Community Co-management Research Articles

Kemitraan Pemerintah dan Masyarakat Lokal dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove di Pantai Utara Kota Surabaya

The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the partnership between of Surabaya government with local communities on mangrove forestsmanagement in the North Coast Surabaya. This research is conducted by qualitative descriptive method. Based on the research results, it is known that the partnership between the government of Surabaya with the local community (comanagement approach) provide positive value on the mangrove forests management. People who benefit from the mangrove forest participate in determining management decisions that affect their well-being, while the government got benefits from reduced liability manage. In addition, comanagement approach could increase the sense of belonging in the community, so there was a will of its own to preserve mangrove. But in this case, several steps that needs to be done by local government, among others: local government divided each authority were clearly based on formal rules; local government empower local communities associated with mangrove forest management, as well as set up an authorized institution in the management of resources such as beach protection as partners with Surabaya government on collaboration who could represent their respective interests (mangrove forest management) and recognized by the community.

The Application of Community Co-Management in Ecological Function Area Planning - Taking the Example of Planning for Sustainable Development of Xing’an Ecological Function Area

As the latest concept of ecological protection, community co-management principle was considered to be the best way to reconcile the contradictions between conservation of natural resources in ecoregion and the development of surrounding community. The Xing'an ecological function area is an important water conservation forest ecosystems base of China, priority must be given to its planning sustainability of ecological benefits. Therefore, we introduce community co-management principle to Xing'an ecological function of planning for sustainable development. By enhancing propaganda and education, the assistance to community information, technology and services to enhance the enthusiasm of the community residents, develop the eco-economy, and raise awareness of ecological protection, ultimately achieve a win-win situation of ecological conservation and the community social and economic interests.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Protected Areas Management in Iran: Case Study in Khojir National Park

The requirement to assess the management effectiveness (ME) in protected areas (PAs) is increasing around the world to help improve management and accountability. An evaluation of ME for Khojir National Park (KNP), one of the Iran's oldest PAs, was conducted using a multi-method approach that consisted of structured interviews, open interviews, and site visits. This was the first ME evaluation in Iran. The structured interview was based on the management effectiveness tracking tool methodology. KNP received an average score of 43%, which is lower than the global average, illustrating that its general management was in the low-intermediate level. The indices of legal status, resource inventory, planning for land and water use, regulations, and objectives received the highest average scores, whereas education and awareness, community co-management, regular work plan, boundary demarcation, visitor facilities, budget sources, staff training, protection systems, and management plan received the lowest ones. The management system of KNP was generally established, but many problems of the management still need to be resolved. To improve ME, some countermeasures should be taken, such as increasing funding, strengthening capacity building, planning, and adaptive management, and implementing community participation.

An experience on participatory management of biodiversity with Amazonian communities

For the past 10 years, the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (Peruvian Amazon Research Institute) - IIAP, Nature and Culture International (NCI), together with local communities, the Regional Government of Loreto, and other private organizations, have been developing a community co-management model for the Amazonian biodiversity, with very promising results. In the three basins where such co-management projects were implemented (Tahuayo, Yanayacu and Nanay), we are seeing a concrete evidence of reversals in the processes of degradation of resources and ecosystems. In each of these basins, a significant reduction in logging, illegal fishing and hunting, and destructive harvesting methods of resources can be found as a directresult of the co-management model. Significant economic improvements to local communities are achieved mainly due to the commercialization of value-added biodiversity products, as well as the recovery of fisheries, wildlife and other resources. The main principles of this model are : (1) productive conservation (conservation as a business, that is to recover flora and fauna resources and their management in ways that allow income generation); (2) adaptive management (simple management actions designed and progressively adopted by the communities and accompanied with technical support); (3) eco-systemic approach (conservation of large landscapes, especially watersheds, prioritized ecological processes such as fish’s seasonal migrations, and conservation of source areas); (4) making use of standing forest (to prioritize revenues from sustainable use of forest vs. cutting down the forest); (5) participation of all stakeholders from the organized and properly consulted local communities, to private enterprises, public institutions and all decision-makers; (6) development of complete productive chains with value-added biodiversity products and insertion in markets; (7) adaptive management (progressive adjustment of institutions and norms according to communities’ capacities).

基于熵值法的我国野生动物资源可持续发展研究

在构建我国野生动物资源可持续发展指标体系、采用熵值法确定各指标权重的基础上,研究了野生动物及栖息地的保护与资源经济协调发展情况,分析了野生动物资源可持续发展的总体运行趋势。结果表明:(1)2001-2009年,我国野生动物及栖息地保护综合指数、资源经济综合指数和社会进步综合指数总体呈上升趋势。(2)2001-2005年、2007-2009年,野生动物及栖息地保护与资源经济的协调发展度值在0.14-0.35之间,整体协调发展水平较低,属于失调衰退类;2006年的协调发展度值为0.45,处于保护与利用协调发展的过渡阶段。(3)野生动物资源可持续发展水平呈上升趋势,但总体水平不高,2001-2005年的可持续发展综合指数在0.15-0.31之间,属于传统较落后的发展阶段,2007、2008年的可持续发展综合指数分别为0.45和0.47,属于传统较落后的发展阶段;2006年、2009年的可持续发展综合指数分别为0.55和0.56,实现了由传统发展向可持续发展的过渡。;To achieve sustainable development of wildlife resources, the protection of wildlife and maintenance of ecological balance has become one of the key goals in China. For the protection of wildlife resources, it is necessary to quantitatively study the trend in sustainable development of these wildlife resources. Analysis of the general trend of sustainable development, which is achieved by sustainable development wildlife resources, the protection of wildlife resources and habitat, and ecological balance, has important theoretical meaning as well as practical significance. <br> In this paper, we established a system of wildlife sustainable evaluation indicators. We also used the entropy method to determine the weight of each index, examined the protection of wildlife resources and development of harmonious resource use, and analyzed the overall tendency of sustainable development of wildlife resources. The results show that: (1) From 2001-2009 in China there was an upward trend in the wildlife and habitat protection index, resource economic comprehensive index, and social progress index. (2) The degree of coordination between wildlife and environmental protection and comprehensive resource economics was 0.14-0.35 in 2001-2005 and 2007-2009. Also, the overall coordination development was at a relatively low level, which belonged to the class of disorders of recession. The degree value was 0.45 in 2006, which belonged to the coordination development in the transition phase. (3) Although the wildlife resource sustainable development level was increasing, the overall level was low. The comprehensive index was between 0.15-0.31 from 2001-2005, and between 0.45-0.47 from 2007-2008, which belonged to the traditional backward stage of development. The integrated index was 0.55 in 2006 and 0.56 in 2009, which was achieved by the transition from traditional development to sustainable development. <br> Based on the actual situation of China's wildlife protection, combining the related data analysis affects sustainable development of wildlife resources for the following reasons: (1) negative effects on wildlife and habitat protection; (2) need for more comprehensive wildlife advocacy; (3) the overall level of wildlife breeding industry needs to advance; (4) the wildlife resource industry level needs to be further improved; (5) wildlife resources for the sustainable development of macroeconomics must be regulated and controlled. On this basis we propose the following four methods to promote the sustainable development of wildlife resources in China: (1) Further strengthen the protection of wildlife and habitats. This can be done by developing teams of professional staff to work in wildlife protection, improving staff welfare, establishing community co-management systems, and galvanizing the enthusiasm of residents for the protection of wildlife. (2) Conduct public campaigns for the science behind wildlife conservation. Develop new strategies for wildlife protection and new methods of publicity aimed at educating the public on the importance of reducing their use of wildlife resources. (3) Increasing scientific research on wildlife breeding to overcome current technical barriers. Optimization of industrial structure of wildlife resources to improve the quality of wildlife as a product. (4) Further improve laws and regulations governing wildlife resources, and promote development of a legal system to oversee the resource utilization industry.

Response to “Rethinking Ecological Migration and the Value of Cultural Continuity”

Response to “Rethinking Ecological Migration and the Value of Cultural Continuity”

Rethinking “Ecological Migration” and the Value of Cultural Continuity: A Response to Wang, Song, and Hu

Rethinking “Ecological Migration” and the Value of Cultural Continuity: A Response to Wang, Song, and Hu

Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China

Large numbers of people living in and around protected areas are highly dependent on the natural resources. However, simply excluding them from the area management has always inevitably resulted in conflicts. We conducted a case study of the Protected Area of Jinyun Mountain (PJM) in China to evaluate social context variables, environmental attitudes, and perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys administered to four stakeholder groups (i.e. local farmers, government staff, business persons, and tourists). A total of 112 questionnaires were completed in December 2008, after the Sichuan Earthquake. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, social context (gender, race, age, income, and education level), protected area-community conflicts, and environmental attitudes. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scores, which were employed to evaluate environmental attitudes, differed significantly among the stakeholder groups ( P < 0.01). Specifically, government staff reported the highest and business persons did the lowest. Among the five items evaluated, anti-exemptionalism received the lowest score, while nature’s balance did the highest. Evaluation of the protected area-community relationship indicated that harmony and conflict both exist in the PJM, but have different forms among different stakeholders, and seem to be opposite between government staff and local farmers. Among the indexes, tourism primarily contributed to the harmonious aspect, while collection of NTFPs did to the conflicting one. Conflict scores were positively related to age and negatively related to education level. Respondents with higher NEP scores were more partial to the park management. Besides, the respondents with higher annual incomes tended to support the policy of harmonizing the relationship and lessening the harm of local communities to the area. To promote proenvironmental attitudes and alleviate the protected area-community conflicts, we recommend improving environmental education, establishing community co-management, and launching substitute sources of cash for traditional cultivation.

Fishery decline in Utila: Disentangling the web of governance

The commercial fish stock of Utila, Honduras, appears to be in danger of acute decline. In order to establish the perceived scale of decline, identify perceptions of its causes and potential remedies, and views on past, present and future management strategies, this paper employed a discourse analysis of interview transcripts from primary and key stakeholders. This illustrated that most stakeholders recognised the decline but felt powerless to take the necessary steps to reverse it. The Utilian market-oriented mode of fisheries governance was perceived to have exacerbated the decline, and subsequently, it appeared that two modes of fisheries governance were implicitly endorsed: (1) voluntary authoritarianism and (2) community co-management. This paper concludes that voluntary authoritarianism is more likely to succeed in curbing the unprecedented Utilian commercial fish stock decline in the short-term, in preparation for community co-management, a more permanent and sustainable solution. Based on the above, the paper advises caution with regards to allowing market forces to determine how fisheries are governed, and emphasises the need for enforcing strict regulations on fisheries before contemplating a transition to a more participative mode of fisheries governance.

Economic development of local communities and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

Age structure, educational level and economic situation of farmers living in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Central China, were analyzed. Results showed that the population will increase steadily in the future and that the educational level is very low on the whole. Among people above the school entrance age (seven years old), only 36% had the opportunity to receive highschool education and those who received college education occupied just about 1%. The income of the local farmers was far below the national average number, which was only 1044.4 RMB (RMB: Chinese Currency, 8.3 RMB=1 US$) per capita in 2001, which is only 44.1% of farmers’ or 15.1% of citizens’ nationwide. Some measures, such as developing featured economies and popularizing effective energy utilization methods, have been proved as successful ways for income growth and environment protection. To cope with the conflicts between community economy development and biodiversity conservation, effective mechanisms, such as Public Compensation, and Community Co-management should be introduced. Sharing favorable policies and reasonably taking advantage of natural resources, the goal of sustainable development of local community economy can be achieved along with the biodiversity conservation.

Management philosophy and practices of habitat conservation for Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China

Starting from the pressure on habitat of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve brought about by traveling activity, this paper puts forward such philosophy of community co-management of conservation-based tourism development for Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. According to this philosophy, emphasis is laid on the analysis of the mission of habitat protection, functional division, habitat maintenance, community construction, scientific study and management organization system. The study shows that the close relation and significance of rights and interests shared between nature reserve and residents in community, as well as the value of community comanagement philosophy of conservation-based tourism development in sustainable management of nature reserve, have set an exemplary example for other nature reserves.

地域共同管理論の成立と展開

地域共同管理論の成立と展開

Context-Dependent Biodiversity Conservation Management Regimes: Theory and Simulation

Ecosystem degradation hasmotivated a search for successful conservation approaches. The perceived failure of state-directed protected areas in the tropics has prompted experimentation with community management and co-management strategies. Numerous case studies suggest that none of these are effective universally. There exists, however, little analytical or empirical work to identify under what conditions one arrangement will be more effective than another. This paper develops a model of statedependent, equilibrium conservation management design that identifies the comparative advantage of different managers, in the interest of appropriately locating authority for conservation tasks as a function of prevailing biophysical, economic, and sociopolitical conditions.

Environmental sociology and the theory of social movements

The theory of social movements is useful to analyze environmental problems and environmental movements such as anti-pollution movements, natural conservation movements, antinuclear movements and movements to promote amenities. The aim of this paper is to investigate how the theory of social movements is related to the environmental sociology, which is new in the academic field. They are the same, in terms of the subject of the studies. However, they are different from each other concerning the sphere of the environmental problems. We analytically differentiate the sphere into six, using two axes, and . Then, we try to specify the approaches of the environmental sociology and the theory of social movements into suitable spheres for solving environmental problems.As approaches to environmental problems, we refer to the sociomaterial circulation, life environmentalism, social dilemma and community co-management in the environmental sociology, and new social movements, resource mobilization and networking in the theory of social movements. In this paper, we define the environment as the situation where the symbiosis between nature and human are sustained in the global circulation of nature, of which conservation has become political issues especially since late 1980s. It is the environmental sociology that analyzes and investigates these issues.

Local Fisheries Co-management: A Review of International Experiences and Their Implications for Salmon Management in British Columbia

The theory and practice of community-based self-management and government–community co-management is examined in terms of the potential of these management systems to address some of the major biological, economic, and political problems of the salmon fishery of British Columbia, Canada. Particular attention is given to government–multiparty arrangements that integrate the concerns of multiple interests, while recognizing the special rights of aboriginal communities. Elements identified as key to the success of various arrangements include: (1) logistical arrangements, such as clear boundaries, membership criteria, interception agreements, and management-unit sizes appropriate to the abundance of natural and human resources; (2) cost-sharing arrangements, such as local cost recovery and local volunteerism; (3) power-sharing arrangements through checks and balances between local multiparty boards, a provincial board, and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The processes engendering social learning, through which government and local bodies could move toward such regimes, are discussed through a review of relevant literature on interorganizational conflict resolution, public policy, and organizational learning. Many of the elements of success of both arrangements and processes are likely to apply to a broad range of fisheries co-management situations.