problems, and agree on similar solutions." Over the past few decades there have been some brilliant "violations of the model," especially by autobiog­ raphers. Reinterpretations of some of the classics have produced "anoma­ lies," because critics have approached such works in new and often contra­ dictory ways. Because critics are asking new questions, they are getting new answers which, it seems likely, will eventually lead to the develop­ ment of new paradigms. Under such circumstances, "sometimes several paradigms compete for supremacy . . . until one emerges preeminent."2 Exactly this sort of competition is happening now, because some of the culture's most basic assumptions about identity, memory, and the nature of language are being challenged — even flatly denied. The implications of these challenges for the factual genres can be de­ scribed best by looking at their impact on theories of autobiography. Au­ tobiographical form is obviously closely tied to an author's and a culture's assumptions about identity, and our assumptions about identity have changed dramatically since the great autobiographies of the nineteenth century were written. As Burton Pike, among others, points out, "History . . . provided the nineteenth century autobiographer with an ideal exter­ nal support . . . [At that time] a whole personality saw itself standing in a firm relationship to a whole culture." Development of the self was viewed as a linear process involving interaction with the culture, occur­ ring in time, and best objectified by common narrative modes. However, as the twentieth century began, Pike continues: "there was no longer a whole person standing over against a whole world, but a human something moving about in a diffuse culture medium. A sense of purpose was no longer to be sought outside the individual consciousness, and became hard enough to find even there. The sense of time, along with everything else, was fragmented and relativized."3 The implications of these changes for fiction, poetry, and painting are well-known and have been much discussed, but the implications for auto­ biography and even biography have been equally dramatic. Taking away the traditional view of identity formation means taking away the justifica­ tion for one of traditional autobiography's most important formal prem­ ises: the validity of traditional narrative structures. Shifting importance away from the social self and onto consciousness itself — the psychic self — means shifting the focus of autobiography onto a subject that many now feel can never be known. Is the self that an individual perceives a reality, or is it a psychic construct changing constantly in response to psychic needs? What is one to make of the obvious discrepancies between an in­ dividual's sense of himself and others' view of him? Is there a permanent self which can be described accurately and relatively objectively, or is there Good Fences Make Good Neighbors...