Community Supported Agriculture Research Articles

What lies ahead? Consumer expectations and wishes for organic animal farming: analyzing improvements to boost confidence in organic livestock farming

IntroductionTo meet the policy target of increasing the share of organic farming in the EU to 25% by 2030, it is also essential to increase consumer demand for organic products. For many consumers, animal welfare is one of the main reasons to buy organics. Trust is inherently important when purchasing organic food, as most of the standards on which organic farming relies, such as more space, cannot be verified by the consumer. Consumer trust in organic animal farming is therefore an important factor in the expansion of the market share of organic products. The aim of this study is to identify specific trust-building “changes” in organic livestock husbandry to strengthen consumer trust in the long term.MethodA total of eight regulations or practices, e.g. early cow-calf separation or regulations on the use of antibiotics, were assessed in terms of consumer awareness. Further described changes to these practices or regulations were ranked regarding their potential to improve trust in organic animal husbandry.ResultsThe results show that most of the regulations and practices mentioned were not known to consumers, confirming a low level of consumer knowledge about specific aspects of organic farming. All eight possible changes would increase consumer trust, at least somewhat.DiscussionThe ranking shows that, in particular, the practice of dam rearing and an even stronger limitation of flock sizes for poultry have the highest potential to increase consumer trust in organic animal husbandry and can therefore be recommended as important strategies to meet consumer demands in the future.

Farmers’ adoption of organic agriculture—a systematic global literature review

Abstract Policymakers worldwide set ambitious targets to increase the share of organic farming. We conduct a global, systematic literature review to synthesise evidence on the adoption of organic farming and support policymakers and food-value chain actors in reaching policy goals. First, we map the existing research and identify substantial gaps regarding the research focus, methodology and geographical coverage. Second, using a conceptual framework of the farmers’ adoption process, we provide an overview of evidence-based recommendations to scale organic adoption. Finally, using regression analysis, we show that especially the organic market maturity and the level of agricultural productivity matter for the type of recommended measures.

Efisiensi Pemasaran Karet Di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir Sumatera Selatan

The rubber commodity in Ogan Ilir Regency plays an important role in increasing family income, but currently, the income of rubber farmers is still relatively low because farmers are still traditional in their marketing, causing the prices received by farmers to be low. The objectives of this study are to 1) Identify the functions of rubber marketing institutions in Ogan Ilir Regency, 2) Analyze the efficiency of rubber marketing in Ogan Ilir Regency.. Sampling was carried out randomly. 75 samples were used in this research, with a population of rubber farmers, namely 236 farmers in Tanjung Batu District and 254 in Payaraman District. Locations were chosen purposively based on the same considerations: the subdistricts and villages that produce the largest rubber production. Data collection uses cross-section data. Rubber marketing efficiency is analyzed using marketing margin, farmer's share, profit to cost ratio and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The research results show that rubber farmers in Ogan Ilir Regency use three marketing channel patterns. Based on the analysis of rubber marketing efficiency, it is recommended that rubber farmers in Ogan Ilir Regency use marketing channel 1, namely farmers-UPPB-factories and marketing channel 3, namely farmers-wholesalers-factories.

Trends and challenges in implementing community-supported agriculture

Trends and challenges in implementing community-supported agriculture

From expectation to action: an empirical study of the role of confidence

We explore formation of expectations and links between expectations and action among Croatian micro-producers of organic fruits and vegetables. Twenty-nine interviews with entrepreneurs from all Croatian counties and the City of Zagreb were conducted. Thematic analysis reveals four recurring themes linking participants’ expectations and action: positive feedback, coordination devices, proximal vs. distal bias and retrospecting prospects. We relate these themes to the valence of expectations (positive, negative or neutral) and situate our findings within broader theoretical frameworks of Barbalet’s theory of confidence and Emirbayer and Mische’s theory of agency. Enjoying acceptance and recognition as members of community-supported agriculture groups, and having access to specific resources as members of associations of organic producers are identified as key drivers of optimism and confidence among the participants.

Exploring Community-Supported Agriculture through Maslow’s Hierarchy: A Systematic Review of Research Themes and Trends

Community-supported agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a pivotal model for sustainable and humanistic agricultural practices, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between food production, consumption, and sustainable ecosystems. Despite the growing interest, a comprehensive analysis of research themes and trends within the CSA framework remains sparse. This paper undertakes a systematic review of CSA literature from 1999 to 2023, identifying evolving research hotspots, dominant themes, and prospective directions by keyword analysis to corroborate Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. The research analysis location is categorized into four temporal phases, revealing a geographical expansion from North America to encompass Asia, Africa, and other continents. This expansion corroborates Maslow’s theory, illustrating a global shift from fulfilling basic physiological needs towards recognizing sustainable practices, particularly in developing regions. The results of temporal trends (5 phases) and the hotspots of keyword analysis support each other by showing a societal shift from basic sustenance to a deeper understanding of nutrition and diet. Most of the recent research keywords are grouped into the “environment” and “health and education” categories, indicating an increasing emphasis on transforming the food system and nutrition education. This review suggests conducting an integrated analysis that links the various stages of the food supply chain with the criteria outlined in the Sustainable Agriculture Matrix (SAM). It highlights that the “environment” theme is a stage of building up esteem and self-realization that needs to be unfolded in the future, given that most research on community-supported agriculture (CSA) focuses on the “economy and society” aspect and consumption stage, which burnish self-morality in the theory of Maslow. Overall, this review proposes an analysis of the relevance among different subject categories and between food supply chain stages, which reveals that the trend of research under CSA development is accorded to the theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and calls for a more holistic approach to agricultural research that considers ecological, health, and social imperatives.

Understanding factors affecting non-participants’ interest in community-supported agriculture

Community-supported agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a viable solution for addressing the agricultural challenges faced by countries like Indonesia. This study uses the well-established unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model to examine the interest in CSA of potential customers in Indonesia. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to 1200 respondents, and the data were analyzed using structural equation model-partial least square (SEM-PLS) in SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results capture potential CSA consumer interest and will help to improve CSA development strategies in Indonesia. The model explains 44.4% of customers’ intentions, and identifies performance expectancy as the decisive factor in customers’ willingness to participate in CSA. Performance expectancy (0.292), hedonic motivation (0.262), social influence (0.259), and facilitating conditions (0.086) positively influence customers’ interest in participating in a CSA program. The adoption of CSA programs by both farmers and customers could be increased by implementing regulations that provide tax incentives and subsidies, offering training on sustainable farming practices, facilitating the establishment of distribution channels, and establishing guidelines for fair price and quality standards. This study shows the high potential for the implementation of CSA in Indonesia. It could also be used as a foundation for the development of new policies regarding sustainable agriculture markets in Indonesia.

Efficiency of Supply Chain Management Performance in Potato Farming with Data Envelopment Analysis

The potato farmers in Karangreja District use two supply chain channels, namely the supply chain channel partnership non-partnership supply chain channels. The existence of a good supply chain channel, will provide benefits and benefits that are evenly distributed to all parties involved in distributing potato products to consumers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences in profit, farmer share, and supply chain efficiency in partnership and non-partnership patterns in Karangreja District, Purbalingga Regency. The farmer sampling method using Simple Random Sampling obtained 500 partnership pattern farmers and non-partnership pattern farmers. Determination of marketing agencies using the Snowball Sampling technique obtained collectors, wholesaler, and retailers. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of supply chain efficiency and analysis of different tests. The results of the analysis show the supply chain efficiency analysis shows that 42.86 farmers operating efficiently have partnership patterns and 57.20 non-partner pattern farmers. The different test analysis shows that for profit and farmer's share indicators there is a significant difference between the partnership pattern and the non-partnership pattern. As for the marketing margin indicators and performance efficiency, there is no significant difference between the partnership pattern and the non-partnership pattern

Understanding Market Dynamics and Profitability in Small Ruminant Marketing: An Economic Analysis in Southern Karnataka, India

Small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats, play a crucial role in India's agricultural economy, serving as a significant source of income and livelihood for millions of small and marginalized farmers. In regions like Southern Karnataka, where livestock farming is integral part of rural households as they are not only a source of meat, wool, and milk but also provide financial security during times of economic distress. Despite their importance, the marketing of small ruminants remains largely unorganized, posing significant challenges for farmers. The marketing of small ruminants such as sheep and goat involves the procurement of animals at primary markets from farmers, selling these animals at local markets, and further distribution to terminal markets through wholesalers or commission agents. For sheep and goat farmers, selecting the appropriate marketing channel is crucial, as the benefits they receive are largely dependent on this choice. The chosen channel must minimize marketing costs while maximizing the farmer's share of the consumer's rupee. So, this study was undertaken focusing on analysing the existing marketing channels for small ruminants in Karnataka, particularly sheep and goats, and to evaluate the cost structure of different marketing channels, understand the role of middlemen, and propose measures to reduce marketing costs and improve the farmers' share of profits. In the study area, four primary marketing channels were identified: (1) Farmer → Village Trader → Wholesaler/Butcher, (2) Farmer → Local Trader → Wholesaler/Butcher, (3) Farmer → Local Trader → Farmer, and (4) Farmer → Wholesaler → Distant Trader. The cost of marketing is a significant concern for sheep and goat farmers, encompassing expenses such as transportation, feeding, market fees, middlemen charges, personnel expenses, and loading/unloading fees. The average marketing cost per animal across various channels was ₹91.71, with transportation costs making up the largest portion (49.61%), followed by feeding costs (14.72%) and middlemen charges (17.01%).This highlights the challenges related to high transportation costs and inadequate market facilities, particularly for sheep and goat marketing. So, to improve the marketing efficiency and reduce costs for sheep and goat farmers, there is a need for the establishment of regulated markets for livestock and enhancing the transportation facilities in the rural areas to help farmers realize better prices for their small ruminants.

Marketing Chain Analysis Of Big Red Chilli (Capsicum Annum L) In Kedawung District, Sragen Regency

This study investigates the marketing of large red chilies in Kedawung District, Sragen Regency, Central Java, where farmers often face fluctuating prices, forcing them to sell at the prevailing market rates. Conducted in December 2021, the research focuses on understanding the marketing channels for these chilies amidst unstable prices. Using a descriptive analytical method, the study involved 10 farmers, 10 marketing agencies, and 10 consumers to identify and analyze the marketing channels. The study reveals three main marketing channels with varying structures and margins. Channel I, directly linking farmers to consumers via collectors, has a marketing margin of IDR 2000/Kg and a farmer's share of 88.3%. Channel II, which includes retailers, has a margin of IDR 7000/Kg and a 69% farmer's share. Channel III, involving wholesalers and retailers, shows the highest margin of IDR 9000/Kg with a 62.5% farmer's share. Despite the price fluctuations, all channels are deemed efficient based on the farmer's share data.

Efficiency analysis of catfish (Pangasius sp) marketing channels Balai Benih Ikan (BBI) Terantang

This study aims to analyze farmer's share, marketing margins, profit ratio, and marketing channel efficiency of catifish (Pangasius sp.) BBI Terantang in Sukamara and Balairiam District. The research method is a survey method by conducting direct observations and interviews. The data used were primary data and secondary data collected during September 2022 to June 2023. The data obtained was then analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were three types of marketing channels for BBI Terantang catfish, namely I: BBI Terantang and consumers, II: BBI Terantang, retailers, and consumers, and III: BBI Terantang, collectors, retailers, and consumers. Marketing channel I has a farmer's share value of 100%. The highest marketing margin occurred in marketing channel III with a total margin of Rp. 7,500.00-/kg. The profit ratio in marketing channels II and III benefits retailers and collectors with ratios of 7 and 3.3. As for the marketing efficiency of fresh catfish, all marketing channels are effective.Keywords: Catfish; Farmer's Share; Marketing Efficiency; Marketing Margin; Profit Ratio.

Analisis Pemasaran dan Transmisi Harga Lada Putih di Kabupaten Sambas

Marketing channels, marketing margins, efficiency and elasticity of marketing price transmission for white pepper in Sambas Regency will be the objectives of this research. Quantitative descriptive methods were used in this research. Non-probability sampling is a technique used with the purposive sampling method. Primary and secondary sources are the data used. Marketing margin analysis, marketing channel efficiency, and price transmission elasticity are some of the methods used. The results of this research show that there are two different marketing channels for white pepper in Sambas Regency: channel I directly from farmers to wholesalers then to final consumers, and channel II from farmers to collectors then to wholesalers then to final consumers. Channel I marketing efficiency is 0.46% and farmer's share is 97.56%, resulting in a marketing margin of IDR 2,000/kg. At the same time, marketing channel II achieved a marketing margin of Rp. 5,000/Kg, with a farmer's share of 93.90% and a marketing efficiency level of 0.83%. Marketing channel I is more efficient than marketing channel II. The elasticity value of price transmission in channel II is 0.663, which means that every 1% change in consumer prices will cause a change of less than 1% or 0.663% change in producer prices so it is inelastic. On the other hand, the collector level and producer level have an elasticity value of 0.632, meaning that a 1% change at the collector level results in a price change of 0.632% or less than 1% at the producer level (Inelastic). Thus, the influence of consumer prices is greater than collector prices.

Designing Food Hubs for Territories of Proximity: Assessing the Spatial, Ecological, and Cultural Potentials of Places through Multi-Criteria Decision Support Systems

Logistics, distribution models, and landscapes of food production strongly influence the space of our cities and territories. In addition to the network of large-scale retail distribution that is diffused in urban and non-urban areas, with this contribution, we study the presence of new forms of the local and sustainable distribution of food (such as Alternative Food Networks, and community-supported agriculture). Studying and understanding how these distribution models can support and be integrated within a landscape planning and design approach is explored through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision analysis method. Through the specific focus of a Food Hub localization, the aim is to demonstrate how distribution models can not only support but also integrate into landscape planning and design. The fundamental objectives for structuring and locating a Food Hub can be organized under three strategic objectives: pursuing the benefit of people, the planet, and profit. The choice of one distribution method over others, or what is the best location and condition for distribution centers, is the question we have tested with the collaboration of “L’Ortazzo” Association. The case study is a solidarity purchasing group located in the upper Valsugana valley area (Trentino Region, Italy), a supra-municipality reality involving about a hundred families that, currently, do not have a physical distribution center.

Kajian Pemasaran Dan Farmer`S Share Karet Alam Rakyat Di Kecamatan Talang Empat Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah

The aim of this research is to determine marketing channels and analyze farmer's share of natural rubber in Talang Empat District, Central Bengkulu Regency. The research location was chosen deliberately in Talang Empat District to obtain a representative picture of rubber marketing practices in the area. Sampling was carried out using the Slovin formula for farmers and the snowball sampling method for trader collectors. The research results show that there are three main marketing channels for smallholder natural rubber in Talang Empat District: The first channel consists of Farmers - Village Collecting Traders - District Collecting Traders - Wholesalers - Factories. The second channel consists of Farmers – Village Collectors – Wholesalers – Factories and the third channel consists of Farmers – District Collectors – Wholesalers – Factories. The marketing pattern of community rubber in Talang Empat District, if seen from the operational approach including margin, farmer's share and profit and cost ratio, means that the second channel is relatively more efficient compared to other channels. Keywords: marketing, people's natural rubber, farmer's share

Urban farming and food supply: A comparative review of USA and African cities

Urban farming plays a crucial role in addressing food security challenges in both developed and developing regions. This comparative review explores the dynamics of urban farming and its impact on food supply in two diverse contexts: the United States (USA) and African cities. The study investigates the unique challenges and opportunities faced by urban farming initiatives in these regions, considering factors such as infrastructure, socio-economic conditions, and agricultural practices. In the USA, urban farming has gained momentum as a sustainable solution to enhance local food production and reduce the carbon footprint associated with long-distance food transportation. The analysis delves into the policies, technological advancements, and community engagement strategies that have contributed to the success of urban farming in American cities. Additionally, the study examines the integration of rooftop gardens, vertical farming, and community-supported agriculture in the USA's urban landscape. Conversely, African cities grapple with distinct challenges in implementing and sustaining urban farming practices. The review explores the impact of rapid urbanization, limited resources, and diverse climatic conditions on the feasibility of urban agriculture in African contexts. Strategies such as community empowerment, micro-financing, and knowledge sharing are examined to understand their role in overcoming obstacles and fostering resilient urban farming systems. Keywords: Urban Farming, Food Supply, Sustainable Agriculture, USA, African Cities, Urbanization, Community Engagement, Agricultural Practices, Food Security, Comparative Analysis.

Supply Chain Analysis Orchid and Impact on Orchid Commodities Sales in Rawa Belong Market Jakarta

This study aims to 1) determine the flow of products, finance and information of orchid commodities and their impact on sales in Pasar Rawa Belong Jakarta and 2) determine marketing efficiency according to marketing margins and farmer's share. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative descriptive is used to determine the product flow, financial flow and information flow of vanda douglas orchid in Pamulang Sub-district while quantitative is used to determine the marketing efficiency of vanda douglas orchid in Pamulang based on marketing margin and farmer's share. The sampling technique was purposive sampling for farmers, village collectors, wholesalers and retailers. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and marketing margin analysis. The results showed that there were four marketing channels formed in the orchid supply chain in Pamulang District consisting of product flow, financial flow and information flow in each marketing channel. Marketing channel III is the most efficient channel with a marketing efficiency value of 3.36% and has entered the criteria <5%, the total marketing margin value of Rp 300 / stem and the farmer's share value of 85%.

Supply Chain Analysis Orchid and Impact on Orchid Commodities Sales in Rawa Belong Market Jakarta

This study aims to 1) determine the flow of products, finance and information of orchid commodities and their impact on sales in Pasar Rawa Belong Jakarta and 2) determine marketing efficiency according to marketing margins and farmer's share. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative descriptive is used to determine the product flow, financial flow and information flow of vanda douglas orchid in Pamulang Sub-district while quantitative is used to determine the marketing efficiency of vanda douglas orchid in Pamulang based on marketing margin and farmer's share. The sampling technique was purposive sampling for farmers, village collectors, wholesalers and retailers. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and marketing margin analysis. The results showed that there were four marketing channels formed in the orchid supply chain in Pamulang District consisting of product flow, financial flow and information flow in each marketing channel. Marketing channel III is the most efficient channel with a marketing efficiency value of 3.36% and has entered the criteria <5%, the total marketing margin value of Rp 300 / stem and the farmer's share value of 85%.

Marketing Analysis to Strengthen of Galunggung Putra Jaya Brand Tofu

This research aims to determine the marketing channels that occur in tofu marketing, find out costs, profits, marketing margins, farmer's share and marketing efficiency in tofu marketing and find out the problems faced in marketing the Galunggung Putra Jaya brand of tofu. The method used was a case study by taking a sample of Galungung Putra Jaya brand tofu factory owners, producer respondents and for marketing channels using snowball sampling. The research results show (1) There are 3 (three) tofu marketing channels, namely (1) Producer - Collector - Retailer - Final Consumer (2) Producer - Retailer - Final Consumer (3) Producer - Final Consumer. (2) Marketing costs incurred by marketing channel I (collecting traders Rp. 34/piece) (retailers Rp. 46/piece) marketing channel II (retailers Rp. 52/piece). Marketing channel I profits (collecting traders Rp. 166/piece) (retailers Rp. 54/piece) marketing channels (retailers Rp. 223/piece). Marketing margin marketing channel I (collecting trader IDR 200/piece) (retailer IDR 100/piece) marketing channel II (retailer IDR 275/piece) Farmer's share marketing channel I 50% marketing channel II 54%. Marketing channel I efficiency 13.33% marketing channel II 8.67%. (3) The problems faced by producers (tofu factories) are (1) Fluctuations in the price of the basic ingredient, namely soybeans, so that the costs incurred by the factory increase and cause income to decrease unless the product price increases. (2) The increase in demand is not in line with the costs incurred and the prices paid.

The Potential Diversity of Agricultural Biomass in the Context of the Organization of Agricultural Production and Circular Agriculture in Poland

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, but it also generates many residues and waste that are only partially used (as, for example, feed, litter, and fertilizer). The resulting residues and waste can be valuable components for other sectors of the economy (e.g., energy), contributing to the implementation of a circular economy. The main aim of the research is to assess the diversity of the biomass potential from agricultural residues in the context of the level of organization of agricultural production and circular agriculture in Poland at the local level (314 counties). The level of organization of agricultural production was determined using the synthetic measure based on four variables (average farm size, number of tractors per farm, share of farms producing for the market, and the number of AWU per 100 ha of UAA). The potential of agricultural biomass was estimated on the basis of existing surpluses of straw, hay, energy crops grown on marginal lands, and residues from orchard maintenance. The data came from the General Agricultural Census conducted by the Polish Statistical Office in 2020. The conducted research showed that over 75% of counties are characterized by a high and medium level of organization of agricultural production. However, unused biomass resources from agricultural production residues are common (2/3 of counties are characterized by high and medium potential). There is a positive relationship between the level of biomass potential from agricultural residues and the level of organization of agricultural production at the local level in Poland, but the strength of this relationship is weak.

Theorizing the socio-cultural dynamics of consumer decision-making for participation in community-supported agriculture

In the context of the urgent need to establish sustainable food systems, community-supported agriculture (CSA), in which consumers share risks with producers, has gained increasing attention. Understanding the factors that influence consumer participation in CSA is crucial, yet the complete picture and interrelations of these factors remain unclear in existing studies. This research adopts a scoping review and the KJ method to elucidate the factors influencing consumer participation in CSA and to theorize consumer participation. In particular, we focus on the dynamics of individual decision-making for participation, under the premise that individuals are embedded in socio-cultural environments. We examine the decision-making process based on the seesaw of expected gains and losses from participation, along with the reflexivity to the individual and the process of updating decision-making post-participation. Our study highlights how individual decision-making for participation is influenced by relationships with others within the embedded socio-cultural environment, as well as by attachment and connection to the community. It also shows that discrepancies between expectations and experiences post-participation, and the transformation of the social capital, promote the updating of decision-making processes. In addition, among the factors identified in this study for participation in CSA, the decision to participate was heavily influenced by expectations of “variety of ingredients,” suggesting that other factors such as “food education and learning opportunities,” “contribution to environmental and social issues,” and “connections with people and nature” had little impact. Although there are limitations, the insights gained from this study offer profound implications for stakeholders and provide valuable insights for more sustainable and efficient CSA practices.