Community Engagement Process Research Articles

Community Engagement and Psychometric Methods in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Surveys-A Scoping Review and Critical Analysis.

(1) Background: In healthcare settings, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and surveys are accepted, patient-centered measures that provide qualitative information on dimensions of health and wellbeing. The level of psychometric assessment and engagement with end users for their design can vary significantly. This scoping review describes the psychometric and community engagement processes for PROMs and surveys developed for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. (2) Methods: The PRISMA ScR guidelines for scoping reviews were followed, aimed at those PROMs and surveys that underwent psychometric assessment. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool and a narrative synthesis approach were used. (3) Results: Of 1080 articles, 14 were eligible for review. Most articles focused on a validity assessment of PROMs and surveys, with reliability being less common. Face validity with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities was reported in most studies, with construct validity through exploratory factor analyses. Methodological design risks were identified in the majority of studies, notably the absence of explicit Indigenous knowledges. Variability existed in the development of PROMs and surveys for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. (4) Conclusions: Improvement in inclusion of Indigenous knowledges and research approaches is needed to ensure relevance and appropriate PROM structures. We provide suggestions for research teams to assist in future design.

Heart Disease Self-management for African American Older Adults: Outcomes of an Adapted Evidence-Based Intervention.

Background and ObjectivesTo assess the impact of an evidence-based self-management intervention adapted through a community-engaged process for African American midlife and older adults with heart disease and/or cardiovascular risk factors.Research Design and MethodsAdults 50 years and over, living in or near Detroit, MI, with diagnosed heart disease or greater or equal to two major risk factors for heart disease, were randomized to a 7-week group-format program called Take Heart, or a usual-care control group. Take Heart included education about heart disease and support for behavioral lifestyle change, using a goal-setting process based on self-regulation theory. Outcome data were collected via telephone surveys at baseline and 1 year from baseline. Primary outcomes were self-reported emergency department visits and hospitalizations in the last year. Secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life (PROMIS-29 Adult Profile) and cardiac symptom burden.ResultsA total of 453 participants enrolled (74% female, 84% African American, mean age 65.4 years; 55% with diagnosed heart disease and 45% with risk factors only); 362 provided baseline and follow-up data. Using generalized linear and binomial regression models, at 12-month follow-up, there were no significant differences between intervention and control groups in ED visits or hospitalizations. Intervention versus control participants had greater improvements in PROMIS fatigue (p = .003) and sleep (p = .04) subscales as well as cardiac symptom burden (p = .04).Discussion and ImplicationsThe Take Heart intervention was associated with modest improvements in sleep, fatigue, and cardiac symptom burden. Take Heart was well received and has potential for dissemination by agencies serving older adults.Clinical Trial Registration Number: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02950818

Community Engagement via Mural Art to Foster a Sustainable Urban Environment

Community is a key element in a sustainable urban environment and possesses a capacity to become a major contributor in the development of it. Therefore, it is essential for communities to be active and engaged. The concept of a community and its engagement via mural art is addressed in this article. The aim of the research is to investigate the impact of mural art on community engagement and the contribution of communities to a sustainable urban environment. The research was based on materials obtained during the implementation of the “Murals for Communities” project. The aim of the project was to address the issues of community engagement in three cities with social disconnection: Waterford (Ireland), Heerlen (the Netherlands), and Kaunas (Lithuania). The engagement of the communities through mural art creation was initiated through community engagement workshops where the communities were encouraged to participate in collaborative actions resulting in the improvement of the urban environment and the strengthening of the communities themselves. In total, 54 community engagement workshops were organized and 18 murals were created in the three partner cities. The entire process of community engagement was a well-coordinated and structured framework of actors and events, where each of them played a significant role. The results of the research revealed that community engagement workshops were used as a successful tool for community bonding and strengthening. Hence, mural art is a successful tool for sustainable community development, and the process of mural creation with its various stages enables community members to be active participants of social interaction and developers of both a sustainable community and a sustainable urban environment.

Community engagement to improve access to healthcare: a comparative case study to advance implementation science for transgender health equity

BackgroundRecent calls to action have been made for Implementation Science to attend to health inequities at the intersections of race, gender, and social injustice in the United States. Transgender people, particularly Black and Latina transgender women, experience a range of health inequities and social injustices. In this study, we compared two processes of transgender community engagement in Los Angeles and in Chicago as an implementation strategy to address inequitable access to care; we adapted and extended the Exploration Planning Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) framework for transgender health equity.MethodsA comparative case method and the EPIS framework were used to examine parallel implementation strategies of transgender community engagement to expand access to care. To foster conceptual development and adaptation of EPIS for trans health equity, the comparative case method required detailed description, exploration, and analyses of the community-engagement processes that led to different interventions to expand access. In both cities, the unit of analysis was a steering committee made up of local transgender and cisgender stakeholders.ResultsBoth steering committees initiated their exploration processes with World Café-style, transgender community-engaged events in order to assess community needs and structural barriers to healthcare. The steering committees curated activities that amplified the voices of transgender community members among stakeholders, encouraging more effective and collaborative ways to advance transgender health equity. Based on analysis and findings from the Los Angeles town hall, the steering committee worked with a local medical school, extending the transgender medicine curriculum, and incorporating elements of transgender community-engagement. The Chicago steering committee determined from their findings that the most impactful intervention on structural racism and barriers to healthcare access would be to design and pilot an employment program for Black and Latina transgender women.ConclusionIn Los Angeles and Chicago, transgender community engagement guided implementation processes and led to critical insights regarding specific, local barriers to healthcare. The steering committee itself represented an important vehicle for individual-, organizational-, and community-level relationship and capacity building. This comparative case study highlights key adaptations of EPIS toward the formation of an implementation science framework for transgender health equity.

An mHealth Intervention to Improve Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Knowledge Among Young Black Women in Family Planning Clinics: Development and Usability Study.

BackgroundYoung Black women between the ages of 18 and 24 years are disproportionately impacted by HIV, yet they have a low self-perception of HIV risk and limited exposure to prevention strategies. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a safe and effective biomedical HIV prevention strategy for those at risk for HIV infection, but uptake has been slow among cisgender women. Family planning clinics are a primary source of health care access for young women, providing an ideal opportunity to integrate PrEP information and care into existing clinic practices.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to use a multistage, community-engaged process to develop a mobile health app and to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the app.MethodsUsing user-centered design, the In the Loop app was developed in collaboration with a community advisory board of young Black women. This study employed a multistage design, which included community-engaged app development, user testing, and evaluation of the app’s feasibility and acceptability. A pre- and postdesign was used to assess the impact of the app on PrEP knowledge immediately after app use. Descriptive statistics (eg, mean, SD, and percentage values) were used to describe the sample, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test was used to detect changes in PrEP knowledge before and immediately after using the app.ResultsA total of 50 sexually active, young Black women, aged 18-24 (mean 21, SD 1.9) years, were enrolled in this study. Analysis comparing scores before and immediately after use of the app revealed a significant increase in PrEP content knowledge scores on a 7-item true or false scale (z=–6.04, P<.001). Overall, participants considered the In the Loop app feasible and acceptable to use while waiting for a family planning visit. The majority of participants (n=46, 92%) agreed that they would recommend In the Loop to friends to learn more about PrEP. Participants rated the overall quality of the app 4.3 on a 1-5 scale (1=very poor and 5=very good). Of 50 participants, 40 (80%) agreed that the app was easy to use, and 48 (96%) agreed that they found the information in the app easy to understand. Finally, 40 (80%) agreed that they had enjoyed using the app while waiting for their family planning visit.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that young Black women waiting for family planning visits found the In the Loop app to be feasible and acceptable. This study demonstrates the value of engaging young Black women in the app design process. As family planning clinics are a primary source of health care access for young women, they provide an ideal setting to integrate PrEP information and care into existing clinic practices. Next steps in the development of the In the Loop app include implementing user-suggested improvements and conducting efficacy testing in a randomized controlled trial to determine the app’s impact on PrEP uptake.

Inclusive Creative Placemaking Through Participatory Mural Design in Springfield (MA)

Problem, research strategy, and findings Public art is a beneficial creative placemaking strategy that can establish spaces for public expression, a sense of belonging, and social interactions. However, there remains a shortage of case studies documenting its tangible positive impacts in minoritized communities. We sought to fill that gap by investigating community engagement processes in the multiple stages of planning, conceptualization, and materialization of the Fresh Paint Springfield mural festival in 2019 in Springfield (MA). Through observation of one mural that was designed and painted in collaboration with hundreds of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) residents and in-depth interviews with residents, sponsors, and artists, we present public art mural installations as an inclusive creative placemaking strategy. Findings showed three aspects that fostered community pride and sense of belonging: first, artists engaged with downtown residents in multiple stages of the mural installation; second, the artistic product was intentionally designed as a culturally specific depiction of members of the local community; and last, the open-door studio policy used by the muralist in our case study instigated community member participation and broke the status quo of artists as singular producers of mural art. If given institutional support, artists are key stakeholders who promote aesthetics of belonging, adopt methods that empower residents, and create meaningful and accessible art. Takeaway for practice Certain aspects of the festival organization generated convivial spaces and opportunities for sharing among community members. First, meaningful engagement must be at the forefront of creative placemaking strategies in terms of curating artists, participatory methodologies, and representative designs. The festival format with multiple murals offered advantages to increase buy-in from building owners and sponsors and increase the impact of public art. Last, institutions can anticipate and take on processes such as securing wall permissions, negotiating insurance, and fundraising to allow artists to thrive.

Experience of a National Cancer Institute-Designated Community Outreach and Engagement Program in Supporting Communities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVD-19) continues to disrupt cancer care delivery efforts and exacerbate existing health inequities. Here we describe the impact of COVID-19 on community outreach organizations partnering with a National Cancer Institute-designated Community Outreach and Engagement (COE) office in New York City (NYC) and lessons learned from these experiences. Between July and September of 2020, we conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with community key-informants to validate and inform efforts to support community organizations in response to COVID-19. Key-informants represented organizations performing a broad range of health and cancer care activities serving historically underserved, low-income, marginalized communities of color in NYC. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using rapid qualitative approaches. We summarize our response to challenges raised by partnering organizations. Themes included the impact of COVID-19 on communities served, challenges faced by organizations, and solutions to address COVID-19 related challenges. The COE and community organizations had to shift priorities and adapt engagement efforts to address the more urgent needs of the community (e.g., emotional distress, food insecurity). COVID-19 disrupted traditional community engagement activities for cancer outreach-calling for creativity and innovation in the community engagement process and shift in priorities. The COE responded by maintaining ongoing dialogue with community partners, by being flexible in scope/priorities beyond cancer prevention and control, and by providing education, outreach, fundraising and other resources, and developing new partnerships to meet needs of community organizations and the populations they serve.

Community-led development and collective land tenure for environmental justice: the case of the Caño Martín Peña community land trust, Puerto Rico

ABSTRACT Community-led land ownership can contribute to environmental justice in disaster-prone areas, particularly as it protects vulnerable communities from market-driven displacement often occurring after natural disasters. The article reviews literature linking the climate emergency with disaster resilience and collective land-based models. It brings into focus the case of the Caño Martín Peña communities in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where residents started a Community Land Trust (CLT) in Latin America and the Caribbean, resulting from an extensive process of community participation. We highlight the importance of this case as still one of the only CLT’s in the Global South, a mechanism not yet sufficiently understood as a highly developed instrument for secure land tenure and adaptation to climate change in the Global South. We analyse the mechanisms by which the CLT’s collective tenure model effectively ensures greater environmental justice – both regarding ongoing flooding issues, and specific extreme natural events such as hurricanes. Collective land ownership allows residents to remain in the area despite forces of gentrification and displacement after disasters induced by global warming. We conclude with a reflection on the need for similar land-based solutions, and summon public authorities to consider these as a route to effective environmental management.

Youth civic and community engagement under Singapore’s COVID-19 lockdown: motivations, online mobilization, action, and future directions

ABSTRACT Disasters like COVID-19 adversely affect young adults but also present opportunities for civic and community engagement. Cognizant of and personally experiencing the pandemic’s disproportionate socio-economic fallout on disadvantaged communities, civically engaged young adults have mobilized and questioned government actors and structures which perpetuated pre-pandemic vulnerabilities. However, research gaps exist about their motivations, community engagement processes, and implications of post-disaster mobilization on long-term socio-political engagement with communities and governments. A thematic analysis of public podcast episodes produced by the author during Singapore’s COVID-19 lockdown revealed five chronologically related themes: “Pandemic and lockdown as triggers,” “Motivations,” “Online mobilization,” “Action,” and “Future directions.” Respondents, triggered by COVID-19, were motivated by new socio-economic needs and existing inequalities and responded quickly. Their seamless online mobilization and action informed future civic and political directions, resulting in two distinct approaches to long-term engagement. Those framing their initiatives as addressing preexisting needs called for more fundamental changes to ensure communities were not vulnerable to start with. Others who believed that the government’s pandemic response was adequate focused solely on their own initiatives, which they saw as filling gaps that the government could not. Youth COVID-19 engagement is thus likely to shape community-building and young adults’ expectations of governments.

‘The Big Picture’: Developing community-led approaches to substance use disorder through participatory video

‘The Big Picture’ was a participatory video (PV) project. The aim was to increase the involvement of young people in India in the active development of practice and policy regarding substance use disorder (SUD). Working with drug rehabilitation centres to innovate their programmes, the team used video production as a tool to help young people advocate for policy change by promoting public awareness of how they see this issue. Unlike many accounts of PV, which tend to focus solely on the processes of community engagement, this article also takes account of the art of the films produced. Drawing on theoretical approaches to subjectivity in autobiographical filmmaking that highlight the complex interactions between the individual and the collective in such work, the article examines, in particular, how the films created emphasize the importance of adopting a relational, community-led, approach to SUD if rehabilitation programmes are to be effective.

PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MELALUI PROGRAM BANK SAMPAH GOMI DI KELURAHAN MIJEN, KOTA SEMARANG

This study aims to determine community participation in empowerment through the Gomi waste bank and to determine the results of community participation in empowerment through the Gomi waste bank program in Mijen Village, Semarang City. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Based on the study results, it shows that: 1) The process of community participation in empowerment through the Gomi Waste Bank program in Mijen Village, Semarang City is through the evaluation participation stage, residents are also involved in evaluating activities by providing suggestions and input. The participation stage enjoys the results, starting from waste bank administrators, waste bank customers, and the community both enjoy the results of these activities starting from a clean environment, earning income, to gaining knowledge about waste management. 2) The results obtained from community participation in empowerment through the Gomi Waste Bank program in Mijen Village, Semarang City include: a) Economic improvement and growth, b) Can have a positive influence by changing people's mindset and behavior, and c) Can be an inspiration for other citizens.

Analisis Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Desa Untuk Mengoptimalkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Di Desa Bandar Klippa, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang

The role of participation in the implementation of village development is a very important component for the success of the village development program. So that community participation can run optimally. Therefore, the village government should play an active role in developing community participation in the implementation of development programs. The purpose of this study is to find out how community participation in the implementation of village development is to optimize community welfare. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method using interview and observation techniques. This study uses "key informants, main informants and additional informants".&#x0D; The result shows that the process of community participation in the implementation of village development is quite good, starting from decision making, implementation of development and evaluation of development. Where the community already has the responsibility in village development, participates in the implementation and participates in the evaluation of development. But there are factors that hinder the process of community participation in the implementation of village development, namely the village government does not have the ability to explain to the community what development will be carried out so that people do not understand and do not understand which results in people not wanting to participate in village development.&#x0D; The conclusion from the results of this study is that community participation in the implementation of village development in Bandar Klippa Village is quite good, as can be seen from the enthusiasm of the community in implementing village development.

Process of developing models of maternal nutrition interventions integrated into antenatal care services in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopiaand India.

Integrating nutrition interventions into antenatal care (ANC) requires adapting global recommendations to fit existing health systems and local contexts, but the evidence is limited on the process of tailoring nutrition interventions for health programmes. We developed and integrated maternal nutrition interventions into ANC programmes in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and India by conducting studies and assessments, developing new tools and processes and field testing integrated programme models. This paper elucidates how we used information and data to contextualize a package of globally recommended maternal nutrition interventions (micronutrient supplementation, weight gain monitoring, dietary counselling and counselling on breastfeeding) and describes four country‐specific health service delivery models. We developed a Theory of Change to illustrate common barriers and strategies for strengthening nutrition interventions during ANC. We used multiple information sources including situational assessments, formative research, piloting and pretesting results, supply assessments, stakeholder meetings, household and service provider surveys and monitoring data to design models of maternal nutrition interventions. We developed detailed protocols for implementing maternal nutrition interventions; reinforced staff capacity, nutrition counselling, monitoring systems and community engagement processes; and addressed micronutrient supplement supply bottlenecks. Community‐level activities were essential for complementing facility‐based services. Routine monitoring data, rapid assessments and information from intensified supervision were important during the early stages of implementation to improve the feasibility and scalability of models. The lessons from addressing maternal nutrition in ANC may serve as a guide for tackling missed opportunities for nutrition within health services in other contexts.

Social innovation in health, community engagement, financing and outcomes: qualitative analysis from the social innovation in health initiative

BackgroundSocial innovation in health is a community-engaged process that links social change and health improvement, drawing on the diverse strengths of local individuals and institutions. However, there are few studies...

A Community-Engaged Process for Adapting a Proven Community Health Worker Model to Integrate Precision Cancer Care Delivery for Low-income Latinx Adults With Cancer.

Disparities in precision cancer care delivery among low-income Latinx adults are well described. In prior work, we developed a community health worker-led goals of care and cancer symptom assessment intervention. The objective of this study was to adapt this intervention for a community setting, incorporating precision cancer care delivery. We used a two-phased systematic approach to adapt an evidence-based intervention for our community. Specifically, we used the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to identify barriers and facilitators to precision cancer care delivery via 1-hr interviews with Latinx adults with cancer, Latinx caregivers, community leaders, primary care and oncology clinicians, and community health workers. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the constant comparative method and grounded theory analysis. Phase 2 involved interviews with key community advisors using the Expert Panels Method to decide on final adaptations. Using this community-engaged approach, we identified specific intervention adaptations to ensure precision cancer care delivery in a community setting, which included: (a) expansion of the intervention inclusion criteria and mode of delivery; (b) integration of low-literacy precision cancer care intervention activities in Spanish in collaboration with community-based organizations; (c) ensuring goals reflective of patient and community priorities. This systematic and community-engaged approach to adapt an intervention for use in delivering precision cancer care strengthened an evidence-based approach to promote the needs and preferences of patients and key community stakeholders.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THE ACTION PLAN GREEN CITY

Green City is one of the adaptation strategies that are responsive to the impacts of climate change. A green city is a city development concept that emphasizes sustainable aspects. The placement of sustainable development as the basic principle of the Green City Concept furthermore demands the participation of the community. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze community participation in the Green City Action Plan in Surabaya City as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors of community participation in the Green City Action Plan in Surabaya City. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach, as well as an interactive model of qualitative data analysis. The results show that the process of community participation can be formed because of the opportunity, ability, and willingness of the community to participate. The degree of community participation is in the degree of participation. The willingness of the community and the commitment of the Central Government to support participation are supporting factors. Meanwhile, the community's dependence on the government and management that has not been optimal is a factor inhibiting participation.

Applying systems approaches to stakeholder and community engagement and knowledge mobilisation in youth mental health system modelling

BackgroundThere is a significant push to change the trajectory of youth mental ill-health and suicide globally. Ensuring that young people have access to services that meet their individual needs and are easily accessible is a priority. Genuine stakeholder engagement in mental health system design is critical to ensure that system strengthening is likely to be successful within these complex environments. There is limited literature describing engagement processes undertaken by research teams in mental health program implementation and planning. This protocol describes the methods that will be used to engage local communities using systems science methods to mobilize knowledge and action to strengthen youth mental health services.MethodsUsing participatory action research principles, the research team will actively engage with local communities to ensure genuine user-led participatory systems modelling processes and enhance knowledge mobilisation within research sites. Ensuring that culturally diverse and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community voices are included will support this process. A rigorous site selection process will be undertaken to ensure that the community is committed and has capacity to actively engage in the research activities. Stakeholder engagement commences from the site selection process with the aim to build trust between researchers and key stakeholders. The research team will establish a variety of engagement resources and make opportunities available to each site depending on their local context, needs and audiences they wish to target during the process.DiscussionThis protocol describes the inclusive community engagement and knowledge mobilization process for the Right care, first time, where you live research Program. This Program will use an iterative and adaptive approach that considers the social, economic, and political context of each community and attempts to maximise research engagement. A theoretical framework for applying systems approaches to knowledge mobilization that is flexible will enable the implementation of a participatory action research approach. This protocol commits to a rigorous and genuine stakeholder engagement process that can be applied in mental health research implementation.

A community engagement approach for an integrated early childhood development intervention: a case study of an urban informal settlement with Kenyans and embedded refugees

BackgroundCommunity engagement is crucial for the design and implementation of community-based early childhood development (ECD) programmes. This paper aims to share key components and learnings of a community engagement process for an integrated ECD intervention. The lessons shared are drawn from a case study of urban informal settlement with embedded refugees in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsWe conducted three stakeholder meetings with representatives from the Ministry of Health at County and Sub-County, actors in the ECD sector, and United Nations agency in refugee management, a transect walk across five villages (Ngando, Muslim, Congo, Riruta and Kivumbini); and, six debrief meetings by staff from the implementing organization. The specific steps and key activities undertaken, the challenges faced and benefits accrued from the community engagement process are highlighted drawing from the implementation team’s perspective.ResultsContext relevant, well-planned community engagement approaches can be integrated into the five broad components of stakeholder engagement, formative research, identification of local resources, integration into local lives, and shared control/leadership with the local community. These can yield meaningful stakeholder buy-in, community support and trust, which are crucial for enabling ECD programme sustainability.ConclusionOur experiences underscore that intervention research on ECD programmes in urban informal settlements requires a well-planned and custom-tailored community engagement model that is sensitive to the needs of each sub-group within the community to avoid unintentionally leaving anyone out.

Considerations of Autonomy in Guiding Decisions around the Feedback of Individual Genetic Research Results from Genomics Research: Expectations of and Preferences from Researchers in Botswana.

Background The Human Health and Heredity (H3Africa) Consortium continues to generate large amounts of genomic data leading to new insights into health and disease among African populations. This has however generated debate among stakeholders involved in developing, implementing, and applying ethical standards and policies for the return of individual genetic research results. The key questions are about when results must, should, may, or must not be returned and by whom. This study aimed to explore the views on the feedback of individual pertinent and incidental genetic research results of researchers, ethics committee members, and policymakers in Botswana. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 key stakeholders from academic, research institutions, and regulatory bodies in Botswana. An analysis of the coded data was done through an iterative process of analytic induction to document and interpret themes and patterns. Results Overall, the study indicated that researchers have at least a partial obligation to return individual genetic research results to research participants. Respondents placed emphasis on the ethical principle of autonomy. They felt that it was inappropriate for researchers to make decisions about the return of results on participants' behalf except in situations of avoiding participant self-harm or harm to society. Conclusion Findings helped to highlight the importance of considering participants' autonomy in the development of sustainable and credible guidelines for feedback of findings from genomics research in Botswana, which can be explained during community engagement and consent processes. Such guidelines would ultimately be used to develop policies, guide African genomics research, and promote participant autonomy, transparency, and possibly participant trust in research.

Analysis of Community Participation in Sustainable Tourism Development in Simanindo Sub-District

The abundance of natural resources and the expansive beauty of nature make Simanindo a district with great potential for tourism development. This tourism potential was later developed by the Samosir Regency government and used as a sector capable of bringing foreign exchange to the country and society. Tourism development can begin from planning to management or utilization stages and evaluation of results. All these phases are inseparable from the roles and contributions of multiple parties, especially the communities surrounding the tourist destination. This shows that community involvement is an important issue for the success of future tourism development programs. The survey was conducted through a qualitative approach. This study explains and explains the symptoms and trends in the focus of the study. In the first focus, the research method was performed through the collection of key data, and in the second focus, the data was collected through observations, detailed interviews, and focus group discussions. The results of this literature review show that community involvement in tourism progress is influence by internal and external factors that can affect the development of the tourism industry and the standard of living of local communities. The details of this literature study focus on the form of participation and influencing factors, support and hinder the process of community participation in tourism development