Community Psychiatric Services Research Articles

Exploring interests: A pathway to ikigai and eudaimonic well-being among people with serious mental illness.

Ikigai is a Japanese concept of a life worth living and related to eudaimonic well-being. Supporting the pursuit of ikigai is of central importance to recovery-oriented psychiatric rehabilitation for people with serious mental illnesses (SMI). While research suggests that work, leisure, and social relationships are potential sources of ikigai, people with SMI have restricted access to these as they encounter systemic barriers to participating in such activities. This study investigated how people with SMI in Japan pursued sources of ikigai in the face of barriers. A total of 21 community-living individuals who had SMI and were recruited from community psychiatric rehabilitation service providers in Japan participated in the study. Photo-elicitation interviews were conducted, and the interview transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were generated: (a) self-determination as a key to ikigai, (b) explorations needed to identify sources of ikigai, and (c) navigating the challenges to engage in the explorations. It was found that a self-determined activity tends to be a source of ikigai. However, participants had to grapple with challenges because identifying a source of ikigai involved the exploration of their personal interests, and the exploration could not be continued without managing the stigma of mental illness. Results suggest that ikigai cannot be achieved instantly. To achieve eudaimonic well-being outcomes, psychiatric rehabilitation professionals should allow consumers to choose activities based on their personal interests and encourage them to try out various activities while they provide continued support to overcome stigma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

First episode psychoses in people over-35 years old: uncovering potential actionable targets for early intervention services

The traditional youth-oriented design of Early Intervention Services (EIS) may lead to the exclusion of patients who have their psychotic onset later in life. A retrospective study was conducted to compare first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients who accessed treatment when aged ≤ 35 years with those ≥36+. A total of 854 patients were identified among 46,222 individuals who had access to community psychiatric services from 1991 to 2021. FEP were aged 18–65, received care between 2012 and 2021 and had a diagnosis of affective or non-affective FEP. Two groups were identified (FEP diagnosed at age ≤ 35 vs ≥ 36) and compared for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Most patients were diagnosed when aged ≥ 36+ (61.8%). Compared to the ≤ 35 group, older patients were more likely to be women, married and diagnosed with affective psychosis, and they were less frequently hospitalized. Long-acting injectables antipsychotics (LAI) were less frequently prescribed in the ≥ 36+ group, whereas antidepressants were more frequently prescribed compared to those aged ≤ 35. In both age groups, women were less frequently prescribed LAIs compared to men. These findings highlight the need to reorient EIS to accommodate the needs of older FEP, especially women.

Outcome of Involuntary Mental Health Assessment in a Psychiatric Department in Greece.

Despite their controversiality, involuntary admissions in psychiatric departments remain a central issue in mental health care. The present study aims to identify demographic and clinical factors possibly associated with emergency involuntary psychiatric assessment and its outcome in Greece. This study was carried out in the psychiatric department of the University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis (UGHA) from 1 March 2018 to 28 February 2019. The sample included 191 individuals who had been psychiatrically assessed without their consent following a prosecutorial order. The majority of the involuntary assessments resulted in hospitalization (71%), with 51% of them resulting in involuntary hospitalization. Almost all patients diagnosed with "F20-29 schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" were subsequently admitted to the psychiatric department of the UGHA (77 of 81, 66 of them involuntarily). Higher admission rates were recorded among those who had been referred from the Prosecutor's Office of regions that are located far from the psychiatric department of UGHA (Fisher's exact test, p-value = 0.045). In multivariate logistic regression, prior contact with psychiatric services and having an "F20-29 schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" diagnosis was statistically significant with admission to the hospital as an outcome variable. Our study suggests an increased risk of involuntary admission among patients with psychosis, patients who had visited a psychiatric service prior to their assessment as well as those living further away from the main psychiatric services of the hospital. Better organization of community psychiatric services in remote places from hospital central services may lead to fewer prosecutorial referrals and coercive measures.

The Israeli law for the rehabilitation in the community of persons with psychiatric disabilities: Achievements and challenges.

The Community Rehabilitation of Persons with Mental Health Disability Law (2000a) is one of Israel's most important pieces of social legislation. It grants persons with psychiatric disabilities the right to receive rehabilitation in the community. This article is a case study of the development and implementation of a policy that led to the Rehabilitation Reform and that has become an important component in Israel's comprehensive mental health reform. The purpose of the study was to review and analyze the law and its elements, examine its implementation during its first two decades of operation, and to identify the issues it faces entering its third decade of application. The study examined the key components of the reform such as intended beneficiaries, financing, workforce, and services provided. It used Israel's official statistical data and drew upon a series of interviews with officials and experts on rehabilitation, mental health and social services. In 2020, 30,000 persons were receiving community psychiatric rehabilitation services, constituting about one fifth of the estimated eligible population. In addition to the reform's achievements, this article also identifies a number of issues. Toward the end of the second decade, problems between the psychiatric Rehabilitation Unit and the mental health services became apparent. As the Rehabilitation Law enters its third decade, it is recommended to establish an independent committee of experts to examine needed modifications in light of the conclusions drawn about the first two decades of its implementation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Overwhelming number of refugees in Poland - which strategy is being pursued

AbstractBy the decision of the Polish Government, all persons arriving in the territory of the Republic of Poland after the commencement of the Russian aggression against Ukraine have free access to public psychiatric assistance, including reimbursement of pharmacological treatment on the same terms as Polish citizens. According to the UHNR data over 4 million displaced people, refugees, came to Poland so far and some of them benefited from such help.Displaced individuals suffer from the consequences of traumatic events, exhibit psychological problems or develop mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive and anxiety disorders or relapses of psychotic episodes.The lecture will present data from the Interdisciplinary War in Ukraine Research Laboratory by pointing out the most important problems faced by Ukrainian refugees in Poland, why they chose Poland when escaping the war, how they evaluate Polish help, what their integration in Poland looks like. The survey also measured the level of war trauma (RHS-15). The results of the analysis show that most refugees present post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (76 %), while only 0.15% of this population was treated in public psychiatric facilities.Mental healthcare services are suddenly faced with major challenges and need to develop or expand strategies to address them. The Polish Ministry of Health prepared and started implementation of a reform of the mental health care system for adult as well as children and adolescent psychiatry. This fundamental reform should comprise three main actions, i.e. integration of mental health services into primary healthcare; establishment of community psychiatric services together with the provision of inpatient services in general hospitals; and limitation of the role of mental hospitals to specific tasks only (long-term or specialist treatment).Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Folie a Deux in 2 Elderly Sisters - Challenges in Diagnosis and Management

IntroductionFolie a deux is a rare psychiatric disorder where an identical or similar mental disorder affects two or more individuals usually with close emotional ties. Management of patients with folie a deux may require multiple types of treatment including separation, family therapy and antipsychotics.ObjectivesNarrative case of Folie a deux in 2 elderly sistersMethodsClinical case presentation through retrospective review of clinical notesResultsWe present a case of 2 sisters living together of 76 and 74 years of age. The elder sister, Sister A, presented to Singapore’s Institute of Mental Health on October 2021 after she was referred from court for disturbed behaviour with more than 10 years history of paranoid delusions against their neighbours, eventually extending to strangers in general. She was admitted and stayed in hospital from October 2021 to February 2022. She was referred to community psychiatric services to perform home visits due to her unwillingness to attend subsequent follow ups after discharge. During these home visits, it was determined that her sister, Sister B, was displaying delusional thinking as well. Sister A was started on antipsychotics while Sister B was managed non-pharmacologically. After commencement of antipsychotics, Sister A showed good response with improvement of symptoms, while Sister B continued to display delusional thinking. Discussion was made with the next-of-kin of both sisters, their nephew, and the decision was made to continue to observe these symptoms and monitor for their resolution with continued treatment of Sister A. A multidisciplinary approach was also used to attempt to reintegrate them into society to rebuild trust in the public. Currently both sisters still report vague paranoia of strangers in general and a multidisciplinary team is involved in improving their symptoms further.ConclusionsWith this case report, we hope to raise awareness of the different methods that are useful in the management of Folie a deux along with the challenges faced when managing these cases.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Quality in Psychiatric Care in the Community Mental Health Setting from the Perspective of Patients and Staff.

The current paradigm of mental health care focuses on care provided in the community, increasingly moving away from hospital care models that involve considerable economic burden. Patient and staff perspectives on the quality of psychiatric care can highlight strengths and areas for improvement to ensure better care provision. The aim of this study was to describe and compare perceptions of quality of care among patients and staff in community mental health services and to determine possible relationships between these perceptions and other study variables. A comparative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a sample of 200 patients and 260 staff from community psychiatric care services in the area of Barcelona (Spain). The results showed high overall levels of quality of care from patient (m = 104.35 ± 13.57) and staff (m =102.06 ± 8.80) perspectives. Patients and staff both gave high scores to Encounter and Support factors, while factors concerning patient Participation and Environment received the lowest scores. Continuous assessment of the quality of psychiatric care in the community setting is essential to ensure the highest quality of care, taking the perspectives of those involved into account.

Mental Health Reform Processes and Service Delivery Shift From the Hospital to the Community in Belgium and Hong Kong.

We aimed to illustrate and compare the processes of mental health policies aiming at a service delivery shift from the hospital to the community using implementation science, and to identify important implementation strategies. This study had a comparative case study design. The cases were the Belgian mental health reform, and the person-centered model of mental health in Hong Kong, China. Several documentary sources were reviewed, including the published literature and websites. Data on policy processes were extracted, analyzed using directed content analysis, and categorized into constructs of the conceptual model for evidence-informed policy formulation and implementation arranged for the mental health policy. Several similarities were identified in the strategies for active implementation and dissemination; official staff allocation, and training to the community psychiatric services, an approach to adjust the number of psychiatric hospital beds, and promoting collaboration between health care sectors and social welfare sectors. Under distinct social contexts, differences were found in all processes. Each of the described policy processes can serve as a model for countries in similar social contexts seeking to shift their psychiatric service delivery. Furthermore, our findings suggest widely applicable implementation strategies for policies aiming at a service delivery shift.

POSTGRADUATE COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY TRAINING IN PAKISTAN

Closure of large psychiatric hospitals across UK, Europe and the United States has shifted the services for the care of psychiatric patients to general hospitals, community based public and private facilities and social sector organizations. Underpinning the process of deinstitutionalization and the development of community psychiatric services was the ethos of providing seamless, flexible services close to where people lived, led by their needs and with involvement of them and their care givers. In Pakistan, in-patient psychiatric facilities are scarce and community psychiatry is still in its initial stages of development so the burden of care is mostly beared by the families. There is a dearth of formalized training and skill set to work effectively in the community and this is reflected in the lack of exposure of our new generation of mental health professionals who are only trained in managing patients admitted in hospitals. In the light of recent guidelines and WHO recommendations it is imperative that community based psychiatric care be incorporated in the postgraduate psychiatry curriculum. This article describes the principles of training and syllabus. However this can only possible by a proactive collaborative partnership between multiple public and private stake holders.

Predictors of personal recovery for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders living in the community.

Personal recovery is a complex construct frequently used as outcome measure in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study examined potential predictors of personal recovery using the two most common assessment tools for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders living in the community: the Chinese version of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery and the Chinese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale. Ninety-one individuals (57 women) diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated in the study (mean age: 47.41 ± 9.41 years). All participants lived in the community and received community psychiatric services. The participants were evaluated via interviews, questionnaires and standardized assessments. Potential predictors included four domains: personal, disease-related, functional and social. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to analyse the potential predictors of the recovery and recovery assessment scale. Resilience and social support were the only significant predictors of the Chinese versions of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery and Chinese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale. The primary predictor of the Chinese version of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery was social support from family and institutional staff. Conversely, resilience was the major predictor of the Chinese version of the Recovery Assessment Scale. For people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders living in the community, social support and resilience significantly predicted personal recovery. Age, educational level, disease-related and functional factors were not significant predictors of personal recovery. Therefore, it is important to develop successful personal recovery-oriented practices that enhance resilience and promote social support.

COVID‐19 and CPN attendance on ward rounds

COVID‐19 and CPN attendance on ward rounds

Changing Patient Profile in a Psychiatric Hospital During COVID Pandemic: A Comparison With Pre-COVID State

AimsCOVID-19 pandemic has a massively adverse mental health impact and people with pre-existing psychiatric illnesses are one of the most severely affected groups. We intended to study the changes in the patient profile in a psychiatric hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing it to the period just before the pandemic.MethodsConsecutive patients (n = 210) admitted to psychiatric ward under one team during COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020 to January 2022) were compared with patients (n = 234) admitted in the immediate pre-pandemic period (January 2017 to January 2020). Demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity) and clinical variables (diagnosis, admission days, Mental Health Act status, risk to self and others) were collected from the electronic patient records and analysed.ResultsDuring the pandemic monthly admission rates have gone up by 38.1% over the base rate of 6.32/month. There was no difference in the mean age at admission; or the proportion of patients aged 18–40 years or above in the pre-pandemic and pandemic groups. Similarly the gender composition of patients in the two periods was comparable. Proportion of patients from Asian background increased from 7.7% to 16.8% during pandemic period (p < 0.05). The number of hospital days decreased from 31.97 ± 45.8 days in the pre-pandemic period to 22.44 ± 25.1 days during pandemic (p < 0.05). Along with increased admission rates, it suggested a rapid flow of the admission and discharge during the pandemic. Considering diagnostic composition between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, psychotic (27.8% v 26.7%) and mood disorders (18.8% v 23.3%) were the predominant; and substance related disorders (20.5% v 16.7%) were the most common comorbidities. Risk to self was associated with 84.3% admissions during the pandemic compared to 78.6% in the pre-pandemic period; however, risk to others was noted in 13.8% v 22.2% (p < 0.01) respectively. There was no difference in proportions getting admitted under Mental Health Act or being discharged with Community Treatment Order. Interestingly, proportions of patients getting discharged under the care of Home Treatment Team decreased from 31.1% pre-pandemic to 16.5% during pandemic period (p < 0.005).ConclusionThere is an increase in admission rate and decrease in the number of admission days, suggestive of increased demand of clinical resources during pandemic. This could be reflective of the stressful situation and adverse impact on mental health in the pandemic period. As the impact on mental health is expected to continue, there is a need for greater resources both in community and inpatient psychiatric services.

A neural network approach to optimising treatments for depression using data from specialist and community psychiatric services in Australia, New Zealand and Japan.

This study investigated the application of a recurrent neural network for optimising pharmacological treatment for depression. A clinical dataset of 458 participants from specialist and community psychiatric services in Australia, New Zealand and Japan were extracted from an existing custom-built, web-based tool called Psynary . This data, which included baseline and self-completed reviews, was used to train and refine a novel algorithm which was a fully connected network feature extractor and long short-term memory algorithm was firstly trained in isolation and then integrated and annealed using slow learning rates due to the low dimensionality of the data. The accuracy of predicting depression remission before processing patient review data was 49.8%. After processing only 2 reviews, the accuracy was 76.5%. When considering a change in medication, the precision of changing medications was 97.4% and the recall was 71.4% . The medications with predicted best results were antipsychotics (88%) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (87.9%). This is the first study that has created an all-in-one algorithm for optimising treatments for all subtypes of depression. Reducing treatment optimisation time for patients suffering with depression may lead to earlier remission and hence reduce the high levels of disability associated with the condition. Furthermore, in a setting where mental health conditions are increasing strain on mental health services, the utilisation of web-based tools for remote monitoring and machine/deep learning algorithms may assist clinicians in both specialist and primary care in extending specialist mental healthcare to a larger patient community.

The Challenges of Providing Community Psychiatric Services in the COVID-19 Era: The Probability of Soaring Rehospitalization and Caregivers' Burden of People with Severe Mental Illnesses.

The Challenges of Providing Community Psychiatric Services in the COVID-19 Era: The Probability of Soaring Rehospitalization and Caregivers' Burden of People with Severe Mental Illnesses.

The relationship between clinician leverage, patient experiences, and and the impact of stigma: a study in academic and community outpatient psychiatry settings

ObjectiveVarious methods are used to induce or pressure patients into being more adherent with treatment; collectively, we can describe them as leverage. Leverage strategies are common in psychiatric services, and may carry unintended, potentially negative effects. We examine their relationships to experiences and impact of stigma. MethodsData from 137 researcher-administered surveys with adult general psychiatry patients from hospital and community psychiatric services in Toronto, Canada were analyzed, including socio-demographics, service use history, current level of symptoms, insight into mental illness, and stigma scores. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed to guide generalized linear models to examine the relationships between multiple domains of leverage and experiences and impact of stigma. ResultsUse of leverage strategies is prevalent, ranging from outpatient commitment (10.2%) to financial (21.2%) to access to children or family (31.2%). Regression analyses show being female, having high psychiatric symptomology, financial leverage, and family and/or child access leverage were significantly correlated with stigma experience; similarly, these same factors, except for being female, were also associated with stigma impact. ConclusionThis cross-sectional study shows a significant association between use of some types of leverage and experience and impact of stigma in general psychiatry patients. Care and balance between good intentioned but potentially stigmatizing leveraging practices should be actively considered in clinical decisions to avoid the unintended negative effects.

The value of community psychiatric services for the elderly’s dementia caregiver group: Exploring the perspectives of participants

The value of community psychiatric services for the elderly’s dementia caregiver group: Exploring the perspectives of participants

Organization of Community Psychiatric Services in Finland.

The Finnish psychiatric treatment system has undergone a rapid transformation from operating in institutional settings to a adopting a community-based approach, through implementation of national plans; this process was carried out quickly, due to a severe economic recession in the early 1990s. This paper is a narrative review, based on relevant documents by national authorities, academic dissertations and published scientific literature, between 1984 and 2018, as well as the interviews of key experts in 2019. The municipality is currently the primary organization, responsible for all health services. Municipalities may also work together in organizing the services, either through unions of municipalities or hospital districts. Services are to a great extent outpatient-oriented. The number of beds is one fifth of the previous number, around four decades ago, despite the increase in population. In 2017, 191,895 patients in total (4% of Finns) had used outpatient psychiatric services, and the number of visits totalled 2.25 million. Psychotherapy is mainly carried out in the private sector by licensed psychotherapists. Homelessness in relation to discharged psychiatric patients has not been in evidence in Finland and deinstitutionalization has not caused an increase in the mortality rate among individuals with severe mental disorders. Psychiatric patients have, in general, benefitted greatly from the shift from institutions to the community. This does not preclude the fact that there are also shortcomings. The development of community care has, to date, focused too heavily on resource allocation, at the expense of strategic planning, and too little on methods of treatment.

Organization of Community Psychiatric Services in Finland

Background. The Finnish psychiatric treatment system has undergone a rapid transformation from operating in institutional settings to a adopting a community-based approach, through implementation of national plans; this process was carried out quickly, due to a severe economic recession in the early 1990s. Methods. This paper is a narrative review, based on relevant documents by national authorities, academic dissertations and published scientific literature, between 1984 and 2018, as well as the interviews of key experts in 2019. Results. The municipality is currently the primary organization, responsible for all health services. Municipalities may also work together in organizing the services, either through “unions of municipalities” or hospital districts. Services are to a great extent outpatient-oriented. The number of beds is one fifth of the previous number, around four decades ago, despite the increase in population. In 2017, 191,895 patients in total (<4% of Finns) had used outpatient psychiatric services, and the number of visits totalled 2.25 million. Psychotherapy is mainly carried out in the private sector by licensed psychotherapists. Homelessness in relation to discharged psychiatric patients has not been in evidence in Finland and deinstitutionalization has not caused an increase in the mortality rate among individuals with severe mental disorders. Conclusion. Psychiatric patients have, in general, benefitted greatly from the shift from institutions to the community. This does not preclude the fact that there are also shortcomings. The development of community care has, to date, focused too heavily on resource allocation, at the expense of strategic planning, and too little on methods of treatment.

Emergency mental health calls to first responders following a natural disaster

Introduction: Hurricane Harvey which made landfall on August 25, 2017 was a devastating storm that dumped unprecedented amount of rainfall on the area including Houston, Texas, United States of America. There are limited data about emergency service mental health utilization following disaster events. The goal for this project was to examine mental health calls to emergency medical services (EMS) and to the Houston Police Department following Hurricane Harvey. An analysis looking at this utilization following a natural disaster represents an understudied area and can potentially provide information about city services and community psychiatric services in the acute period following the event. Materials and Methods: Total number of calls to the police department and mental health calls to the police department described as crisis intervention calls (Crisis Intervention Team) were obtained from August 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016 and January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Emergency detention orders (EDO) per date were obtained from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017. Data for mental health calls based on the primary impression of mental health complaint were obtained from the Houston Fire Department for EMS from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the number of mental health calls to the police following Hurricane Harvey. When comparing the prestorm, active storm, and poststorm period, there was not a statistically significant difference in the number of EDOs or the number of EMS mental health calls. Conclusions: The increase in police mental health calls suggests that there may have been an increase in the acuity of the mental health calls to EMS around in evaluating calls surrounding the period of Hurricane Harvey. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical Knowledge and Patient Care.

Impact of changes in community psychiatric service provision on mental health presentations to the emergency department.

BackgroundThe reconfiguration of many Irish stand-alone psychiatric units has led to many patients in acute mental health need now being assessed in emergency departments (EDs). This has implications for ED resources and raises questions about appropriate assessment location for this group.AimsThis report aims to examine the impact of removal of a direct community access point for patients in acute mental health need on ED presentations in a Dublin hospital.MethodsWe examined data on ED referrals to psychiatry over 5 years: 12 months before the service change, and four subsequent 12-month periods. We compared numbers referred, mode of referral, average ED length of stay, proportion with no physical issue requiring psychiatric assessment only, and numbers who did not wait for psychiatry assessment.ResultsIn the year directly after the service change, referrals to psychiatry from ED increased by 200%, remaining at this level for the subsequent 3 years. Of these, 32.5% were referred by a GP—more than a threefold increase in numbers from the previous year, with both numbers remaining similarly elevated over subsequent years. In the year after the service change, 52.1% of total ED to psychiatry presented solely for mental health reasons—nearly a fourfold increase in cases from the previous year, and remained high.ConclusionsRemoving a direct community access point for this group resulted in a substantial increase in ED presentations, many of which did not have physical needs. This study has implications for future policy to address the needs of this group, especially in light of the pandemic.