Community-based Disaster Risk Management Research Articles

Role of Religious Institutions in Disaster Risk Management: A Systematic Review

The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the relevant research on religious organizations' participation in disasters risk management and to understand the ways in which these organizations impact on disaster management. Today, community-based disaster risk management is emphasized as a very effective approach. Religious organizations are one of the most important components of community. They have access to resources that can be critical to help government agencies to manage disasters successfully. This systematic review was conducted since August 2018 to investigate the role of religious institutions in disasters management and was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Proquest, Embase, and Google scholar were the primary databases used for search of literature. Keywords used in this review were "religious institution," "disaster management," and their equivalents were obtained from Mesh, Emtree, or extracted from related articles. The papers from a broad range of disciplines related to keywords were included, and those articles that focus on response to disaster based on religious beliefs' and religion rather than participation of religious institutions in disaster risk management were excluded. From the 18,071 records identified through database searching in the early stage, 22 articles were selected for this review followed by analysis of the characteristics and content analysis of the included studies to answer the study questions. The findings of this systematic review that emerged from content analysis are summarized in 11 themes: religious institutions' potential for disaster management, preparedness of religious institutions for disasters, response, recovery, the social capital, partnership with all stakeholders, collaboration and communication between mental health professionals and faith-based organization leaders, unity of information and message, religious institution shelters, dealing with disaster in old and new approaches, and barriers and challenges. Religious institutions have a vital role and great potential in disasters management. They often contribute in response and recovery phases of disasters, although these services are valuable but the great potential of these groups should also be recruited to participate in preparedness and mitigation efforts as part of disasters cycle. Coordination and collaboration of all stakeholders is essential in this way.

From “Earthquake and safety” school drills to “safe school-resilient communities”: A continuous attempt for promoting community-based disaster risk management in Iran

In 1996, a nationwide program was formulated by the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) in Iran to be implemented in schools for increasing preparedness of students to potential earthquakes. Based on the so-called program “Earthquake and Safety” school drills, relevant education has been delivered to students on safety measures, self-protection and evacuation, followed by the annual drills. In 2015, this program was expanded by IIEES to communities living around safe schools. The main goal of this program called “Safe Schools-Resilient Communities” is to promote public participation in disaster management at local levels for increasing the resilience, developing local capacities for emergency response and adapting to conditions after a disaster. In this program, safe schools are considered as local bases for community-based disaster management. The main components of this plan includes preparing a series of instructions for earthquake risk assessment at local levels (including vulnerability check and diagnosis of weaknesses and strengths at each neighborhood) and developing institutional capacities at the selected safe schools to play necessary roles as centers for disaster risk reduction and management at each community. It also helps to build capacities for emergency response at each school in order to reduce earthquake impacts and to provide basic requirements for evacuees during the first few days after a disaster. In this paper, both programs and their achievements will be introduced and discussed.

TOPLUM TABANLI AFET YÖNETİMİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE BARINMA RİSK ANALİZİ

The impacts of disasters on reaching global levels increased risk reduction efforts in this area. Although efforts to reduce disaster risks have increased, these studies have not been able to significantly reduce socio-economic vulnerability. Many communities are still vulnerable to disasters and this exposure is increasing over time. Reducing the vulnerability of individuals and societies to disasters can only be achieved through more comprehensive and human-based preventive approaches to disaster risks. All these reveal the importance of widespread innovative work at the community-based disaster risk management. To realize community-based disaster management within the scope of this study, individuals become aware of the risks in the shelter areas where they spend most of their lives and the shelter risk analysis scale, which aims to minimize the loss of life and property in disasters and emergencies. Within the scope of this scale, the level of awareness of the individual, the structural and non-structural hazards in the shelter areas, environmental hazards and threat perception were measured and risk potentials were communicated to the person at the end of the analysis.

Community Based Disaster Risk Management: A Case Study of Mahakali River Basin, Kanchanpur

Kanchanpur district is one of the disaster-prone districts identified by Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium (NRRC). Every year the community of Kanchanpur district are affected by multi-disaster primarily flood. The most communities are highly vulnerable due to the poverty, disadvantage caste and ethnicity, hazard, education etc. This study endeavour to explore the status of community initiative to build up disaster resilient. This study covers 10 villages of Mahakali river basin in Kanchanpur district. The villages are under the process of disaster resilience through establishing Community Disaster Management Committee (CDMC), who supports to get access to disaster risk reduction (DRR) information, vulnerability and capacity assessment and developing trained man power for preparedness and response.

Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan

Pakistan is exposed to various natural calamities due to its geophysical condition and climatic changes. In addition, man-made disasters also pose a threat to human lives and properties which includes industrial and transport disasters including oil spills, civil unrest, wars and conflicts. Although it is not possible to stop or prevent natural disasters, but the negative impacts of natural disasters can be minimized through human efforts. The government of Pakistan has adopted participatory approach as part of its policy for disaster management. This research paper is based on the analysis of secondary data for reviewing the existing policies with emphasis on disaster risk reduction in pre and post disaster period. The paper concludes that participation of target community is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis. The article suggests that community should be meaningfully involved in disaster risk reduction efforts at the local level. In this connection the role of social workers is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis.

MANAGEMENT OF ECO-PESANTREN-BASED CRITICAL LAND DISASTER MITIGATION (CASE STUDY OF THE HIDAYATULLAH ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL IN GUNUNG TEMBAK BALIKPAPAN KALIMANTAN)

This study aims to develop eco-pesantren-based critical land disaster mitigation management models. This study uses the theory of community-based disaster risk management). The method used is a qualitative research method by collecting data through field observations, interviews, documentation, and literature. This study concludes, first, the eco-pesantren-based critical land disaster mitigation management model, the fundamental environmental problems faced by Hidayatullah Islamic boarding school are as follows, namely: Threats of land damage, Forest damage, Threat of death of water sources. Second, management of critical land disaster mitigation carried out by the Hidayatullah pesantren, namely; the involvement of the pesantren academic community actively in solving environmental problems in the surrounding community of pesantren such as reforestation, by changing settlements in the form of wilderness and swamps to make the pesantren and surrounding areas green, creating artificial lakes, plantation land and agriculture where the santri cultivate, as well as cattle farms which are all managed by santri, the success of the Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School in Balikpapan contributes clean water to the communities around the pesantren location. The Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School moves its santri to organize the environment in the Gunung Tembak area. The development of Islamic boarding schools in agriculture is also an example for other pesantren. Where in the Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School an agribusiness center was developed. On 40 hectares of critical land planted with sweet orange, lemon, zalacca, and melinjo. While the rest of the total land is 120 hectares in addition to educational land and settlements, gold teak plantations are developed. The ability of students in the field of agriculture is not only explored from self-taught abilities but also supported by training and courses

Extent and evaluation of vulnerability for disaster risk reduction of urban Nuku'alofa, Tonga

The Kingdom of Tonga, its people, economy and day-to-day operability are extremely vulnerable to the perils of natural hazards and climate change. Indeed, Tonga is rated the second most at-risk nation in the Pacific. The aim of this study was to assess the urban resilience of Tonga's capital Nuku'alofa to the effects of climate changes and natural disasters. This paper identifies the natural hazard risk in the Tongan capital of Nuku'alofa by providing an integrated disaster and climate risk reduction assessment. It outlines major gaps in risk awareness and community-based disaster risk management practices through extensive literature research, the analysis of secondary information and consultations with stakeholders. This research adopts an indicator-based approach to assess each element of the country's disaster management system. Furthermore, it assesses policy and regulatory frameworks that define Nuku'alofa's approach to disaster management and climate change. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were used in this study, which co-benefits urban development in Tongan communities to enhance urban resilience. The main objective of this model is to rank a given set of infrastructure sector indicators based on their disaster and development-related vulnerability. Disaster risk depends on both physical vulnerability and a wide range of social, economic, and environmental aspects. For a better risk understanding, a holistic perspective was applied to assess the natural hazard risk for Nuku'alofa. The comprehensive approach of this paper outlines the current disaster risk resilience profile of Nuku'alofa, including current hazard assessments and urban disaster resilience assessments, while recommending mitigation measures to help reduce the risk.

Conceptualizing a Gender-Based Framework for Implementing Disaster-Resilient Village Program in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Introduction:It is critical to understand how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives to enhance their resilience toward disaster because women and men have different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources. Unequal participation between women and men in a disaster risk reduction program will influence how each can be affected by various hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. Even though women are often considered to have incredible resilience and capacity to survive in the face of disasters, they also experience a range of gender-specific vulnerabilities.Aim:This study aims to evaluate women’s participation in current efforts of the Disaster-Resilient Village Program and to develop a conceptual framework for implementing gender-based a disaster resilience program at the community level.Methods:This study employed a mixed-method approach and adopted several major activities including literature review, interview, focus group discussion, and a questionnaire survey with a total of 300 respondents. Three selected villages in Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province, were the study area of this study.Results:By using descriptive and inferential statistics, this study proposed a gender-based framework for implementing Disaster-Resilient Village Program.Discussion:This framework contributes to the emerging literature on gender-based disaster risk reduction and may assist policymakers in formulating regulations related to the community-based disaster risk management program. On the practical front, this study provided indicators to practitioners regarding some conditions that should be taken into account when mainstreaming gender in community-based disaster risk management programs. This study offered an original contribution to the existing bodies of knowledge on gender studies in disaster risk reduction efforts.

Participatory capacities and vulnerabilities assessment: Towards the realisation of community-based early warning system for deep-seated landslides.

Existing frameworks of community-based early warning systems (CBEWS) lack focus on its actual implementation. Furthermore, they do not describe how a top-down early warning system (EWS) can be transformed into a CBEWS. Hence, to support the establishment of a community-based early warning system for deep-seated landslides (CBEWS-L), this study aimed to assess the capacities and vulnerabilities of five barangays in the Philippines. The CBEWS-L to be established is envisioned to be information and communication technology (ICT)-based. An ICT4D perspective was therefore taken in conducting this participatory study. Stakeholder mapping, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to gather data. Validation was also done through triangulation and post-analysis consultations. The results showed that there are varying sets of capacities and vulnerabilities existing in each community. Moreover, ICT capacities are lacking and are outnumbered by vulnerabilities. Yet, site-specific action points to enhance capacities and resolve vulnerabilities were determined. Still, overall strategies were not uncovered. Furthermore, compounding the capacities and vulnerabilities in each site are indirect factors which, if examined thoroughly, may lead to more complex socio-political issues. It is therefore recommended that in establishing a CBEWS, a comprehensive community risk assessment is first conducted to exhaust all possible action points that can be used in formulating site-specific strategies. Moreover, development of technological solutions must be modular to allow flexibility in accommodating complex community capacities and vulnerabilities.Keywords: Early warning systems; community risk assessment; participatory research; information and communication technology or development; community-based disaster risk reduction and management.

Community-based approach for a flood preparedness plan in Malaysia.

Floods have caused inevitable major disasters around the world as well as in Malaysia. This paper demonstrates that lessons can be taken from the previous flood disasters when developing an effective flood preparedness plan. As a common practice, disaster management is based on a top–down approach or is government-centred. This article attempts to highlight the significance of developing a flood preparedness plan by involving the communities affected. Qualitative analysis was adopted in order to gain in-depth insight of the communities. Two flood-prone communities were chosen: (1) Machang, Kelantan; and (2) Kuala Lipis, Pahang. There were two important things executed by the community for the preparation: (1) community-based disaster risk management; and (2) intensive mutual assistance.

Mass movement disaster risk mitigation in Clapar district and surrounding area, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java

The mass movement that affected by gravitation as it went down mainly occurred repeatedly during the rainy season in the same area. Until now, there was no clear method to anticipate it. Therefore, maximum management was unable to be implemented. Banjarnegara regency-Central Java, known as one of the high-risk regency. The movement typeset was not also avalanche, but also flow, collapse, creep, and complex movement. Mass movement research during 2017-2018 showed that land and rock in Clapar and its surrounding, was horizontally moved for 0.15-0.58 meter, and vertically moved for 0.01-0.31 meter. Community-based disaster risk management can be utilized to mitigate mass movement through direct adaptation on land and building or cropping type and pattern.

Primary Healthcare in Community-Based Disaster Risk Management as Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation

Disaster preparedness will be determined by the vulnerability of communities and might include preparation for reducing health risk due to climate change and rapid urbanization. This article overviews the evidence for human-induced climate change, its health impacts, and the role of health cadres in flood risk management and primary healthcare as strategies for CCA and DRR. Climate change has substantial potential health effects. Transmission of DHF is also sensitive to periodic fluctuations in the climate factors. Displaced persons may face more environmental threats that harm their health. Primary healthcare implemented by health cadres plays an important role in preparing for flooding and responding to infectious disease outbreaks due to changing patterns of vector- and water- borne diseases. However, there is a challenge for system shift towards more inclusive approach to DRR and CCA comprising primary healthcare measures, that is inadequate the mechanism of protection and compensation for health cadres. Building health cadres’ capacity for flood risk management and strengthening their roles into the integration of primary healthcare as strategies for CCA and DRR, can help to meet the goal of the SFDRR 2015-2030 that calls for the participation of people disproportionately affected by disasters.

災害脆弱性のジェンダー格差とその克服――バングラデシュ・チョコリア郡の事例に見る地域防災の可能性――

災害脆弱性のジェンダー格差とその克服――バングラデシュ・チョコリア郡の事例に見る地域防災の可能性――

English

The need to communicate early and frequently with multiple stakeholders is to ensure effective communication towards enhanced preparedness and response efforts in order to reduce disaster fatality rate. The media are critical stakeholders in disaster management as their contents create awareness and educate people in building resilience, reducing disaster risk and vulnerability in pre, during and after disaster. This study analyses the trends of communicating disaster information by the media to establish the existence of departure from the media not living up to its social responsibility role of informing and educating the public and to find out to what extent disaster awareness is communicated to communities to understand the effect of media messages on the community. This study adopted survey method with questionnaire developed and distributed to one hundred and twenty respondents in six communities in Benue State living close to flooded area- New Kanshio Village, Rice Mill Wadata, Idye Village, Achusa Village and Wurukum Village. The study disagrees with the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2009) assertion that disaster awareness is low in the developing countries. The result affirm that disaster information are delivered through radio and television and little attention was paid to the use of community-based disaster risk management approach that involve use of informal communication channels such as town hall meetings, community based seminars. However, timely and frequent sympathy message from various stakeholders dominated the media content, which is more top–bottom approach and not totally understood by the rural inhabitants, probably leading to high victims’ level. The paper concluded that community-based communication process using communication forms such as interpersonal, seminar, town hall meeting should be used in creating disaster awareness and to complement effort of the media. Key words: media, disaster management, communication trends, community-based communication process, disaster information.

Making communities disaster resilient

Purpose Understanding bottom-up approaches including local coping mechanisms, recognizing them and strengthening community capacities is important in the process of disaster risk reduction. The purpose of this paper is to address the questions: to what extent existing disaster policies in Nepal support and enable community-based disaster resilience? and what challenges and prospects do the communities have in responding to disaster risk for making communities resilient? Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on policy and academic literature reviews complimented by field research in two communities, one in Shankhu, Kathmandu district and another in Satthighare, Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal. The author conducted in-depth interviews and mapped out key disaster-related policies of Nepal to investigate the role of communities in disaster risk management and post-disaster activities and their recognition in disaster-related policies. Findings The author found that existing literature clearly identifies the importance of the community led initiatives in risks reduction and management. It is evolutionary phenomenon, which has already been piloted in history including in the aftermath of Nepal earthquake 2015 yet existing policies of Nepal do not clearly identify it as an important component by providing details of how communities can be better engaged in the immediate aftermath of disaster occurrence. Research limitations/implications The author conducted this research based on data from two earthquake affected areas only. The author believes that this research can still play an important role as representative study. Practical implications The practical implication of this research is that communities need to understand about risks society for disaster preparedness, mitigation and timely response in the aftermath of disasters. As they are the first responders against the disasters, they also need trainings such as disaster drills such as earthquakes, floods and fire and mock practice of various early warning systems can be conducted by local governments to prepare these communities better to reduce disaster risk and casualties. Social implications The mantra of community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) is community engagement, which means the involvement of local people to understand and prepare against their local hazards and risks associated with disaster and haphazard development. CBDRM approaches motivate people to work together because they feel a sense of belongingness to their communities and recognize the benefits of their involvement in disaster mitigation and preparedness. Clearly, community engagement for disaster risk reduction and management brings great benefits in terms of ownership and direct savings in losses from disasters because the dynamic process allows community to contribute and interchange ideas and activities for inclusive decision making and problem solving. Originality/value This research is based on both primary and secondary data and original in case of its findings and conclusion.

Disaster Risk Reduction Based on Community through a Contingency Plan for Mount Sinabung

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in Karo district of North Sumatera has continued on and off since 2010. A contingency plan is needed to reduce the risk of disaster. The purpose of this research is to find a disaster communication model in community-based disaster risk management through Sinabung Eruption Contingency Plan of Karo Regency, North Sumatera Province. This research applies the concept and models of community-based disaster management. The research objectives are to make a disaster risk management model based on the community as a contingency plan for Sinabung. A qualitative method is used by the researchers to finish this paper. This research is held in risk area of Mount Sinabung, Karo, Sumatera Selatan. The object of this research is the ability of government, non-government, and also society as actors of concept and models of community-based disaster management communication. The researchers analyze the program and the competency of the actor concept and the models of community-based disaster management communication. The result of this research is a disaster communication model in community- based disaster risk management through Sinabung Eruption Contingency Plan.

Systematizing Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM): Case of urban flood-prone community in Thailand upstream area

Flooding risk in Thailand has been exacerbated by rapid urbanization, deforestation in the uplands and poor disaster management system. Important lessons learned from the long history and experiences of flood disasters point to the need for better solutions to reduce damage to property and life. However, progress in organizing community disaster management is slow and reveals limitations in disaster risk reduction by the community and government in general. Nevertheless, in this limited case study of three flood prone communities, some of them were found to have developed the coping ability to organize and manage the situation to ensure their safety. They innovated their own solutions to reduce the risk posed by floods instead of waiting for and wholly depending on support from the government. The study has found evidence of spontaneous Community Disaster Risk Management Organization (CDRMO) formation in the case study of Thai communities. This important finding leads to the main question raised in this study: ‘how is a system of Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) and CDRMO formed in Thai communities?’ This research is based on an empirical study using field interviews, surveys, participatory observation, focus group discussions and questionnaires to describe how community solutions that can be defined as an organic system of CBDRM and CDRMO in Thailand were achieved. This research discusses possibilities to promote CDRMO in other Thai communities using the lessons learned from the innovations made in some communities and incorporating them in policy design in order to promote a CBDRM system in Thailand.

Local knowledge: Empirical Fact to Develop Community Based Disaster Risk Management Concept for Community Resilience at Mangkang Kulon Village, Semarang City

Local knowledge in disaster management should not be neglected in developing community resilience. The circular relation between humans and their living habitat and community social relation have developed the local knowledge namely specialized knowledge, shared knowledge, and common knowledge. Its correlation with community-based disaster management has become an important discussion specially to answer can local knowledge underlie community-based disaster risk reduction concept development? To answer this question, this research used mix-method. Interview and crosstab method for 73 respondents with 90% trust rate were used to determine the correlation between local knowledge and community characteristics. This research found out that shared knowledge dominated community local knowledge (77%). While common knowledge and specialized knowledge were sequentially 8% and 15%. The high score of shared value (77%) indicated that local knowledge was occurred in household level and not yet indicated in community level. Shared knowledge was found in 3 phases of the resilient community in dealing with disaster, namely mitigation, emergency response, and recovery phase. This research, therefore, has opened a new scientific discussion on the self-help concept in community-help concept in CBDRM concept development in Indonesia.

Conditions for Effective Coproduction in Community-Led Disaster Risk Management

This paper reports on a case study of collective coproduction in an Australian community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) project called “Be Ready Warrandyte”. The first goal of the case study was to understand what interactions and power-sharing between citizens and government “looked and felt like” in a significant example of community-led CBDRM in an Australian context. Its second, broader goal was to test the extent to which foundational coproduction theory, specifically four conditions proposed by Elinor Ostrom for enabling coproduction that is more effective than either government or citizen production alone, can explain the citizen-government interactions, roles and contributions that enable successful community-led CBDRM. The study confirms that each of the four conditions—complementarity, authority, incentives and credible commitment—also apply to community-led as well as government-led initiatives. It reinforces the central importance of complementarity for avoiding offloading of risk, responsibility and cost to citizens from government, while also suggesting that specific sources of internal and external authority, incentives, and credible commitment are especially important when coproduction is community-led. It identifies leadership and its impacts on government-citizen relationships and power-sharing in coproduction as an important area that needs further research.

Contributions of gaming simulation in building community-based disaster risk management applying Japanese case to flood prone communities in Thailand upstream area

Thailand has a long history of flood disasters. The Great Flood in 2011, for example, affected many parts of the country, including Bangkok. This obviously revealed the limitations of disaster management by the government. Movements in responding and helping communities to manage against flood disasters are still ambiguous and rudimentary; while local communities still rely on external support. This study aims to strengthen community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) by using gaming simulation (GS) as a tool. This is participatory action research (PAR) using empirical data from applying GS, participatory observation and interviews in selected communities. Three flood prone communities in an upstream province in Thailand that represent successful case, on-going case and non-active case in building CBDRM used as case studies. The GS named ‘Community Cooperation Game’ (CCG) was designed as a prototype in a Japanese case study on flood management in Sonobe District, Kyoto Prefecture. The CCG was applied in the three flood prone communities in Thailand; that enabled these three communities to simulate flood situations and make mutual decisions on how to manage flood scenarios by following roles, rules and scenarios of the game. The main findings of this study are 1) a list of GS contributions in achieving CBDRM process indicators; and 2) evidence that suggest that GS can be used as a valuable tool to build CBDRM process by promoting social resilience through CCG in local communities in Thailand. The research concludes that the prototype of CCG on building CBDRM can be generalized in Thai local communities.