Communities In Wastewater Treatment Plants Research Articles

Deep insights into the assembly mechanisms, co-occurrence patterns, and functional roles of microbial community in wastewater treatment plants

The understanding of activated sludge microbial status and roles is imperative for improving and enhancing the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we conducted a deep analysis of activated sludge microbial communities across five compartments (inflow, effluent, and aerobic, anoxic, anaerobic tanks) over temporal scales, employing high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons and metagenome data. Clearly discernible seasonal patterns, exhibiting cyclic variations, were observed in microbial diversity, assembly, co-occurrence network, and metabolic functions. Notably, summer samples exhibited higher α-diversity and were distinctly separated from winter samples. Our analysis revealed that microbial community assembly is influenced by both stochastic processes (66%) and deterministic processes (34%), with winter samples demonstrating more random assembly compared to summer. Co-occurrence patterns were predominantly mutualistic, with over 96% positive correlations, and summer networks were more organized than those in winter. These variations were significantly correlated with temperature, total phosphorus and sludge volume index. However, no significant differences were found among microbial community across five compartments in terms of β diversity. A core community of keystone taxa was identified, playing key roles in eight nitrogen and eleven phosphorus cycling pathways. Understanding the assembly mechanisms, co-occurrence patterns, and functional roles of microbial communities is essential for the design and optimization of biotechnological treatment processes in WWTPs.

Situbondo communal waste management study: application of the anaerobic baffled reactor method at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic boarding school

Background : This study examines the planning of a communal wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) at the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School, Situbondo Regency, using the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. Methods: This study uses the ABR method supported by literature studies as the basis for the preparation of the writing. The study also involved observation and field observation. Findings: (1) the domestic wastewater discharge generated by 4,410 people or 74 rooms is 364,408 m³/day, while the non-domestic wastewater discharge is 0.20 m³/day, bringing the total wastewater discharge to 364,608 m³/day. (2) The ABR method was chosen because it has several advantages, such as relatively small land requirements, ease of construction, operation and maintenance, no need for electrical energy, and more efficient costs. (3) The dimensions of each ABR compartment were designed to be 11.4 m long, 2.3 m wide, and 2.6 m high, which ensures even distribution of wastewater and effective treatment. Conclusion: The three research results led to the author's understanding that the ABR method is a suitable and efficient solution for wastewater treatment at Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Islamic Boarding School. For further planning, it is recommended to conduct detailed calculations regarding the Wastewater Management System (WMS) and consider the use of alternative methods such as Constructed Wetland or Anaerobic Filter Reactor, especially considering the area of the pesantren which is surrounded by rice fields. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers an innovative solution for wastewater treatment in Islamic boarding school environments by applying the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) method. This study not only designs an efficient and cost-effective system but also considers the specific context of Islamic boarding schools, paving the way for applying environmentally friendly technologies in Islamic educational institutions.

Global diversity of airborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi from wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been recognized as one of the major potential sources of the spread of airborne pathogenic microorganisms under the global pandemic of COVID-19. The differences in research regions, wastewater treatment processes, environmental conditions, and other aspects in the existing case studies have caused some confusion in the understanding of bioaerosol pollution characteristics. In this study, we integrated and analyzed data from field sampling and performed a systematic literature search to determine the abundance of airborne microorganisms in 13 countries and 37 cities across four continents (Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa). We analyzed the concentrations of bioaerosols, the core composition, global diversity, determinants, and potential risks of airborne pathogen communities in WWTPs. Our findings showed that the culturable bioaerosol concentrations of global WWTPs are 102–105 CFU/m3. Three core bacterial pathogens, namely Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas, as well as two core fungal pathogens, Cladosporium and Aspergillus, were identified in the air across global WWTPs. WWTPs have unique core pathogenic communities and distinct continental divergence. The sources of airborne microorganisms (wastewater) and environmental variables (relative humidity and air contaminants) have impacts on the distribution of airborne pathogens. Potential health risks are associated with the core airborne pathogens in WWTPs. Our study showed the specificity, multifactorial influences, and potential pathogenicity of airborne pathogenic communities in WWTPs. Our findings can improve the understanding of the global diversity and biogeography of airborne pathogens in WWTPs, guiding risk assessment and control strategies for such pathogens. Furthermore, they provide a theoretical basis for safeguarding the health of WWTP workers and ensuring regional ecological security.

Operation of a Pilot-Scale Biogas Plant Made of Textile Materials and Application of Its Results to a Full-Sized Demonstration Plant

In small German farms, there is a technically usable potential of cattle manure and pig manure ranging from 153 to 187 million tons of fresh matter per year. Since 2021 and 2023, new incentives under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) have been promoting biogas production in small farms. These incentives, applicable to biogas plants up to 150 kWel, include direct compensations for plants up to 100 kWel and market premiums for those up to 150 kWel. A small biogas plant made of textile materials was designed for both pilot and full-scale applications. Compared to conventional concrete biogas reactors, these textile-based reactors offer a simplified construction and operation, eliminating the need for specialized civil engineering. The primary objective of this research is to demonstrate the process engineering feasibility of biogas reactors based on textile materials for small farm biogas plants (30 to 75 kWel). Another goal is to design the construction method in such a way that this type of system can be built by farmers themselves after type testing on site. Operational insights were gathered from the laboratory plant with a 300-L digester volume, using cattle manure and clover grass silage. To adapt the system to the biogas reactor made of textile materials, the reactor was designed without a stirrer. These insights were considered in the design and approval procedure of the full-sized demonstration biogas plant made of textile materials. The full-size demonstration plant digesters underwent an approval procedure from local authorities, featuring treatment volumes of 120 m3 for the main biogas reactor and 550 m3 for the digestate reactor in an earth basin style. This new type of biogas plant could be built in small farms for self-sufficiency in electrical and thermal energy or for treating sewage sludge in small-scale communal wastewater treatment and biogas plants.

Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. in Municipal and Hospital Wastewater: A Longitudinal Study.

The objective of the study was to detect multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. isolates in municipal and hospital wastewater and to determine their elimination or persistence after wastewater treatment. Between August 2021 and September 2022, raw and treated wastewater samples were collected at two hospital and two community wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In each season of the year, two treated and two raw wastewater samples were collected in duplicate at each of the WWTPs studied. Screening and presumptive identification of staphylococci and enterococci was performed using chromoagars, and identification was performed with the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS®). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using VITEK 2® automated system. There were 56 wastewater samples obtained during the study period. A total of 182 Staphylococcus sp. and 248 Enterococcus sp. were identified. The highest frequency of Staphylococcus sp. isolation was in spring and summer (n = 129, 70.8%), and for Enterococcus sp. it was in autumn and winter (n = 143, 57.7%). Sixteen isolates of Staphylococcus sp. and sixty-three of Enterococcus sp. persisted during WWTP treatments. Thirteen species of staphylococci and seven species of enterococci were identified. Thirty-one isolates of Staphylococcus sp. and ninety-four of Enterococcus sp. were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to vancomycin (1.1%), linezolid (2.7%), and daptomycin (8.2%/10.9%%), and a lower susceptibility to tigecycline (2.7%), was observed. This study evidences the presence of Staphylococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp. resistant to antibiotics of last choice of clinical treatment, in community and hospital wastewater and their ability to survive WWTP treatment systems.

Evaluation of Communal WWTP Management in Supporting the Smart Environment in Mlati District, Sleman Regency

Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is a solution used in the management and treatment of domestic waste. Mlati District is an area that has 8 active Communal WWTP units spread across four villages. Management by the local community to the type of technology used in each region certainly has differences. This research aims to determine the benchmark for the effectiveness of developing one of the smart city dimensions, that is the smart environment in Mlati District. This research was conducted using qualitative research methods, with data processing and presentation carried out descriptively. The existing conditions of the Communal WWTP were obtained by field observation, the management of the Communal WWTP was then carried out descriptive analysis based on the observations, indepth interviews and secondary data and then continued with descriptive analysis to find out management in supporting the smart environment in the Mlati District. The results of the study show that the management of the Communal WWTP in Mlati District has been going well with minimal risk of damage and obstacles. Communal WWTP is the main infrastructure in domestic waste processing which brings significant changes to the region and society. The existence of a waste water treatment installation unit is considered to be able to meet the community’s needs for waste handling. Although waste treatment is not discussed significantly in the elements of smart city development, centralized domestic waste management in Mlati District has proven to play a role in supporting the realization of a smart environment in the region.

Effects of operational parameters on bacterial communities in Hong Kong and global wastewater treatment plants.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an indispensable component of modern cities, as they can remove pollutants in wastewater to prevent anthropogenic activities. Activated sludge (AS) is a fundamental wastewater treatment process and it harbors a highly complex microbial community that forms the main components and contains functional groups. Unveiling "who is there" is a long-term goal of the research on AS microbiology. High-throughput sequencing provides insights into the inventory diversity of microbial communities to an unprecedented level of detail. At present, the analysis of communities in WWTPs usually comes from a specific WWTP and lacks comparisons and verification among different WWTPs. The wide-scale and long-term sampling project and research in this study could help us evaluate the AS community more accurately to find the similarities and different results for different WWTPs in Hong Kong and other regions of the world.

Impact of Doxycycline Addition on Activated Sludge Microflora and Microbial Communities

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are exposed to high concentrations of micropollutants that can impact conventional activated sludge treatment. The consequences of this include failure to meet discharge standards and the disintegration of flocs, leading to poor sludge settleability. This lab-scale study focuses on the influence of doxycycline, an antibiotic widely used against human and animal diseases, on protozoa, metazoa, and bacterial communities under sludge growing conditions. Doxycycline was added to the mixed liquor of a communal WWTP up to 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg of doxycycline L−1 and incubated in batch conditions for 23 days. The regular addition of nutrient and carbon sources was preformed every 2 days to prevent sludge starvation. Sludge growth, conductivity, and settleability were measured and compared to sludge microbial community structure, determined by microscopic observations and high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing. The high doxycycline concentration negatively impacted settleability and correlated with a decrease in bacterial diversity and floc disintegration. The addition of doxycycline promoted the enrichment of Proteobacteria Brevundimonas sp., Luteibacter anthropi, and the Bacteroidetes Chryseobacterium massoliae. These species are known to be resistant to a wide spectrum of antibiotics, including tetracyclines. A study of a larger scale may be conducted based on this study’ results.

Utilization of Sludge from the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in the Asrama Dinas Lingkungan Hidup (DLH) Jagakarsa of South Jakarta City as Basic Material for Organic Fertilizer

Asrama DLH Jagakarsa has a communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that produces sludge that has not been treated. Asrama DLH residents directly apply the sludge from the communal WWTP as fertilizer for plants. Fecal sludge contains organic substances that provide nutrients to plants. However, there is a possibility that it still contains pathogenic bacteria and metals that can be harmful to plants. This research aims to utilize the fecal sludge from Asrama DLH Jagakarsa WWTP as organic fertilizer with additional ingredients in the form of humic acid. During fertilizer manufacturing, the bacteria and metals are removed. The analysis used includes the composting process conditions analysis, characteristics tests to determine the content of feces and fertilizers, and analysis of the application to plants. Analysis of the conditions in the composting process is the analysis of the pH value of organic fertilizers. Characteristic tests include soil variation (V1), WWTP sludge (V2), and organic fertilizer (V3). Analysis of the application of plant growth was carried out by testing the variation of soil 100% (P1), soil 80% + 20% fecal sludge (P2), and soil 80% + 20% organic fertilizer (P3). The laboratory analysis includes the analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPP), and water content which will be compared with the quality standard of the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 261 of 2019. The plant that is used as an indicator of the success of organic fertilizer in plant growth is the kale plant. The best value was obtained in the variation of organic fertilizer (V3), namely the NPP content and water content, respectively, which were 4.52%, 2.57%, 0.05%, and 19.84%. This shows that organic fertilizer increases NPP elements and plant growth.

RESTORASI LANSKAP SITU PENGARENGAN DEPOK UNTUK MENDUKUNG EKOSISTEM PERAIRAN BERKELANJUTAN

Situ (Shallow lake) Pengarengan with an area of 7 Ha serves as a water catchment area, flood control and conservation area. This study aims to analyze the damage that occurred in Situ Pengarengan and provide alternative solutions through landscape restoration technology. The main pollutants that enter the waters of Situ Pengarengan come from households, wastewater and garbage carried by the Kali Hati stream. Not all areas of Situ Pengarengan have adequate boundaries. Only 30% of the area has borders. Only 38% of the area has green open space. There are 17 types of plants on the banks of Situ Pengarengan. Situ landscape restoration technology is needed as an effort to improve ecosystem balance, restore ecological functions and increase the natural purification ability of situ water. One of the landscape restoration technologies by arranging landscapes uses plants that are able to hold runoff water to prevent erosion and as a natural filter for pollutants. Efforts to control damage and prevent pollution are carried out through the implementation of green open space according to the provisions, the implementation of communal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP), the installation of garbage retention nets and periodic cleaning and dredging of situ. Landscape restoration is carried out for damage control through the preservation of catchment areas and reforestation of the boundaries.

Effectiveness of communal wastewater treatment plant in peri-urban Yogyakarta, Indonesia, for Escherichia coli removal

Yogyakarta Special Region, one of Indonesia’s provinces, has many communal wastewater treatment plants (CWWTPs). However, less than 40% of the province’s CWWTPs are operationally viable. Based on data from the Environmental Agency of Sleman Regency, the physical and chemical parameters of approximately 163 CWWTPs were evaluated. Their biological characteristics, however, still need to be understood. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of CWWTPs in terms of biological parameters, specifically total Coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations in the observed CWWTPs. Five CWWTPs were used as study sites, namely IPAL Manunggal Pringgodani Sejati, IPAL Bakti Warga, IPAL Tambakrejo Bersih, IPAL Nologaten Bersih, and IPAL Andum Roso, which were classified as extremely high and high sanitation risk areas. The total Coliform and E. coli concentrations were determined using MPN techniques based on APHA 9221 (2017). The study found that the E. coli removal effectiveness of the CWWTPs in the very-high sanitation risk areas, namely IPAL Manunggal Pringgodani Sejati, IPAL Bakti Warga, and IPAL Tambakrejo Bersih, was 49%, 18%, and 83%, respectively. Furthermore, in high sanitation risk regions, such as IPAL Nologaten Bersih and IPAL Andum Roso, the CWWTPS were 17% and 73%, respectively. Total Coliform concentrations at all CWWTPs were below the standard limit set by Permen LHK No 68 and the EPA. The findings of this study will help to improve understanding of the WWTP process for E. coli elimination, which will, in turn, help to improve CWWTP performance.

Batik Liquid Waste Management in the Batik Center Area of Tasikmalaya

Batik production in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. However, regarding environmental quality, it is feared that it will produce waste that pollutes the surrounding water bodies. This study aims to describe problems and solutions in improving the management of batik liquid waste in the city and district of Tasikmalaya (Cipedes and Sukaraja) using descriptive qualitative methods and the Miles and Huberman model. The results of the research using interview and observation methods show that most batik SMEs in these two areas have been unable to manage waste optimally. The problem arising from batik liquid waste is the contamination of residents' fish ponds, sewers, and bathtubs. Although there are three independent and communal WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants) in Cipedes (MSME Agnessa, Deden, and riverbanks) as well as one independent WWTP in UMKM Sukapura "GJM," their utilization is still constrained by various natural and artificial factors. The role of the surrounding community is still low in understanding the existence and impact of batik waste around them.

Bacterial communities in residential wastewater treatment plants are physiologically adapted to high concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds

AbstractBenzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) widely used as the active ingredient of disinfectants. Its excessive discharge into wastewater is constant and in high concentrations, likely affecting the physiology of microbial communities. We compared the physiological community profile of activated sludge (AS) bacteria with and without prior in vitro exposure to a high concentration of BAC (10 mg L−1). We measured the community functional diversity, carbon substrate multifunctionality, and the median effective concentration that inhibits carbon respiration (EC50) using Biolog EcoPlates supplemented with a gradient of 0–50 mg L−1 of BAC. Surprisingly, we did not find significant differences in the physiological parameters among treatments. Certain abundant bacteria, including Pseudomonas, could explain the community's tolerance to high concentrations of BAC. We suggest that bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants’ AS are “naturally” adapted to BAC due to frequent and high‐dose exposure. We highlight the need to understand better the effects of QACs in wastewater, their impact on the selection of tolerant groups, and the alteration in community metabolic profiles.

Bacteriophages limitedly contribute to the antimicrobial resistome of microbial communities in wastewater treatment plants.

Bacteriophages are known as players in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) by horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we characterized the bacteriophage community and the associated ARGs to estimate the potential for phages to spread ARGs in aquatic ecosystems analyzing the intra- and extracellular DNA isolated from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by shotgun metagenomics. We compared the phage antimicrobial resistome with the bacterial resistome and investigated the effect of the final disinfection treatment on the phage community and its resistome. Phage community was mainly composed by Siphoviridae and other members of the order Caudovirales. The final disinfection only marginally affected the composition of the phage community, and it was not possible to measure its effect on the antimicrobial resistome. Indeed, only three phage metagenome-assembled genomes (pMAGs) annotated as Siphoviridae, Padoviridae, and Myoviridae were positive for putative ARGs. Among the detected ARGs, i.e., dfrB6, rpoB mutants, and EF-Tu mutants, the first one was not annotated in the bacterial MAGs. Overall, these results demonstrate that bacteriophages limitedly contribute to the whole antimicrobial resistome. However, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the antimicrobial resistome within a microbial community, the role of bacteriophages needs to be investigated. IMPORTANCE WWTPs are considered hotspots for the spread of ARGs by horizontal gene transfer. In this study, we evaluated the phage composition and the associated antimicrobial resistome by shotgun metagenomics of samples collected before and after the final disinfection treatment. Only a few bacteriophages carried ARGs. However, since one of the detected genes was not found in the bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes, it is necessary to investigate the phage community in order to gain a comprehensive overview of the antimicrobial resistome. This investigation could help assess the potential threats to human health.

Characterization of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales isolated from an urban community wastewater treatment plant in Iran.

he occurrence and characteristics of Extended Spectrum- and AmpC-β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE) in an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. A total of 30 wastewater samples were collected from all sections of WWTP. Enterobacterales were isolated and identified using standard microbiological tests. The antibiotic resistance profile was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic screening for ESBL-PE and AmpC-PE isolates was performed by double-disk synergy and boronic acid disk potentiation tests, respectively. The isolates were examined for AmpC- and ESBL-encoding genes by PCR and sequencing methods. Among 146 Enterobacterales isolates, 8.9% (n=13) [ESBL-only; 5.48% (n=8) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] were ESBL-producers and 15.75% (n=23) [AmpC-only; 12.33% (n=18) and ESBL + AmpC; 3.42% (n=5)] AmpC-producers. Hafnia spp. with 33.33% (n=1/3) and E. coli with 20.58% (n=7/34) [ESBL-only; 17.64% (n=6/34) and ESBL + AmpC; 2.94% (n=1/34)] were the most common ESBL-producing bacteria. Enterobacter spp. with 37.50% (n=6/16) of isolates were the most common AmpC-producing organisms. ESBL- and/or AmpC-producing isolates were identified in all parts of the WWTP including 80% (n=8/10) of samples taken from effluent. Among ESBL-producing isolates, bla CTX-M , bla TEM, and bla SHV ESBL-encoding genes were found in 61.5% (n=8), 15.3% (n=2), and 7.7% (n=1) of isolates, respectively. All CTX-M-type enzymes belonged to the CTX-M-1 group and CTX-M-15 subgroup. bla TEM and bla SHV type genes belonged to bla TEM-20 and bla HSV-12 subtypes, respectively. bla DHA with 73.9% (n=17/23), and bla CIT and bla FOX with 30.4% (n=7/23) each, were the most common AmpC-encoding genes among AmpC-producing isolates. Overall, 75% of ESBL-producing and 55.5% of AmpC-producing isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance phenotypes. The organisms were most resistant against ampicillin (82.2%) nalidixic acid (43.8%) and cephalexin (41.1%). ESBL- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales spp. with diverse genetic resistance backgrounds in WWTP effluent poses a significant risk to public health.

Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Design for Domestic Wastewater Treatment for Communal Scale in DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory

To better manage Jakarta's domestic wastewater, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government commissioned the construction of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in multiple locations across the city. After the results of the measurements have been determined, engineering work needs to order to address the numerous parameters more than excesses of the quality in addition, there. This study intends to develop a vertical flow CW design as an additional treatment for the DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory Communal Domestic WWTP as a recommendation for improvement so that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This study aims to ensure that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This redesign makes use of a variety of data sources, including primary data as well as secondary data. The necessary information is the quantity of constable water consumption and the quality of the domestic wastewater produced within the environment of the DKI Jakarta DLH Dormitory. Through a network of pipelines, wastewater from activities such as bathing and using the latrines is transported directly to the WWTP. During this time, water from activities such as washing and runoff caused by rain will enter various drainage channels to the receiving water body, the Ciliwung River. The length of the CW at WWTP 1 is 6.718 meters, and its width is 3.35 meters. Following more in-depth processing of the available data, it was discovered that the existing outlet wastewater had a low C/N ratio. When creating wetlands in the field using artificial CW, the discharge that flows into the wetland and the release that flows out of the wetland is not the same. The amount can either be decreased or increased according to the current circumstances. This needs to be considered for the presence of water in the swamp system to be managed. After being processed with VFCW, it was discovered that the total BOD value of the effluent produced was less than 30 mg/L. This suggests that the processing of VFCW can conform to the requirements of PermenLHK No. 68/2016, which is concerned with the Quality Standards for Domestic Wastewater. The ammonium-nitrogen value by comparing the molar mass value to NH3. As a result, WWTP locations 1, 2, and 3 have all achieved the required quality. The NH4 value, on the other hand, has not been able to meet the quality standard of PermenLHK No. 68/2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. This is because the ammonia concentration from Domestic Communal WWTP 4 is so high. As a solution to this problem, WWTP 4 will be upgraded from four plants per square meter (ppm) to five plants per sq m (ppm), hoping to improve the rate at which plants absorb nutrients. The removal of ammonia using VFCW can range anywhere from 34 - 95 percent. Keywords: Domestic Wastewater, Planning, Constructed Wetland, WWTP

Efisiensi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik pada IPAL Komunal Di Kabupaten Bone Bolango

Waste water needs to be managed properly based on its characteristics to reduce the levels of contaminants contained therein. Communal IPAL or Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) is a centralized wastewater treatment system. Several Communal WWTPs in Bone Bolango Regency have been built, but monitoring is rarely carried out. The purpose of this research was to determine the processing efficiency of communal WWTPs in Kabila District (Dutohe Barat Village and Tanggilingo Village), and Tilongkabila District (Butu Village and Iloheluma Village). The parameters measured were Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coliform, Ammonia, and fatty oil tests from inlet and outlet water samples from WWTP. The values obtained are then compared with the quality standards based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 6989.59:2008 concerning Water and Wastewater. The research method uses non-experimental with a quantitative descriptive approach. Sampling using a purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of observations, it was found that there were differences in the results of the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment, namely the highest TSS removal efficiency in Butu Village (82.9); total coliform in all locations (0); the highest removal in efficiency values were in Iloheluma Village, namely BOD (100), Ammonia (86.95), COD (65.53) and fatty oil efficiency values (98.11) in Tanggilingo Village. The results of this research can be used as a reference for the Regional Government of Bone Bolango Regency to improve the Communal WWTP sustainably to overcome environmental pollution.

Beyond COVID-19: Designing Inclusive Public Health Surveillance by Including Wastewater Monitoring.

Wastewater-based epidemiology is a promising and expanding public health surveillance method. The current wastewater testing trajectory to monitor primarily at community wastewater treatment plants was necessitated by immediate needs of the pandemic. Going forward, specific consideration should be given to monitoring vulnerable and underserved communities to ensure inclusion and rapid response to public health threats. This is particularly important when clinical testing data are insufficient to characterize community virus levels and spread in specific locations. Now is a timely call to action for equitably protecting health in the United States, which can be guided with intentional and inclusive wastewater monitoring.

Planning Study of Wastewater Treatment Plant Communal Settlement Perumnas III Waena Yabansai Village Heram District Jayapura City

The effect of population growth in the residential area of Perumnas III Waena which is lack of planning has an impact on groundwater pollution caused by domestic waste water which affects the quality of dug well water. Household domestic waste water that comes from the combination of cleaning activities, namely waste from kitchen, bathroom, toilet, and laundry with the composition of liquid waste containing organic materials and mineral compounds from food scraps, urine and soap. The objective of this research is to make plans for Waste Water Treatment (IPAL) Communal Plants at Perumnas III Waena which can serve waste water treatment in these settlements. The data analysis method used is the calculation of the population, analysis of water discharge, determination of water discharge and technical planning of Waste Water Treatment (IPAL) Communal Plants. The results show that the discharge of the entire settlement is 0,04780 m3 / second, the distribution planning system in the residential area III Waena is designed with a Small Bore Sawer system equipped with an inceptor tank at the end of the house channel, a communal wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) with an Off-Site system with Aerobic Anaeorob Reactor Biofilter technology

Performance Effectiveness of Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant as an Effort to Control Pollution of the Gajah Wong River, Yogyakarta

The Gajah Wong River receives wastewater from the high population of Sleman Regency, including agricultural activities and home industries that contain organic pollutants. High organic pollutants cause dissolved oxygen depletion in waters that can threaten the lives of various aquatic biota. The construction of a communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for handling domestic wastewater is an effort to control river pollution. The effectiveness of WWTP performance based on key parameters is continuously monitored, which is the purpose of this research. Surveys on 4 (four) communal WWTPs (Ngudi Mulyo, Wahana Bina Lingkungan, Tirto Mili, and Karya Asri Ambarukmo) were conducted in February – April 2021 with the key parameters observed were pH, BOD5, COD, and NH3. Sampling wastewater by grab sampling at each inlet and outlet of the WWTP using ABR (Anaerobic Baffled Reactor) and RBC (Rotating Biological Contactor) technology 6 times. The results provide an overview of the quality characteristics of wastewater that has been treated (outlet) at the Ngundi Mulyo WWTP (NH3 16.55 mg/L, BOD5 32.53 mg/L, COD 213.52 mg/L, pH 5) Wahana Bina Lingkungan (NH3 29.85 mg/L, BOD5 262.36 mg/L, pH 6-7), Tirto Mulyo (NH3 20.42 mg/L, BOD5 66.67 mg/L, COD 248.7 mg/L, pH 6-7) and Karya Asri Ambarukmo (NH3 21.60 mg/L, BOD5 252.64 mg/L, pH 6-7). These results reveal that the performance of the four WWTPs is still low and has not been effective in reducing COD and NH3 parameters, except that BOD5 reaches the required quality standard, and the processed wastewater still has the potential to reduce the water quality of the Gajah Wong River. This result is also a signal for WWTP managers to improve the processing process in each of these WWTPs.