Community Periodontal Index Of Treatment Needs Score Research Articles

Periodontal Health and Its Association with Age and Trimester in Pregnant Women Visiting Hospitals of Prime Foundation

Immune system and trimester-specific hormonal changes that affect the mother and baby during pregnancy raise the hazards to dental health. Objective: To use the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) Index to evaluate expectant mothers' periodontal health and its association with age and trimester. Methods: The research used a descriptive cross-sectional survey in a number of healthcare settings, including outpatient departments for gynecology and dentistry at many hospitals were conducted from January 2022 to December 2022. 384 pregnant patients were evaluated utilizing a specially created questionnaire and the CPITN Index by non-probability sequential sampling. IBM-SPSS Statistics 23.0 was used for statistical analysis, whereby associations between age, trimester, and CPITN scores (p-value < 0.05) were investigated using chi-square tests. Results: The groups with the largest representation in the third trimester (68.8%) and 18–22 (33.6%) were found to be the majority in the age distribution. The majority (59.9%) had a CPITN score of 0, age and trimester has significant association with CPITN scores (p-value<0.05). Conclusions: The study among pregnant women visiting hospitals of Prime Foundation highlights significant associations between periodontal health and trimester, with younger age groups and the third trimester predominantly represented. Most participants exhibited normal gum health, while notable proportions showed calculus and pocket depth issues, underscoring the relevance of these factors in periodontal health during pregnancy.

The Association of Periodontal Disease with Low Birth Weight Infants: A Case Control Study.

To determine the association between periodontal disease and low birth weight among pregnant women. Data for this case-control study was collected from June 2019 till February 2020. All women in the Gynecology Department of Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore, who had delivered a baby within the last 24h were invited to participate. Women who delivered babies less than 2.5kg were considered as 'cases' (having low birth weight - LBW - infants) and those having babies of 2.5kg or more were categorized as 'controls' (normal birth weight infants). The selected sample was matched for age, general health (indicated by mean upper arm circumference) and Hemoglobin levels. Intraoral examination was conducted and gingival color and appearance; calculus, bleeding on probing, CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) and CAL (clinical attachment loss) were recorded. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of LBW infants. The predictors were further confirmed by applying chi-squared test for categorical variables and independent sample T test for quantitative variables. A total of 60 cases and 120 controls were recruited. The logistic regression model suggested that CPITN score (OR 14.893, 95% CI 4.896, 45.301); CAL (OR 2.148, 95% CI 1.271, 3.631); calculus (OR 25.099, 95% CI 1.916, 328.771); mode of delivery (OR 0.175 95% CI 0.060, 0.514); and gingival recession (OR 0.237, 95% CI 0.078, 0.715) were significant predictors of LBW. Periodontal disease was found to be a significant predictor of LBW infants.

Periodontal disease status and treatment need among a Kurdish population in Sulaimani - Iraq as assessed by CPITN index

Background and Objective: This study identifies the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in a given population of Sulaimani using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and attempts to find the relation of CPITN with age, sex, location, visit to dentist, tooth brushing, use of mouth wash and interdental aids, systemic disease, smoking status and missing teeth. Methods: Periodontal examinations were performed using CPITN, plaque index (PI) and bleeding index (BI). Other data including location, visit to dentist, tooth brushing, use of mouth wash and interdental aids, presence of systemic diseases, smoking status and missing teeth were also collected. The data were subjected to logistic regression to find a relation between periodontal status and other variables. Results: Among the 1354 subjects examined, 43.6% were male and the majority of these (80.9%) were from urban areas. The mean PI and BI were 0.64±24 and 0.39±0.28, respectively. Calculus was the most prevalent highest score amongst examined subjects (62.2%), followed by shallow pocket (22.2%) and bleeding (9%). Among the sextants, lower central sextants were found to have the highest percentage of calculus. The highest percentages of shallow and deep pockets were found at upper left (14%, 2.5%, respectively) and upper right (11.4%, 3.2%, respectively) sextants. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, sex, frequency of brushing and smoking significantly correlated with CPITN scores. Conclusion: Prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases are high in the examined population and age, sex, brushing and smoking were shown to have an impact on periodontal condition.

Disequilibrium of Plasma Protease/Anti-Protease Due to Severe Periodontal Disease Contributes to Human Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) remains unclear. Although a relationship between SAHs and periodontal disease (PD) has been suggested, the mechanism requires clarification. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between PD and SAHs and to identify periodontal pathogens associated with SAHs. METHODS This prospective study included consecutive patients with ruptured (n = 11) and unruptured (n = 14) IAs and healthy controls (n = 8). The plasma and plaque subgingival bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels in PD were evaluated by a dentist using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP2), and procollagen I were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with ruptured IAs, had significantly higher CPITN scores than the controls, suggesting that ruptured IAs were associated with severe PD. Although no rupture-specific bacteria were identified, the positive rate of plaque subgingival bacterial DNA was significantly higher in patients with severe PD than in those without severe PD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that bleeding on probing (BOP) was associated with ruptured IAs (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.20; P = .0001). BOP was positively associated with plasma MMP-9 levels and a disequilibrium in the MMP-9/TIMP2 ratio. BOP was negatively correlated with plasma procollagen I levels (P < .05, for each). This suggested that local inflammation with severe PD might have systemic effects and lead to ruptured IAs. CONCLUSION Disequilibrium of plasma protease/anti-protease associated with a high BOP rate in severe PD may be attributable to IA rupture.

Periodontal health status and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia: A cross sectional study

Aim: Periodontal disease is an oral disease with a quite high prevalence in the world, especially in the developing countries such as Indonesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease, periodontal health status, and treatment needs of the community in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach. A total of 400 participants were selected for the proposed research work from six Community Health Centre (Puskesmas) in Bandung City. The demographic and sociodemographic data obtained from the questionnaire were recorded, including age, gender, address, occupation, and smoking habits. The oral hygiene level was measured by using the Oral Hygiene Index simplified (OHI-S) and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Data were analyzed using chi-squared test and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The oral hygiene level was found good in 16.5%, fair in 68%, and poor in 15.5% of all the samples; the oral hygiene level in male tends to be worse than women. The CPITN score of code 1 was found in 1%, code 2 in 54.25%, code 3 in 43.25%, and code 4 in 1.5% of all the samples. In total, 1% treatment needs required oral hygiene instruction, 97.5% oral hygiene instruction and oral scaling prophylaxis, and 1.5% complex treatment. The frequency of brushing teeth and age were significantly associated with OHI-S score (P< 0.05), whereas age and sex (male and female) were significantly associated with CPITN score (P < 0.05) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: In the study population, the number of patients who had gingivitis was 55.25% and who had periodontitis was 44.75%. The majority of them needs the primary and secondary levels of preventive program to reduce the initiation or progression of periodontal diseases.

Evaluation of the relationship of CPITN and DMFT index of adult patients in Turkey with their demographic characteristics: an epidemiological study

This study aimed at determining the oral and dental health and periodontal condition of adult patients in southeastern Turkey. Nine thousand and five hundred patients aged of 18–79 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics and education level of individuals were recorded. The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) was used for periodontal status. According to the World Health Organization criteria, the Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth (DMFT) index was used. The collected data were analyzed statistically. The average DMFT values of individuals were 6.72 ± 4.21. There was a statistically significant difference between DMFT value and, CPITN scores, depending on gender, age and education level (p < 0.001). According to the CPITN and DMFT indices, males had a 1.39-fold (95% CI: 1.33–1.45) and 1.01-fold (95% CI: 1.00–1.02) greater risk of gingival and dental health problems than females, respectively. Periodontal disease prevalence and DMFT values were determined to be high for those at older ages (57–69 age group) and low levels of education. It was also found that the oral health of males was worse than that of females.

Oral health status of adult heart transplant recipients in China: A cross-sectional study.

Limited information on the oral health status of adult heart transplant recipients (HTRs) is known, and no available data exist in China. A prerequisite dental evaluation is usually recommended for patients’ postorgan transplantation because lifelong immunosuppression may predispose them to infection spread.The aim of this study was to investigate the oral health status of Chinese adult HTRs and determine the association between oral health status and history of heart transplantation (HT).We carried out a cross-sectional study to collect clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data from 81 adult patients who received heart transplantation during 2014 to 2015 in China. Clinical examinations for the presence of dental plaque, dental calculus, dental caries, and periodontal health conditions were performed in a standardized manner by one trained examiner. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral data were self-reported using questionnaires. The prevalence of the above conditions was compared with 63 age- and sex-matched controls. General liner regression analysis was used to assess associations between mean number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and mean community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) scores and history of heart transplant.Mean age of the HT group was 47.7 ± 12.2 years and men accounted for 69.1% of the sample. The overall median DMFT score in the HT group was 3 (1–5) and caries prevalence was 80.2%, which were similar to the control group (P > .05). The overall mean CPITN score of the HT group was 1.84, which was significantly higher than the control group (1.07, P = .001). Participants in the HT group had worse oral hygiene status and more teeth with probing depth ≥ 4 mm than controls (P = .043). Compared with participants who had no history of heart transplantation, HTRs presented worse periodontal health conditions (mean CPITN score, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12–1.71, P = .003) and similar dental caries status (DMFT score, adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.37–0.91, P = .058).Periodontal health status was positively associated with history of heart transplantation in Chinese adult HTRs.

Periodontal Health and Its Impact on Quality of Life among Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Diabetes mellitus is one of the key public health issues worldwide. Diabetes mellitus and its related oral manifestations, particularly in the form of poor periodontal health, has impact on physical health along with emotional and psychosocial consequences. The current study was done to assess periodontal health and its impact of on the quality of life among type II diabetics. Materials and methods A total of 138 diabetic subjects (test group) and 128 nondiabetic subjects (control group) were included in the study. Periodontal parameters, such as plaque index, gingival index, and community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) index were recorded. Oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used to evaluate effect of periodontal health on quality of life. Results Plaque index and gingival index scores were greater among test group, but were not statistically significant. The CPITN score was statistically significant when compared with control and test groups. When the mean of OHIP-14 scores was compared among two groups, five of the seven subdimensions were statistically significant. A statistically significant difference was found when overall total OHIP score was compared among control and test groups. Conclusion Overall oral health and observed oral healthrelated quality of life were lower among diabetic subjects in comparison with nondiabetics. Periodontal health was poorer and needs more attention among diabetic patients. How to cite this article Nayak SU, Kamath DG, Pai KK. Periodontal Health and Its Impact on Quality of Life among Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients. World J Dent 2017;8(2):86-89.

Influence of Body Mass Index and Other Periodontitis-associated Risk Factors and Risk Indicators on Periodontal Treatment Needs: A Cross-sectional Study.

To record periodontal treatment needs in a randomised sample and evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and periodontal treatment needs, as well as the association between diabetes, smoking, BMI and periodontal treatment needs. The study sample comprised 633 patients aged 18 to 85 years visiting an outpatient clinic. Body mass index (BMI) and periodontal status were recorded. Demographic data including gender, year of birth, smoking habits and medical history were collected from each patient. 216 subjects (36%) were overweight, while 188 subjects (31.3%) were obese. CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) scores of 2 and 3 (minimal to moderate periodontal treatment needs) were widespread among this population (68.2%). Using model-based clustering, the total sample of 600 subjects was divided into four clusters of 202, 241, 111 and 46 subjects. The periodontal treatment needs of the sample were generally minimal to moderate, with only a weak association between the BMI and treatment needs. However, diabetics, smokers and older subjects classified as overweight or obese needed moderate to complex periodontal treatments.

Evaluation of Periodontal Status and Treatment Needs of Institutionalized Intellectually Disabled Individuals in Lebanon.

Aims and Objectives:No reported data is available on the periodontal health and treatment needs of the intellectually disabled in Lebanon. To evaluate the periodontal condition and treatment needs of institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals in Lebanon.Materials and Methods:A total of 272 individuals (141 males and 131 females) aged 15 years and 35–44 years were examined. Periodontal health was recorded following the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and treatment need was assigned accordingly. The IBM® SPSS® statistics 20.0 and Stata/SE 11.1 statistical packages were used to carry out all statistical analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using linear regression (P ≤ 0.05).Results:Healthy periodontium was recorded in 26.1%, bleeding on probing in 27.9%, supra-/sub-gingival calculus in 31.3%, pockets of 4–5 mm in 11% and ≥6 mm in 3.7%. The largest proportion of the sample was in need for oral hygiene instruction and calculus removal (42.3%). Age, geographical location, consumption of carbohydrate-rich meals and sweets between meals were significantly associated with CPITN score severity in multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Gender, severity of disability, frequency of tooth brushing, and caretaker characteristics were not significant predictors of CPITN (P > 0.05).Conclusion:The predominantly poor periodontal health and social inequalities warrant nationwide preventive oral health programs in addition to planning the provision of treatment services to meet existing treatment needs.

A study of the effect of frequency of tooth brushing on the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases

Background: The use toothbrush and paste are the most common means of oral prophylaxis in Nigeria and how the frequency of this prophylaxis affects the prevalence of periodontal disease has not been fully ascertained. Aim: This study aims to assess if frequency of self-oral hygiene prophylaxis in a day, using the toothbrush and paste, had any relationship on the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases, using the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Methods: A cross-sectional study of 894 subjects (428 males and 466 females), who reported for the first time at the Dental Centre, of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, were examined. Only those that used toothbrush and paste once or twice daily, as the only oral hygiene method and were 18 years and above of age, were selected and investigated. Results: 58.3% of the entire subjects surveyed and 63.1% of male subjects indicated twice-daily oral prophylaxis when compared to 53.9% of female subjects. There was a statistical significant difference in the distribution of subjects with respect to occupation, between the two groups. This difference was most marked among the professional subgroup as compared to other subgroups. There was a statistical significant difference in the prevalence of periodontal diseases as indicated by CPITN scores. The group that performed oral prophylaxis twice daily had a higher proportion of those with CPITN codes 0 and 1 whereas codes 3 and 4 were more predominant with the group that perform oral prophylaxis once daily. Conclusion: The distribution of CPITN scores had a relationship with the frequency of daily oral hygiene practices. In view of the results of this study, it is suggested that some form of preventive oral hygiene programs be embarked on where emphasis is placed on regular and higher frequency of tooth brushing.

Aspartate aminotransferase as a biomarker in periodontal disease: A comparative in vitro study

Background: Estimation of biomarkers in saliva could offer an attractive opportunity for the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the saliva of patients with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients were assigned to each of the three groups - C0, C3, and C4 based on their largest Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) code, totaling 60 participants. Immediately after a single mouth rinse with 15 mL of water to wash out exfoliated cells, about 1 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected in sterile plastic containers and transported to the biochemical laboratory for spectrophotometric analysis. Results: There were significant differences between levels of AST from the groups C0, C3, and C4. There was a significant positive correlation between clinical parameters and AST concentration in the saliva of each group. There was no statistical significance between males and females in all three groups. Conclusion: AST levels in the saliva increased with increase in the CPITN score. Group C0 had the least while group C4 had the highest AST level. High levels of AST are characteristic features of periodontitis affected subjects. Hence, monitoring the levels of AST in the saliva could be utilized as periodontal disease markers.

Oral Health Status of Children Attending a Summer Camp for Diabetes Children

Objective. The aim of this paper is to examine the oral health of children attending a diabetes camp. Despite studies showing diabetes to be a risk factor for periodontitis on the one hand and periodontitis having been shown to affect glycemic control and increase the risk for developing complications among diabetic patients, oral health is only beginning to receive much needed attention as an important aspect of general health in diabetic patients. Methodology. A simple count of the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth was performed and added to come up with the Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT). Periodontal examination was performed using a Com­munity Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) probe. Pocket probing was performed on six sites (me­siobuccal, mid-buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual, and distolingual) on each tooth. The teeth were then scored on a scale of 0–4 similar to the CPITN method of the World Health Organization. Results. The proportion of participants with dental caries was 72% (18) with a mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) of 4.6. 5 (20%) of the participants had a DMFT score of 0, meaning that they have no decayed missing or filled teeth while 10 (40%) either already had permanent teeth extracted. or required tooth extraction for non-restorable, severely decayed permanent teeth. Periodontitis (Pockets > 3.5 mm; CPITN = 4) was found in only 1 (4%) patient. 21 (84%) of the participants either had a CPITN score of 1 or 2, meaning bleeding upon probing or calcular deposits were observed. 3 (12%) had a CPITN score of 0. Conclusions. Diabetes camps are a good place to screen oral health problems among type 1 diabetic patients given the different socio-economic factors, levels of concern for oral health , and availability of dental care providers among families of with type 1 diabetic children. Physicians managing type 1 diabetics should motivate their patients to see the dentist twice a year for preventive visits and strongly encourage them to have treatment when dental diseases are present. An oral exam should be part of the cursory examination performed by physicians handling these patients.

Periodontal status and treatment need among adolescents in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

A previous Nigerian study had reported high incidence of periodontal disease in young Nigerians though global studies show the contrary. Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs of adolescents attending private and public secondary schools in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. Methods: One thousand, five hundred and twenty two secondary school children in Ibadan were assessed. Sociodemographic data was obtained using a data extraction form. Intraoral examination was performed on all participants. Oral cleanliness was assessed using the plaque index of Silness and Loe, while periodontal health status and treatment needs were assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Only eight participants (0.5%) had healthy component of periodontal status. The mean plaque index was 1.12±0.41. The CPITN scores varied significantly with the gender of participants (p<0.001). Number of sextants affected by periodontal diseases varied significantly with the socioeconomic status (p=0.02). Conclusions: Gingival ill-health is prevalent among adolescent Nigerians with a great need for oral hygiene instructions and professional cleaning. There is need for oral health education among this sub-population of Nigerian children and provision of mobile dental clinics to help meet their treatment needs.

Dentofacial and Cranial Changes in Down Syndrome

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of certain oral characteristics usually associated with Down syndrome and to determine the oral health status of these patients. MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending a special education program at Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India. The study design consisted of closed-ended questions on demographic characteristics (age, sex, and education and income of parents), dietary habits, and oral hygiene habits. Clinical examination included assessment of oral hygiene according to Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental caries according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, periodontal status according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), and malocclusion according to Angles classification of malocclusion. Examinations were carried out using a using a CPI probe and a mouth mirror in accordance with World Health Organization criteria and methods. Craniometric measurements, including maximum head length and head breadth were measured for each participant using Martin spreading calipers centered on standard anthropological methods. ResultsThe majority of the patients were males (n = 63; 82%) with age ranging from 6–40 years. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score of the patients indicated that 31% had moderate mental disability and 52% had mild mental disability. 22% exhibited hearing and speech problems.12% had missing teeth and 15% had retained deciduous teeth in adult population. The overall prevalence of dental caries in the study population was 78%. DMFT, CPITN and OHI scores of the study group were 3.8 ± 2.52, 2.10 ± 1.14 and 1.92 ± 0.63 respectively. The vast majority of patients required treatment (90%), primarily of scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene education. 16% of patients reported CPITN scores of 4 (deep pockets) requiring complex periodontal care. The prevalence of malocclusion was 97% predominantly of Class III malocclusions. Further 14% presented with fractured anterior teeth primarily central incisor. The percentage means of cephalic index was 84.6% in the study population. The brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic type of head shape was dominant in the Down syndrome individuals (90%). ConclusionThe most common dentofacial anomaly seen in these individuals was fissured tongue followed by macroglossia.

The influence of educational level and oral hygiene behaviours on DMFT index and CPITN index in an adult Italian population: an epidemiological study.

To estimate the influence of educational level and oral hygiene behaviours on the prevalence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease in an adult Italian population attending the Oral Hygiene department of a public Dental Clinic. Dental caries was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The DMFT index (decayed, missing, filled tooth) was used to record the dental caries' experience. The periodontal status was assessed using the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Questionnaires on educational level and oral hygiene behaviours were also collected. A total of 350 patients were enrolled. The mean DMFT value reported was 4.37 ± 3.06, and higher values were observed for male patients (P < 0.05). Increased CPITN scores and DMFT values were significantly correlated with lower level of education (P < 0.05). Subjects of high educational status showed significantly better oral hygiene habits (P < 0.05). The oral health status, in terms of periodontal disease and dental caries, appears correlated with patients' educational level.

Do dentists have better oral health compared to general population: a study on oral health status and oral health behavior in Kathmandu, Nepal

BackgroundDentists are considered role models by the general population in regards to oral hygiene and oral health behavior. This study aimed to access the oral health status of dentists and laypersons, and compare the dentists’ practice of preventive dentistry and oral self-care behaviors to that of the laypersons.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 472 participants (195 dentists and 277 laypersons from the general population). Their oral health/hygiene behavior was assessed using a standardized close-ended multiple choice questionnaire. Oral examination was performed to assess caries using Decayed Missed Filled teeth (DMFT) index and periodontal status using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN).ResultsNinety-six percent of dentists brushed their teeth at least once daily, using fluoridated toothpaste and 80.5% twice daily. Although 94% of laypersons brushed their teeth once daily, they seldom used fluoridated toothpaste. Ten percent of participants in each group were caries free. The mean number of teeth present in the oral cavity (27.4 versus 25.4), mean number of teeth with caries (1.8 versus 3.7) and fillings (2.5 versus 0.4) were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between dentists and laypersons, respectively. Regarding the periodontal status, 82% of dentists had CPITN score of 0 whereas 71% of laypersons had the highest score 3 (p = 0.007), and 81% of the laypersons reported tooth mobility compared to 1% of dentists (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe participating dentists had better periodontal status and better self-reported oral health behaviors than the laypersons. Despite similar prevalence of caries in the two groups, the prevalence of decayed and unfilled teeth was lower among the dentists.

Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Disease in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus) Patients in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India: An Epidemiological Study

ABSTRACTBackground/objectivesThe objective was to study the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in type II DM patients in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.Materials and MethodsA total of 100 type II DM patients and 100 nondiabetic patients with age group of 35 to 75 years were examined. The study group was divided into well, moderate and poorly controlled diabetes based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Information regarding age, oral hygiene habits, personal habits, diabetic status and mode of diabetic therapy was obtained. Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) was used to assess the periodontal status. The results were statistically evaluated.ResultsThe mean CPITN score and the number of missing teeth was higher in diabetics compared to nondiabetics and was statistically significant (p = 0.05). The prevalence of periodontal disease was found to be more frequent and severe in diabetic patients as compared to nondiabetics. The risk factors like glycated hemoglobin HbA1C, duration of diabetes, personal habits and oral hygiene habits showed a positive correlation with periodontal destruction, whereas mode of diabetic therapy showed negative correlation with the periodontal status.ConclusionDiabetic patients showed higher prevalence and severity of periodontal disease compared to nondiabetics.How to cite this articlePatil VA, Shivaraya R, Desai MH. Prevalence and Severity of Periodontal Disease in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus) Patients in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India: An Epidemiological Study. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(1):32-35.

Effects of tongue coating and oral health on halitosis among dental students.

To assess halitosis and determine the relationship between halitosis and tongue scores, periodontal status and DMFT among dental students. The study comprised 268 (178 female, 90 male) dental students. Halitosis was measured using a Halimeter and the organoleptic method. Halitosis was diagnosed with a mean volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) level of >=125 ppb and an organoleptic measurement of >= 2 on a 0- to 5-point scale. Tongue scores were obtained using a tongue coating index (TCI), periodontal status was measured and assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and DMFT indices were calculated. Halitosis occurred at higher rates among male students than female students (83% vs 71%, P = 0.02). No differences were found in halitosis rates among students in different academic years (P = 0.6) or age groups (P = 0.6). A relationship was found between halitosis and tongue scores (P < 0.001) and between halitosis and mean CPITN scores (P = 0.004). The mean DMFT was 4.02 (SD = 3). No relationship was found between halitosis and DMFT index (P = 0.5). Halitosis was prevalent among dental students. Given their responsibilities for diagnosing and improving oral health, they may benefit from increased awareness of the problem and encouragement to improve their own oral hygiene, especially male students.

Periodontal status of HIV infected patients with special reference to CD4 cell count in West Bengal, India

ObjectiveTo evaluate the periodontal status of HIV seropositive patients and to find out if any correlation exists between the severity of periodontal disease and the CD4 cell count in HIV patients. MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients attending the Viral Diseases OPD, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata were examined. They were grouped according to the CD4 cell count as Group A – Subjects with CD4 Cell count < 200/μL and Group B – Subjects with CD4 Cell count≥200/μL. Their community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) score were recorded. ResultsIt was found that most of the patients in each group were having score ‘2’ (i.e. presence of supra or subgingival calculus), as their highest score. A statistically significant association was found between immune status as depicted by CD4 cell count and periodontal status as shown by highest CPITN score in the present study. ConclusionsThe present study confirms the effect of immunosuppression on periodontal diseases in HIV infected patients.