Community-based Management System Research Articles

Strategies for improving community participation in Mangrove Ecosystem Conservation in Teluk Kupang Coastal Areas (A case study of Nunkurus and Oeteta Villages)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that influence the level of participation of coastal communities in the preservation of the mangrove ecosystem and to develop strategies to increase their involvement. Qualitative descriptive analysis was conducted using observation and direct observation of community behavior in the field to determine community participation and the factors affecting it. The SWOT method was also used to identify appropriate strategies for increasing community participation. The research found that income, education, and length of residence in the coastal area were the factors that influenced community participation. The level of participation varied between the two locations, with Nunkurus village exhibiting passive participation and Oeteta village showing self-mobilization participation. Based on the SWOT analysis, various strategies were identified to enhance community participation in Teluk Kupang, including increasing awareness and education on the importance of the mangrove ecosystem, providing economic incentives for community members to engage in sustainable activities, establishing a community-based management system for the mangrove forest, encouraging participation in regular monitoring and evaluation of the mangrove ecosystem, and forming partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and local communities. By adopting these strategies, the participation of the coastal community in preserving the mangrove ecosystem can be improved and the conservation efforts will become more effective.

Reproductive performance and productivity of local and Dorper x local crossbred ewes under community-based management system, Ethiopia

This study evaluated the reproductive and productivity of local and Dorper crossbred ewes in a community-based management system. We analyzed data collected from 2013 to 2021, taking into account different factors such as dam-breed, location, type of birth, season, and year of lambing. Lambing was observed all year-round, but the majority (35%) occurred in September, October, and December. This suggests that pasture availability, which is influenced by climatic-factors, may play a role in the seasonality of lambing. Litter-size at birth and weaning did not show any significant difference. Age at first lambing varied between breeds (P < 0.001), while lambing-interval and annual reproductive rates were unaffected by dam-breed (P > 0.05). The annual number of lambing per year significantly varied based on location and lambing seasons (P < 0.001), with a higher frequency during the major rainy-season compared to the dry-season (1.58vs1.42), highlighting the influence of feed availability. Productivity indices of ewes were calculated. Location and season of lambing had a significant impact on annual ewe productivity, while the ewe genotype showed no significant influence on productivity indices, except for the weight of lambs produced per kilogram of metabolic weight (0.84vs0.72 lambs per kg ewe and year; P < 0.01: 2.02vs1.77 kg lamb per kg0.75 ewe and year), where local ewes outperformed Dorper crossbred ewes. The difference in annual-productivity indices between local and Dorper crossbred ewes was more evident when considering the postpartum weight, as the ewes exhibited higher postpartum weights. However, both ewe genotypes produced comparable lamb weights per year (20.91vs20.16 kg lamb weaned per ewe and year for local and Dorper crossbred ewes, respectively). In summary, under low-input conditions, Dorper crossbred ewes demonstrated comparable reproductive performances and productivity traits to local ewes. Nevertheless, breed and environmental factors identified in this study should be taken into account to enhance sheep productivity in both local and Dorper crossbred ewes.

Effect of genotype and environment on the productive and survivability traits of lambs under a community-based management system

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and survival of local and Dorper crossbred lambs managed under a community-based management system, using data collected between 2012 and 2021. The fixed effects considered were breed, location, sex, type of birth, parity, season, and year of birth. The results revealed that Dorper crossbred lambs consistently weighed and gained more than local lambs (p<0.0001) at all ages and that environmental factors such as location, sex, type of birth, parity, season, and year of birth had considerable influence on most growth traits at all ages. The mean birth weight of local, low-grade, and high-grade Dorper crossbred lambs were 2.12 ± 0.04, 2.94 ± 0.03, and 3.08 ± 0.03 kg, respectively. The corresponding pre-weaning daily gain was 89.12 ± 1.85, 112.16 ± 1.38, and 117.98 ± 1.71 g/day, respectively. The post-weaning body weight gain at 90-180 days for the same groups was 32.6 ± 2.16, 46.85 ± 1.62, and 45.93 ± 1.98 g/day, respectively. Dorper crossbred lambs exhibited a bodyweight advantage of up to 45%, 31%, 34%, and 28% over local lambs at birth, 3, 6, and 12 months of age, respectively. Lambs born in the dry season had the lowest weaning (p<0.0001) and six-month (p = 0.0098) weight compared to those born in the rainy seasons. Lamb genotype didn’t have a significant influence on the survival of lambs at all ages, but most environmental factors influenced survivability. Lambs born to ewes in their 5th parity and above had a mortality risk of 0.51 times higher than those born to ewes in their 1st to 4th parity at the age of 6- months. Year of lambing affected lamb pre-weaning (χ2 = 0.0003) and post-weaning (χ2 = 0.0001) survival. Compared to the base year 2021, lambs born in 2017 and 2018 had a higher risk of mortality at 6-month (10.1 and 15.9 times, respectively) than those born in 2021. Season of birth also significantly (χ2 <0.001) affected lamb survivability, with lambs born in the dry season, having a higher mortality risk at weaning (0.46 times) and yearling (0.66 times). Lambs with a birth weight of 2 kg and below had a 2.3 times higher survival risk at 6-months compared to lambs born with 3 kg and above. In conclusion, Dorper crossbred lambs can be considered to improve lamb growth performance and produce fast-growing lambs. However, the study recommends further research to validate the crossbreeding program (considering the influential production environment, research on supplementation for lambs in the dry-season, adjusting the mating season, and the economic feasibility of crossbreeding are suggested).

Upgrading Mekarsari TPS to TPST by Using a Waste Processing Machine for Ngingas Makmur Abadi BUMDes Products

Environmentally friendly waste processing is the process of separating waste with categories of hazardous, toxic, economic value to non-economic value. Meanwhile, the community-based management system involves community participation in the process of sorting, reducing, utilizing and handling the waste. Until 2019, the waste production of the people of Sidoarjo Regency reached around 4,700 m 3 per day. However, the ability to transport waste to the Final Disposal Site is only capable of 25%. As a result of the remaining waste that is not transported, the community manages the waste by ignoring environmental procedures, such as throwing it into the river, burning it, putting it in a hole in the ground and so on. In fact, it is possible that the waste contains materials that cannot be decomposed by the environment and even toxic and hazardous materials (B3). Sidoarjo Regency has one of the Integrated Waste Disposal Sites (TPST) named Mekarsari. TPST Mekarsari has 1 unit of plastic waste sorting machine, 1 unit of organic waste chopper and 1 unit of incinerator. However, the current management of the Mekarsari TPST is still not optimal. Some of the things that cause this include the lack of equipment for waste management. Some of the handling of waste that has not been realized include the management of plastic waste mixed with other waste such as packaging plastic bags and small plastics and the handling of organic waste using BSF (Black Soldier Fly) maggots. The solution provided by the ITS Abdimas Team with BUMDes Ngingas Makmur Abadi is to make a study document on the potential development of waste management, study the need for tools/machines for waste management, and procure tools/machines for waste management at the Mekarsari TPST.

Hill Women-led Spring Water Management in Darjeeling Himalayan Region, West Bengal

Water crises is a major problem of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India where rainfall is plentiful. Darjeeling gets only one-third of its daily water requirement through municipal pipelines. The water supply network is mostly town centred so the peripheral areas are deprived of water. Private suppliers also supply water at Rs. 300/- per month per household. Darjeeling Municipality established in 1850 has a centralised water management infrastructure laid down between1910–30. The water supply system originates in Senchel Wildlife Sanctuary, located 15 kilometres upstream of Darjeeling with two lakes and a storage of 33 million gallons of water that is recharged by 26 springs. This centralised system fails to acknowledge the vibrant 90 odd natural springs in the town that people are dependent upon. These urban springs have diverse community-based management systems that have evolved over time and are now facing challenges of rapid urbanisation, market forces, upstream concretisation and contamination and reducing discharges. Due to deforestation which is leading to high runoff resulting to less recharge of groundwater. Women, are worst hit, as they have to travel miles to fetch water in this rugged terrainfor her family while their male counterpart are busy to make both ends meet. Every household maintains a kitchen garden whose water is also being procured by females through irrigation. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the imperative way to mitigate the water crisis. Moreover, reuse, recycle and reducing wastage will help to mitigate this water crisis.

Contextualizing Poverty along with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) 3, 6 and 9 as nonincome indicators in Ocampo, Camarines Sur Philippines: Evidences from CBMS 2019

Measuring poverty using non-income indicators enable countries to target and develop programs for poverty alleviation and understand its performance towards the sustainable development goals (SDG’s). This paper which seeks to evaluate the performance of the municipality of Ocampo in Camarines Sur, Philippines towards the SDG’s via the Community-based Management System (CBMS) would enable policymakers to target recipients of government programs and interventions in the municipality. This paper looked into the responsiveness of the municipality of Ocampo, Camarines Sur to the SDGs by identifying the household poverty index; poverty gap index and poverty severity index as well as estimating the probability of households in Ocampo, Camarines Sur to becoming poor using non-income indicators which are connected with the SDG’s. Employing the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures, and logistic regression, the researcher found that around 64.5% of the households in the municipality of Ocampo, Camarines Sur are poor. Likewise, majority of the poor households in the municipality don’t have access to clean and safe water, toilet facilities and internet and electric connectivity. However, despite them being poor, the residents of Ocampo visits medical facilities and received medical treatments if they are sick. The municipality does well in SDG 3, good health and well-being. To further strengthen the municipality’s responsiveness to the SDG’s, there is a need to strengthen barangay health units, develop local water sources and further access to internet connectivity.

Coalitions for Landscape Resilience: Institutional Dynamics behind Community-Based Rangeland Management System in North-Western Tanzania

The past few decades have seen a continuing shift of natural resource management paradigm towards multifunctional and multi-actor adaptive management in hope of achieving more resilient landscapes. Recognizing the multitude of institutional actors and their roles as well as dynamics helps to understand communal behaviour, its manifestations in the landscape and resilience under changing socioecological circumstances. We examined institutional actors and their functions and relationships in a long-standing community-based natural resource management system, the ngitili, in north-western part of Tanzania. The aim of the research was to deepen understanding on the role of institutional arrangements and their limitations in supporting resilience of community-based management system. Data was collected through group discussions and interviews in three case study villages and district level, and institutional arrangements were analysed using 4Rs framework and social network analysis. The study shows that the management arrangements have evolved with time and are based on locally negotiated roles and collaboration among bureaucratic and socially embedded village level actors. These local level actors are resource poor, which hinders collaboration and implementation of ngitili management functions. External interventions have temporarily increased management efficiency in the villages but they did not create sustained multi-scale collaboration networks to address external threats to the ngitili resources. The results show that diversified funding sources, technical support and benefit sharing mechanisms are required to incentivize sustainable resource management. For the management system to be more resilient, the existing institutional actors and their ability to adapt should be nurtured by awareness raising, wider stakeholder participation and bridging organizations.

The Changing Forest Utilization and Management of Mlabri Tribe at Bokluea District, Nan Province, Thailand

This study investigates the changes in forest utilization and management of the Mlabri tribe in Phufa Village, Nan Province, Thailand. This research utilizes quantitative and qualitative methods, such as interviews, community meetings, focus groups and participant observation. The population in the Mlabri village is around 40. It was found that the Mlabri villagers utilized 13 groups to collect 92 different species of forest products to earn a total income of 490,000 baht per year. For resource management, the forest communities have two forms of forest management. These are: (a) a belief model that governs the supernatural mysteries; and (b) a modern community-based management system, which reflects modern rules and regulations from the local authorities. Since the Mlabri people share the same space with other communities, they need to follow the rules set by the owners of the area. Based on the type of forests, the Mlabri tribe utilizes forest management under the concepts of conservation and awareness-raising. The Mlabri people changed from using forest resources for subsistence and exchanged for items that they could not obtain, such as iron, salt and tobacco. At present, the people in the Mlabri tribe have become labourers and agricultural workers. Hunting and gathering forest products are just for earning some extra income and relaxation. Although hunting and gathering is no longer a primary activity among the Mlabri, it is an activity that improves the quality of their life. It also creates a new identity for the Mlabri tribe, which changes the context of the Mlabri society while making the story of the "people living with the forest" interesting. Keywords: Mlabri tribe, hunting and gathering society, utilization and forest management

Going to scale with rural water supply: a reflection on experiences from sustaining community managed piped water schemes in rural Zimbabwe

Abstract Access to safely managed water is a basic human right, yet rural water supply still remains a challenge in Zimbabwe. This study sought to assess sustainability of community managed piped water schemes developed under the rural WASH program as a model for rural water supply. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the collection of data. The program developed 33 schemes out of which 36.4% have since broken down. System failure is high amongst diesel and electricity powered schemes compared to solar powered. Alarmingly, all the schemes have water point committees set up and trained with support from the project. The current status-quo therefore reflects a capacity gap amongst the set water point committees. In many cases they have failed to operationalize the water fund, institute water demand management, support and retain pump operatives. Moving forward, the sector therefore needs to adopt a demand responsive approach when targeting schemes for rehabilitation. This will help address structural issues in the management of the schemes like social capital, ownership of the investment and cost recovery. Government should also consider going to scale with the solar powered schemes which are seemingly resilient and compatible with the community based management system.

Besides Physical Scarcity: An Analysis of Domestic Water Access in Rural Rakai, Uganda

Water scarcity research, in rural settings, mainly uses a hydrological lens. Basing on key informant interviews and documentary review, we argue that inadequate access in Rakai results from socio-political factors relating to infrastructural allocation and operation and maintenance of water facilities. In Uganda, Local governments play a role in making decisions and managing water-related services. The communities play a role in the continued functioning of water sources. The findings indicate that in Rakai, non-physical scarcity factors determine the point of water service location basing on political expediency; the water supply technology used is informed by economies of scale and not sustainability and robustness. Water source maintenance funding and the functionality of community-based management systems also influence water access. Community contribution and equitable distribution of water points are imperative in improving rural water access. Key Words: Water Scarcity, Water access, Rakai, Community-based Management Systems

A qualitative investigation of policy for youth with problematic sexual behavior.

Community management of youth with problematic sexual behavior (PSB) is complex. Public policies and service practices have historically utilized adult-focused approaches with limited research outcomes. This descriptive case study aimed to address this gap by documenting current PSB policies and policy reforms for community-based management systems. Semi-structured interviews with 219 professionals from eight urban and rural communities throughout the United States served as the primary data source for the study. The three-stage Framework Method was used to guide the data analysis process. This study covered three areas: context of policy development, attitudes, and perceptions of policy for youth with PSB, and existing policy and policy reform initiatives. Findings support benefits of collaborative multidisciplinary teams that cross agency policies and procedures on management of cases involving youth with PSB. Implications for practitioners, policymakers, and community members are discussed.

The dwindling community-based management strategies in the brush park fishery of a tropical estuary: Need for co-management

Importance of participatory approaches in the management of small-scale fisheries is being increasingly highlighted today throughout the world. Brush park fishery in Negombo estuary, Sri Lanka is a small-scale fishery where traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) accumulated over generations is utilized to optimize the harvests. In the present study, the institutional robustness of the community-based management system of this fishery, which is based on TEK was assessed using Ostrom's modified design principles. Results showed that the degree of community-based management is not effective in successful management of this fishery due to common pool nature. Nevertheless, there is potential for integrating some institutional design principles through intervention of centralized management authorities. As such, co-management regimes that empower local communities are needed for the sustainability this fishery.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT SEBAGAI WISATA KONSERVASI DAN EDUKASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI PANTAI PANDAWA

Seaweed cultivation in Pandawa Beach is one of the leading commodities of fishery that is still occupied by coastal communities. However, along with the development of tourism in Pandawa Beach, it resulted in some seaweed farmers switch professions into food and beverages traders, and tenants of tourism services and facilities. This phenomenon resulted in the decreasing of seaweed yields even it was not re-produced. Therefore, it needs a strategy of seaweed cultivation area development as conservation and educational tour in order to preserve the continuity of seaweed cultivation and the sustainability of tourism development; therefore it can improve the prosperity of the community. The purposes of this research were 1) to identify of internal and external potential of seaweed cultivation area as conservation tourism and community-based education in Pandawa Beach, 2) to design the development strategy of seaweed cultivation area as conservation tourism and community based education. The data was obtained from participants’ observation, questionnaire, and in-depth interviews with six informants consisting of seaweed farmers, cultivation group managers and managers of Pandawa Coastal Tourist Object as primary data, and documentation study as secondary data. Data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Data analysis techniques used were qualitative descriptive analysis techniques, IFAS - EFAS, and SWOT. The findings of this research were 1) Seaweed Cultivation Area in Pandawa Beach had internal and external potential that is useful to be developed into conservation and education tourism based on community, 2) Seaweed cultivation development strategy as conservation tourism and community-based education in Pandawa Beach can be done by making educational tourism attractions, optimizing community-based management system, and optimizing marketing in the development of seaweed cultivation area as conservation tourism and community-based education in Pandawa Beach.

Local politics of floodplain tenure in the Amazon

Research on community-based management system has been often grounded on monolithic institutional, social and ecological perspective with focus on the commoners as the only local actor, collective territorial rights as the only local tenure system, and the managed resource unit or ecosystem as the only contested resource driving collective action. However, CBMSs are embedded in local social-ecological systems usually characterized by multiple ruling systems, different local groups, and heterogeneous ecological systems. In this paper I discuss how the floodplain tenure system is negotiated and rearranged between two local groups – community residents and large landholders. This complex and dynamic arrangement comprises three layers of property rights which are combined according to changing ecological and social context. Based on longitudinal empirical data spanning 20 years of research, I describe the history of contemporary human occupation, and the most recent socioeconomic and institutional changes in the region in order to unpack the dynamics of the floodplain tenure in the region. I conclude that assumptions that integration of local management system into a formal legal framework suffices to achieve an efficient co-management system is rather simplistic. Despite major structural changes in the formal tenure framework, power relations between different local users may remain unchanged unless local perceptions and everyday life practices of power relations are changed. Unpacking the multiple ruling systems and everyday life practices that mediate interactions between different local actors is fundamental to understanding how the commons are appropriated at the local level. Therefore, a local contextualization of the social and ecological structure is crucial to reveal potential barriers to the development of an inclusive and sustainable production system.

A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia

Hoshino, E., I. van Putten, W. Girsang, B. P. Resosudarmo, and S. Yamazaki. 2016. A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. Ecology and Society 21(2):16.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08285-210216

Cross-sectional evaluation of the adequacy of guardianship by family members of community-residing persons with mental disorders in Changning District, Shanghai.

BackgroundThe disease burden associated with chronic psychiatric illnesses is high and is projected to grow rapidly. A community-based management system for persons with mental illness was established in Shanghai in 2012 based on the Shanghai Mental Health Regulations that were developed to conform with China’s new mental health law.AimEvaluate the guardianship services provided by family members to persons with mental illnesses living in the Changning District of Shanghai.MethodsThe legal guardians of 4034 of the 4283 community-dwelling persons with psychiatric disorders living in Changning District who are registered in the Shanghai Information Management System of Mental Health were interviewed by local community health doctors and local neighborhood committee officials. The adequacy of guardianship was assessed based on standardized criteria (including the guardian’s regular attendance at mental health training sessions, and their level of assistance in the treatment, daily life, and rehabilitation of the patient) and the main reasons for inadequate guardianship were recorded.ResultsThe majority of guardians (3331, 83.6%) adequately fulfilled their guardianship duties. Advanced age and ill-health of the guardian was the main contributing factor in 87% of the 703 cases in which the guardianship was classified as inadequate. Other factors associated with inadequate guardianship included the patient’s unstable clinical condition or failure to adhere to medication, and when the guardian did not live in the same household as the patient. The patient’s diagnosis, the guardian’s level of education, and the relationship between the guardian and patient were also associated with the adequacy of guardianship.ConclusionsThe guardianship-based community services for mentally ill individuals in urban China works reasonably well. But the rapid aging of China’s population may gradually decrease the ability of China’s families to continue to assume this heavy burden. Alternative models of providing high-quality, community-based services for persons with mental disorders need to be developed as part of the roll-out of China’s new mental health law.

Community and conservation reserves in southern India: status, challenges and opportunities

Community Reserves and Conservation Reserves illustrate a community-based co-management model, a first of its kind within the protected area (PA) network of India. Such reserves mark a shift towards an inclusive and decentralised approach within PAs in the country. Three such reserves in southern India: the Aghanashini Lion-tailed Macaque Conservation Reserve, Kadalundi-Vallikunnu Community Reserve and Thirupaddaimaradur Conservation Reserve, were selected to examine the reasons for their creation, management and stakeholder dynamics, with an aim to review their productivity and potential replicability. The study was carried out through semi-structured interviews with Forest Department officials, local community members and researchers working in the three reserves. Insufficient interaction between the stakeholders appeared to be a common issue in two reserves. The functioning of the reserves was also influenced, and in some cases negatively affected, by local politics. Financial stability was crucial in the functioning of reserves, as was consistency in interaction and appropriate monitoring of management plans. These elements are recommended for sustaining such reserves and creating community-based management systems for conservation, to support an inclusive approach to PA management.

Indigenous knowledge in the management of a community-Based Forest Reserve in the Wa West District of Ghana

Despite the various awareness-creation exercises on community-based management systems by the Forestry Commission and Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana, there appear to be no appreciation of the role of indigenous knowledge in the process. Specifically in the case of the management of the forest reserves, no effective formal strategies exist as yet for working with rural communities to accomplish the goals of nature conservation using local experiences and knowledges. Yet, for the many communities involved in the management of forests and other nature reserves, their local knowledges and experiences have been instrumental in the management of their environments and their resources. This paper evaluates the contributions of indigenous knowledge in community-based management of the natural vegetation by focussing on the case of the Yuoboli Integrated Forest Reserve of the Naaha community in the Wa West District of Ghana. It examines the role of indigenous knowledge in the lives of the people of Naaha and the effectiveness of the strategies used for the management of their natural vegetation. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to collect data from primary and secondary sources. The study reveals that conventional approaches are complemented with indigenous knowledge in the management of the Yuoboli Forest Reserve. Also, cherished indigenous methods of managing the reserve are sacrifices, creation of fire belts and taboos such as ‘‘no hunting’’, ‘‘no burning’’ and ‘‘no cutting of trees.’’ The study indicates that 81.3% of the interviewees supports the making of fire belts as one of their respected indigenous ways of managing the reserve and in that respect, 98.4% affirm that indigenous knowledge supports development. It is recommended that their indigenous knowledge on natural resources management be deepened by the creation of institutions within the community to support the process in order to ensure easy learning and knowledge transfer to subsequent generations. Also, organisations should give support to the community on how to effectively manage the reserve locally. This will encourage participation and empowerment. KEY DESCRIPTORS : Indigenous knowledge, Natural Resources Management, Environmental Degradation, Community-based Approaches, Forest Reserves.

Community forest management: Can the green economy contribute to environmental justice?

AbstractPolicymakers face a dilemma in highly diverse societies with many ecosystems: how to implement national policies that allow for serious consideration of these differences. In connection with the attempts to advance towards sustainability in forest systems, Mexico is confronting this problem with difficulty. Although it has committed to implementing policies consistent with REDD+, there are competing pressures for supporting commercial development of plantations on the one hand, and community based management systems that involve multiple objectives in complex proposals on the other. We trace the implications for environmental justice of the choices being made by indigenous communities in the highlands of Oaxaca for promoting sustainable programmes that assure adequate living standards and environmental protection. The analysis shows that this alternative approach offers an interesting set of outcomes that the standard paradigm of the green economy has difficulty achieving.

Patterns of Co-operation in Community Based Fishery Management: A Sociological Study on the People of Hail Haor

To maintain the ecological balance of wetland and to ensure food security government of Bangladesh has taken community based resources or fishery management approach. Co-operation is one of the major components of it. This paper measures the patterns of co-operation in community based fishery management system and its impact on people’s life. Descriptive design has been followed in this study. Sample has been selected through simple random sampling technique as well as social survey technique has been applied to collect data. Patterns of co-operations and the indicators of the impacts are measured through the Likert Scale and Semantic Differential Scale. It’s found that the negative co-operation is existed in the study area and most of the respondent’s attitudes are also negative about the effect of community based management system.