Community Environment Research Articles

Religious Character Formation Through Islamic Habituation in Primary Education

The general background character education plays a crucial role in shaping moral and ethical behavior in students, particularly within primary education settings. In Islamic educational institutions, there is a notable emphasis on integrating religious values into character development, with a focus on habituation practices to reinforce these values among students. However, there is limited empirical research that specifically examines the effectiveness of Islamic habituation as a method for strengthening religious character in primary education. This study aims to explore the implementation and impact of Islamic habituation on religious character formation among students at Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo Elementary School. Findings reveal that the systematic application of Islamic habituation, including practices such as daily prayers, gratitude, and the 5S culture, significantly enhances students' moral behavior and engagement in religious activities. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing evidence of the positive outcomes of religious habituation in an educational context, emphasizing its role in character education. The results suggest that integrating Islamic habituation into primary education not only fosters individual moral development but also promotes a supportive community environment conducive to religious learning, thereby reinforcing the importance of character education within the broader educational framework. Highlights: Systematic Islamic habituation practices enhance students' moral behavior. Integration of religious values fosters a supportive community environment. Empirical evidence contributes to the understanding of character education in Islamic contexts. Keywords: Islamic Education, Character Formation, Habituation, Primary Education, Moral Development

The dark side revealed: insights and implications from online brand communities

Purpose This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the literature on the dark side of online brand communities, identifying the dominant themes [determinants of the dark side in online brand communities (OBCs)] in the literature and proposing ways to advance the literature in this area. Design/methodology/approach This study reviewed 72 scholarly articles published between 2009 and 2024 in peer-reviewed journals. A descriptive and thematic analysis of dark-side literature is presented. Findings The contribution of this scoping review lies in identifying the dominant themes in the literature on the determinants of the dark side of online brand communities, proposing management strategies and identifying future research directions for advancing the literature. Six main themes of the dark side of online communities were extracted: information dynamics, group dynamics, unethical practices and brand transgression, provocation and schadenfreude, brand activism and hate and disengagement. Practical implications Firstly, this study highlights the need for brands to engage in the active moderation of OBCs to maintain information credibility and manage information overload. Secondly, to ensure an inclusive community environment for all members, brands need to foster a balanced forum culture and moderation that discourages heterogeneity. Originality/value This study is unique in conducting an in-depth analysis of the literature on the dark side of online brand communities, an area that has received little attention. This review offers new insights that would help brands effectively manage negative aspects of customer behaviours in online brand communities. For managers, this review enables brands to improve their image, reputation and customer value.

Implementation of Quality Management in Improving Academic Services

This research aims to reveal and analyze (1) To analyze quality planning in improving academic services at Tanjung Pura STAI-JM Tanjung Pura, (2) To analyze quality control in improving student academic services at STAIJM Tanjung Pura, (3) To analyze quality improvement in improving student academic services at STAIJM Tanjung Pura. The type of research used is qualitative research. Data collection techniques include: observation, interviews and documentation. The data obtained from the research results were processed using descriptive qualitative data analysis. The results of this research: (1) planning the quality of academic services in the research results that in their planning, universities prepare for achieving academic services through RENSTRA. In which there is an academic service achievement with an achievement, namely E. Academic and student affairs, which includes services such as E. Journals, E. Letters, academic calendars, student guidelines and student activities. (2) quality control in improving academic services, of course Higher education prepares a strategy that has been planned so that with this strategy it is easy to achieve it. The strategy being prepared is to provide a service to students, both academic and non-academic services. (3) Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Tanjung Pura High School in improving the college's academic services, one of which is by improving the provision of the best services aimed at improving the quality of the college. The third finding in this research in improving the quality of STAI-JM Tanjung Pura's academic services is by increasing good cooperation with related agencies such as government, agencies, the Ministry of Religion, not only in the world of government but in the community environment, MOA Educational Institutions both domestically and Overseas . This aims to provide a way for students to develop in their knowledge. Whether it is providing a forum for student training or KKN.

The Relationship Effect of Board Characteristics and Company Characteristics on Corporate Social Responsibility

This study aims to analyze the influence of board characteristics on CSR policies with the company characteristics as control variables. CSR policy in this study focuses on the amount of CSR costs incurred by the company to contribute to the social and community environment. The data used in this study are secondary data sourced from the annual reports of energy sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2016-2022. The research sample was selected using the purposive sampling method, resulting in 28 companies as the sample. The data analysis used for hypothesis testing is multiple regression analysis using the Eviews 9 program. The results of the study indicate that board characteristics, as indicated by the variables of board size and firm age, have a significant positive influence on CSR. The results also show that firm size has a significant positive influence on CSR performance, while leverage has a significant negative influence on CSR performance. These findings provide information that the increasing number of board members in important positions within a company will impact the high CSR performance, as well as the maturity of a company indicated by the years since going public will enhance the high concern for the environment. In addition, the level of company leverage will be one of the considerations for investors in investing capital as it will have a negative impact on the adopted CSR policies.

커뮤니티 공공 공간 고령자 적합성 디자인에 관한 연구 - 커뮤니티 양로 모델으로

The problem of population aging is becoming more and more serious, especially under the mode of community-based elderly care, the demand of elderly residents for community public space is becoming more and more prominent. In this paper, through the study of representative elderly care communities in the United States, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, the design strategy of community public space for aging is discussed. The research content covers spatial structure planning, barrier-free design, intelligent elderly care equipment, green landscape proportion, public service facilities distribution and other aspects, aiming to optimize the community environment to meet the physiological and psychological needs of the elderly. Through comparative analysis, this paper puts forward the guidelines for the design of aging, expecting to provide theoretical reference for the development of community-based elderly care mode in the future, and build a more harmonious, stable and livable community.

Role of big data analytics and hyperspectral imaging in waste management for circular economy

The accumulation of waste has a profound impact on the environment, prompting a crucial discussion about effective waste management strategies aligned with Oman Vision 2040’s sustainability goals. The consequences of municipal solid waste generation have multifaceted impacts on the environment, public health, and overall well-being of communities. Addressing these consequences requires a holistic approach that includes the integration of sustainable waste management technologies to foster a circular economy. This paper emphasizes the necessity for a paradigm shift in waste management methodologies, emphasizing the importance of Hyperspectral Imaging and Big Data Analytics into municipal solid waste management processes. This paper explores the synergistic relationship between hyperspectral imaging which is capable of precise material identification, and big data analytics to facilitate comprehensive data analysis. The integration aims to optimize waste segregation, resource recovery, and recycling processes. The utilization of data-driven insights enables predictive modeling and the identification of trends thereby facilitating more efficient and sustainable waste management practices. The harnessing of big data analytics empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions in waste management to achieve long-term environmental, and economic sustainability.

Through the Lens of Accountability: Body-Worn Cameras in Police Operations at Pampanga Police Provincial Office

This study evaluates the compliance of the Pampanga Provincial Police Office with the use of body-worn cameras and alternative recording devices during police operations in the province Pampanga and examines the severity of problems encountered in their use. Specifically, it assesses compliance in terms of procedural fairness, police performance, data protocols, privacy concerns, and camera benefit while investigating the relationship between compliance levels and encountered problems. It hypothesizes that higher compliance levels are associated with fewer operational problems and that certain areas, such as data protocols and privacy, may present greater challenges. A descriptive correlational design was used, employing structured questionnaires to gather data from 200 respondents, including police officers and community members. Key findings indicate a very high compliance level in using Body-Worn Cameras and Alternative Recording Devices (Mean = 3.49), but also highlight significant challenges, with an overall severity rating of problems as high (Mean = 2.81). Correlational analysis suggests a moderate positive relationship between perceived compliance and the severity of problems faced. The study recommends tailored training, procedural adjustments, and improved data management and privacy measures to address these challenges. Limitations of the study include potential biases in respondent perceptions and constraints in generalizing findings to other regions. Policymakers are urged to enhance transparency, accountability, and public trust in police practices to foster a safer community environment in Pampanga Province.

Research on the Collaborative Regeneration of Cohousing Under Spatial Densification Mode

Urban renewal is a necessary process for the transformation from incremental space to stock space, and old communities, as an important part of the urban space system, play a non-negligible role in the reconstruction of community spatial order. From the perspective of community remodeling, From the perspective of community remodeling, this paper summarizes the latest research progress through the analysis tool CiteSpace, explores and researches the design of old residential areas in Hangzhou based on the urban air index oriented residential renewal design based on the planning concepts of "co-living community", "urban spatial morphology" and "community microclimate system". On the basis of combining 3D wind field simulation and fluid mechanics software calculation, this paper explores the collaborative regeneration path of old residential areas under spatial densification mode, this paper studies how to combine scientific planning with resident sharing in a new mode, and on this basis, through the self-regulation function of the environment, let the residential area spontaneously form a complete shared living system, and carry out detailed exploration in the protection and reconstruction of the living environment of the old community, and how to promote the spiritual development of modern neighborhoods through transformation. In order to improve the quality of life of urban residents in Hangzhou, the renewal and regeneration design of old residential areas and the transformation and upgrading of future communities have brought new thinking.

Coupled Impact of Points of Interest and Thermal Environment on Outdoor Human Behavior Using Visual Intelligence

Although it is well established that thermal environments significantly influence travel behavior, the synergistic effects of points of interest (POI) and thermal environments on behavior remain unclear. This study developed a vision-based outdoor evaluation model aimed at uncovering the driving factors behind human behavior in outdoor spaces. First, Yolo v5 and questionnaires were employed to obtain crowd activity intensity and preference levels. Subsequently, target detection and clustering algorithms were used to derive variables such as POI attractiveness and POI distance, while a validated environmental simulator was utilized to simulate outdoor thermal comfort distributions across different times. Finally, multiple classification models were compared to establish the mapping relationships between POI, thermal environment variables, and crowd preferences, with SHAP analysis used to examine the contribution of each variable. The results indicate that XGBoost achieved the best predictive performance (accuracy = 0.95), with shadow proportion (|SHAP| = 0.24) and POI distance (|SHAP| = 0.12) identified as the most significant factors influencing crowd preferences. By extrapolation, this classification model can provide valuable insights for optimizing community environments and enhancing vitality in areas with similar climatic and cultural contexts.

Hypertension risk pathways in urban built environment: the case of Yuhui District, Bengbu City, China.

The rapid development of urbanization has brought about changes in residents' living environment and behavior, leading to health challenges such as hypertension. An improvement in the built-up environment in the community could contribute to the construction of a healthy city, promote the active life of the residents, and prevent and relieve hypertension. However, there is little research on the relationship between the built environment of the community and hypertension. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the relationship between communities' built environment, health behavior, and hypertension grade of residents in Yuhui District of Bengbu City. This study is based on data from the 2022 Health Survey of Residents in 21 communities. To investigate the impact of the community's built environment on residents' hypertension and the underlying mechanisms, regression and structural equation modeling were employed. The results show that the built environment of urban communities has a significant impact on the residents' hypertension. The presence of high densities of supermarkets, convenience stores, parks and plazas, but low densities of clinics and hospitals, has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of high blood pressure among the residents. Nevertheless, the adoption of healthy behaviors, including regular walking, physical activity, and a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, can play an important role in reducing the risk of hypertension. The findings of this study show that enhancements to the built environment in urban neighborhoods could contribute to a reduction in the prevalence of hypertension among residents. Furthermore, the implementation of efficacious health interventions in urban settings would facilitate the alteration of residents' health behaviors and enhance their overall health status.

IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN BOARDING SCHOOLS IN THE CONTEXT OF PETER L. BERGER'S THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION (STUDY AT ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL IN EAST JAVA - INDONESIA)

This research is an Applied Research on National Strategic Studies, on the Implementation Model of Religious Moderation in Ma’had (Islamic boarding school) by taking case studies in Surabaya City, Probolinggo Regency, Jember Regency, and Sumenep Regency. Objectives of the activity: First, to analyze management patterns in implementing religious moderation in Ma’had. Second, to analyze the application of subject teacher (ustadz) learning in implementing religious moderation in Islamic boarding school (Ma’had) for their students. Third, describe the obstacles faced by Ma’had institutions in implementing religious moderation. The research design is designed as a field research design in which the researcher will conduct observations and interviews with the respondents, on the issues raised. These findings will be analyzed using the social construction theory of Peter L. Berger.The results of the study show: First, the management pattern in implementing religious moderation in Islamic boarding school/Ma’had begins with determining the vision and mission of the madrasa, and preparing the madrasa work program which is documented in the Ma’had Strategic Plan, Ma’had Work Plan, Annual Activity Plan, Ma’had Activity Plan and Budget, and Ma’had Curriculum. Second, Ma’had in implementing religious moderation generally use three patterns, namely: (1) integrating in the learning process; (2) habituation activities; (3) through extracurricular. Based on the implementation model of religious moderation at the Ma’had, it can generally be concluded that these patterns are following Peter L. Berger's Social Construction Theory, namely the existence of stages in implementation such as the preparation of vision and mission, work programs and habituation to the institution (process externalization), implementation of vision and mission, work programs, and habituation to Ma’had (objectification process), and a correct understanding of moderation and implementation in everyday life both in the school, home, and community environment (internalization process).Based on the findings/results of the research, the suggestions/recommendations that can be given are: (1) there needs to be socialization, workshops, technical guidance, training on religious moderation for all educators and education personnel in Ma’had in order to create a unified insight; (2) The government in this case the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia needs to provide a separate budget related to religious moderation activities, especially in Ma’had so that activities can be carried out massively, systematically, and structured from the central level to the Ma’had level; and (3) Ma’had need to coordinate with parents through the madrasa committee, and carry out MoUs with stakeholders such as national private companies through CSR programs in implementing religious moderation in Ma’had, so that activities can be carried out massively and planned.

Community support as a driver for social integration in ex-situ poverty alleviation relocation communities: a case study in China

After the implementation of Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR), the social integration of migrants has gradually received attention. While studies recognize the factors affecting migrants’ social integration such as human capital, social capital, and policies are multiple and co-influential, the role of community support in simultaneously influencing migrants’ social integration has been largely overlooked. This paper addresses this gap by introducing community support into the social integration framework, taking China’s PAR that cause complex spatial, economic, and social changes as the object of study. We evaluated the social integration of Poverty Alleviation Migrants (PAMs) in five Ex-situ Poverty Alleviation Relocation (ESPAR) communities in the southwestern province of China across four dimensions: psychological identity, economic integration, communicative integration, and cultural acceptance. Utilizing a multiple linear regression model, we analyzed influencing factors on social integration. Results indicate that overall social integration of PAMs is at a medium-high level, with psychological identity scoring the highest. Notably, community support significantly influences the social integration of PAMs, particularly in terms of psychological identity. In conclusion, we highlight the imperative of enhancing the spatial environment of ESPAR communities to facilitate the better integration of PAMs into society.

Using social Cognitive theory to reengage dormant users in question and answer Communities: A case study of active StackOverflow participants

Online question-and-answer communities are seriously threatened by low user participation. There is currently a rare comprehensive study on the knowledge contribution pattern of consistently active participants and the moderating role of peer recognition, which can help improve low participation and reengage inactive users, despite researchers having examined the various facets of knowledge contribution and made helpful suggestions. As per the self-determination and social cognitive theory, the communal environment impacts peers and imitates role models or reliable sources in their involvement patterns. We have examined StackOverflow’s most reliable active users from 2010 to 2020 using the social cognition and self-determination theories to use the findings to reactivate dormant users. We have used a two-step dynamic system GMM model to get robust and reliable findings. The research discovered that peer repudiation, reputation, and online social interactions favorably affect the contributed knowledge. However, knowledge-seeking and earning virtual badges such as gold and bronze usually negatively impact it. Furthermore, it was revealed that the effect of virtual badges on contributed knowledge was positively moderated by peer recognition. However, peer recognition reduces the benefits of social interaction and reputation on the contributed knowledge. The study’s findings advance the body of knowledge and provide thorough management implications for raising low participation, reengaging inactive users, and cultivating a culture of innovative sharing of knowledge.

Analysis of genetic signatures of virulence and resistance in foodborne Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Algeria

Staphylococcus aureus, a frequent commensal of the human microbiota, also frequently associated with various infections. This study aimed to genetically characterize foodborne methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Oran, Algeria. From a total of 474 food matrices, 30 MRSA strains were isolated and characterized using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics. The genomes were assessed for antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, sequence and spa types and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to establish their relationship. The prevalence of S. aureus was 34.38% with MRSA accounting for 18.40%. MRSA strains showed high resistance to penicillinG, ampicillin and tetracycline. However, inconsistencies were noted between phenotypic and genotypic resistance for methicillin, aminoglycosides, and phenicolates, with mecA gene identified in three isolates. The isolates revealed eight different sequence types (predominantly ST97 and ST45) and eleven spa types (mainly t230 and t8503), correlating with SNP clusters except for isolates belonging to ST7200.86.66% of isolates harboured at least one enterotoxin gene underscores their potential public health threat. This investigation highlights the genetic heterogeneity among S. aureus regarding virulence and antimicrobial resistance, shedding light into food safety in Algeria and the ease of using WGS approach to rapidly characterize bacterial pathogens in community environments.

Psychosocial workplace safety in mental health services - Commentary and considerations to improve safety.

Psychosocially unsafe workplaces are related to burnout, especially amongst trainees and psychiatrists. Burgeoning research on psychosocial workplace safety indicates the importance of organisational governance to reduce adverse professional, and consequently patient, outcomes in healthcare by balancing job demands and resources. We provide a brief commentary on the relevance of the concept of the Psychosocial Safety Climate model for mental health services and healthcare workers, and considerations for action. Based on the Extended Job Demand-Resource model, the Psychosocial Safety Climate model has been developed and validated in community and healthcare environments. Psychosocial safety is also an Australian workplace safety requirement. An important direction to improve working conditions, reduce adverse outcomes, and improve recruitment and retention of healthcare workers, may be to adopt and formalise psychosocial workplace safety as a key performance indicator of equal importance to productivity for mental healthcare services.

Impact of awareness of sports policies, school, family, and community environmental on physical activity and fitness among children and adolescents: a structural equation modeling study

BackgroundUnderstanding the impact of environmental factors on physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) is crucial for promoting a healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents. This study examines how awareness of sports policies, school, family, and community environments influence PA and PF in Chinese youth.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 2747 children and adolescents (mean age 12.90 ± 2.49; 48.2% male) from 17 schools across five Chinese cities. Environmental factors were assessed via questionnaires, and PA levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). PF metrics, including BMI, waist-to-height ratio, grip strength, vertical jump, and 20-m shuttle run test (20-mSRT), were measured onsite. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to explore relationships between environmental factors and PA/PF outcomes.ResultsThe school environment scored highest (78.0 ± 9.5), while the community environment scored lowest (38.7 ± 18.0). Family environment positively influenced low-intensity PA (LPA) (β = 0.102, P < 0.001) but negatively affected moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (β = -0.055, P = 0.035). Community environment and awareness of sports policies positively impacted MVPA (β = 0.216, P < 0.001; β = 0.072, P = 0.009, respectively). Family environment positively influenced BMI reduction (β = -0.103, P < 0.001) but negatively affected grip strength (β = -0.063, P = 0.018). Community environment improved grip strength and 20-mSRT performance (β = 0.088, P = 0.002; β = 0.065, P = 0.027).ConclusionsSchool environments, despite high scores, do not significantly impact PA and PF. Community environments, though scoring lower, positively affect MVPA, grip strength, and 20-mSRT. Awareness of sports policies boosts MVPA, while family environments support LPA and BMI but are inversely related to MVPA and grip strength. Integrated strategies involving community infrastructure, family support, and policy awareness are essential for promoting active lifestyles among children and adolescents.

Effects of the Natural Environment on the Subjective and Psychological Well-Being of Older People in the Community in China

As people age, their activity radius gradually narrows, leading to increased interaction with the community environment. The natural environment (NE) within the community may influence the subjective and psychological well-being (SPWB) of older people (i.e., air quality, noise, green space, and blue space). To enhance the NE and promote the SPWB of older people, this study explored the effect of the community NE on the SPWB of older people. A questionnaire survey involving 180 older people from three communities was collected, alongside observations and measurements of the NE within the community. Finally, a NE-SPWB model was established, indicating that smell (air), ambient noise, green space areas, water landscapes, and smell (water) all positively influenced the SPWB of older people. Based on these findings, recommendations were proposed to enhance community environmental conditions, such as improving water landscapes and green spaces, to further enhance the well-being of older people.

Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Person-Place Fit Measure for Older Adults.

Background and Purpose: Possibilities to age in place are increasingly important with the demographic shift toward aging populations. With the Person-Place Fit Measure for Older Adults (PPFM-OA), older adults self-assess how their home and community environments suit their needs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of PPFM-OA. Methods: Four hundred sixty community-living adults aged 65 and older answered the PPFM-OA. Rasch model was used for analyses. Results: A reduced 19-item version of PPFM-OA showed sufficient evidence of validity in response processes, internal structure, fairness in testing, and reliability/precision. Conclusions: The reduced version is recommended to use in Sweden to capture person-place fit, an aspect to consider when communities, healthcare, and elder care aim to facilitate aging in place.

Analysis Of Meaning and Moral Education Values of Al Barzanji's Poetry in The Community Environment Cianjur District

The tradition of reading Barzanji's poems in Cianjur District seems to be decreasing and decreasing. The causal factors include 1) the lack of socialization and training from Barzanji speakers towards the younger generation, 2) the lack of interest and attention from the younger generation to learn the recitation of Barzanji's poems, 3) the absence of a specific institution to deepen Islamic cultural art in terms of this is the preservation of the tradition of reading Barzanji's poetry, 4) the rapid flow of infiltration of non-Islamic culture towards the Muslim community so that the Muslim community knows and applies non-Islamic cultures more than the Islamic culture itself. Furthermore, the author conveys that this research will describe the results of data analysis on the meaning and values ​​of Moral Education in the tradition of reading Barzanji's Poems in the community of Cianjur Regency. This method is descriptive. An effort to preserve the Barzanji tradition in the community of Cianjur Regency includes: 1) Improving the learning and training process for the Barzanji Tradition at Majlis Ta'lim and Islamic boarding schools so that the Barzanji tradition can be passed down from generation to generation, 2) Organizing a Barzanji festival periodically with involving religious institutions and schools, especially during religious holidays, 3) making or incorporating Barzanji poetry into teaching materials in Islamic Religious Education or Indonesian language subjects in schools from elementary to tertiary level, 4 ) Carrying out intensive outreach regarding the historicity and meaning of Barzanji's poetry to the wider community both in urban and rural areas.

Efektivitas penerapan pembayaran online berbasis e-Samsat dalam penerimaan pajak kendaraan bermotor pada Badan Pendapatan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

In the current era where everything can be done using technology, including paying vehicle tax, the E-Samsat online application is expected to increase Regional Original Income in North Sulawesi Province. Therefore, I want to know the effectiveness of implementing E-Samsat in the community environment in the Regional Revenue Agency of North Sulawesi Province. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The results of the research show that there is an increase in the target and realization of Motor Vehicle Tax revenue in 2020-2022, but it decreases in 2023. Judging from the data on Motor Vehicle Tax revenue through the E-Samsat based online application in 2020-2022 there is also an increase, and the same Just as target and realization data will decline in 2023, revenue via E-Samsat will also experience a decline in the number of people paying vehicle tax. However, according to the effectiveness ratio criteria determined by the Ministry of Home Affairs through Minister of Home Affairs Decree No. 690,900,327 concerning Guidelines for Financial Performance Assessment, the total amount of target data and realization of Motor Vehicle Tax revenue is included in the effective category. One of the factors that has not achieved the target and realization of Motor Vehicle Tax revenue is the lack of equitable outreach to all regions. Therefore, the Government, through the Regional Revenue Agency of North Sulawesi Province, must provide more extensive outreach or outreach to the community directly.