Different Types Of Communities Research Articles

Seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities in aBetula albosinensisforest

Soil bacteria play a key role in nutrient cycling, but the mechanisms behind seasonal variation of bacterial communities in different types of soil remain unclear. In this study, the bacterial composition during four seasons and at four soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) in aBetula albosinensisforest of the Qinling Mountains (southern Shaanxi Province, China) was investigated. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyse soil bacterial diversity and communities. The soil properties, including temperature, pH, water content, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, were determined. Soil bacterial diversity did not decrease with increasing depth, indicating that the bacterial communities in the top‐ and sub‐soil had adapted to the availability of different substrates at different depths. The Chao1 richness and Shannon diversity indices at the four depths typically decreased by 54.43–86.87% and 13.31–33.91%, respectively, from warm summer to cold winter, which was probably a result of the decrease in soil temperature. Moreover, the abundance ofAcidobacteriaincreased with soil temperature, whereas the abundance ofBacteroidetesdecreased with increasing temperature. Soil temperature accounted for 49% of the total variation among the bacterial taxa. Overall, the results suggested that changes in the bacterial communities were attributable to physiological adaptation, which was controlled by soil temperature.HighlightsWe assessed the effects of soil depth and season on soil bacterial community structure.We used Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing to study bacterial diversity and community composition.Changes in bacterial Shannon index with soil depth were influenced by carbon type, not quantity.Soil temperature had important effects on bacterial communities and abundance.

Comparing rock-inhabiting microbial communities in different rock types from a high arctic polar desert.

Although rocks are habitable places for microbes in extreme environments, microbial diversity in these lithic environments is still poorly understood. The diversity and abundance of rock-inhabiting microbial communities in different types of rock in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic were examined using NGS sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 28S rRNA genes. Compositions of both bacterial and fungal communities varied across different rock types: sandstone, limestone, basalt, granite and travertine. Bacterial communities were dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria. Fungal communities consisted of Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes. Both bacterial and fungal community compositions were significantly correlated with the geochemical characteristics of rocks. Bacterial communities were considerably correlated with the rock elements such as Mg and Ca. Fungal communities were considerably correlated with Fe. Interestingly, many dominant bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units in the investigated rocks from the study area were closely affiliated to those found in other cold regions such as Alpine area, Arctic and Antarctica, suggesting that environmental constraints such as cold temperature may lead to convergence in microbial community composition. These results confirm that rocks in cold environments act as reservoirs of diverse bacteria and fungi, which may improve our understanding of lithic microbial ecology in the cold desert.

Variation in the phylogenetic diversity of wild bees at produce farms and prairies

Declines in pollinators, particularly wild bees, along with rising demands for their services has intensified efforts to examine bee communities in different types of habitats. In this study we use a phylogenetic approach to compare and contrast bee communities associated with six small produce farms, eight large prairies, and five naturally small hill prairies in Iowa. We compare the mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) of bees in each community to expected mean MPD and MNTD values generated from 1000 random permutations of a tree composed of 144 species found across all sites. Standardized effect size scores for MPD using presence-absence data showed significant clustering of bee communities at five of six farms and two of the five hill prairies. Clustering at the farms and hill prairies was due primarily to the significantly lower number of species in the Andrenidae (0–5 species per site), especially species of Andrena, as well as significantly greater number of species in the Halictidae (9–22 species/site), particularly Lasioglossum (Dialictus). Lack of Andrenidae spp. may be related to a lack of appropriate floral resources, indicating that enriched prairie plantings for pollinators at farms could enhance the abundance of Andrena species and hence pollinator services at these sites. The higher richness of the ground-nesting Lasioglossum likely results from soil disturbance regimes at produce farms and the naturally shallow, rocky soil with exposed surface at hill prairies, respectively. Analyses of MNTD using either abundance weighted or presence-absence data and analyses of MPD using abundance data did not indicate consistent differences between the three site types, but do point to important differences between sites in phylogenetic composition of bee communities. Our results show that phylogenetic analyses of wild bee community diversity may be a useful tool for measuring how bee communities differ in composition as a result of natural variation and human-related changes in landscapes.

不同人为干扰下林地类型对传粉昆虫的影响——以河南省巩义市为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同人为干扰下林地类型对传粉昆虫的影响——以河南省巩义市为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201701050048 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41371195，41071118） Effects of woodland types with different levels of human disturbance on pollinators: A case study in Gongyi, Henan, China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:不同类型的林地为人类提供着十分重要的生态系统服务，维持着社会的稳定发展，其对传粉昆虫的保护也有着积极的效应。在巩义市选取24个采样点，3种林地类型（栓皮栎林、泡桐林、杨树林）进行取样，结合当地的植物群落特征，分析不同人为干扰梯度下生态系统对传粉昆虫的影响；共捕获传粉昆虫8386头，分属6个目，83个科，分属于膜翅目类、双翅目类、鞘翅目类、鳞翅目类、半翅目类与缨翅目类共六个传粉功能群。选取膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目和鳞翅目4类主要传粉昆虫作为研究对象进行分析。结果表明：（1）栓皮栎林中传粉昆虫的个体数量和优势度要大于泡桐林和杨树林，但泡桐林中传粉昆虫多样性大于栓皮栎林和杨树林；就传粉昆虫的多度而言，栓皮栎林与泡桐林（P<0.05）和杨树林（P<0.01）间有显著差异，而泡桐林和杨树林间的差异不明显；（2）非度量多维度法（NMDS）和非参数二因子相似性分析（ANOSIM）显示，泡桐林中传粉昆虫群落组成分别与栓皮栎林和杨树林之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），而栓皮栎林与杨树林间无显著差异；（3）在所研究的7个环境因子中，根据冗余分析（RDA）显示，海拔高度和乔木盖度2个环境因素对传粉昆虫群落组成有显著影响（P<0.05）。不同林地类型中传粉昆虫群落的组成差异明显，生境和植被的多样为物种带来更多的食源及栖息环境，因此，加强不同林地类型的保护、保障传粉昆虫生境的多样性对本区传粉昆虫的发展和生态系统服务的提高具有重要意义。 Abstract:Different types of woodlands, which provide important ecosystem services for human beings, maintain the stable development of society and have positive effects on the protection of pollinators. In recent years, the diversity of pollinators has been greatly influenced by human activities, changes in climatic variables, invasion of alien species, and changes in land use. To study the status of species diversity of pollinators and plant communities in different types of woodlands (Quercus variabilis, Paulownia fortunei,and Populus spp.), 24 sampling points were selected in field margin systems in the hilly regions of western Henan. Yellow, white, and blue traps were deployed, and a mixture of approximately 200 mL of water and 1 drop of detergent was poured into the traps to capture pollinators. These data were combined with the characteristics of local plant communities to analyze the effects of different woodland type on the diversity of pollinators. We captured 8386 individuals of six orders and 83 families, mainly belonging to Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera, with a total of six pollinator functional groups. Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera were selected as the four kinds of main pollinators to be analyzed. Results showed that the individual number and dominance of pollinators in Populus spp. were greater than those in P. fortunei and Q. variabilis, but the diversity of pollinators in P. fortunei was greater than that in Q. variabilis and Populus spp. In terms of individual abundance of pollinators, Q. variabilis differed significantly from P. fortunei (P < 0.05)and Populus spp. (P < 0.01), whereas P. fortunei did not differ from Populus spp. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed that the composition of pollinator communities in Q. variabilis differed significantly from P. fortunei and Populus spp. (P < 0.05), whereas Q. variabilis did not vary substantially from Populus spp. Among the seven environmental variables studied, according to Redundancy analysis (RDA), coverage of trees and altitude were negatively related to the diversity of pollinators (P < 0.05). Altitude was significantly correlated with the first axis (r=0.3242, P < 0.05), indicating that the first axis was characterized by an elevation gradient, with the first axis increasing from left to right, and habitats changed from lower Populus spp. to higher Q. variabilis, and pollinator insects were mainly distributed in the middle to high-altitude areas. Coverage of trees (r=-0.5061, P < 0.05) was significantly correlated with the second axis, indicating that the second axis was characterized by coverage of trees increasing from top to bottom, and the transition was from the lower cover of Q. variabilis to that of Populus spp. The pollinators changed from Hymenoptera in lower tree coverage to Coleoptera in the higher tree coverage. The interference of human activities was not completely negative to pollinators, and pollinators had a positive response under moderate disturbance. Moreover, the diversity of pollinators was closely related to the surrounding environmental variables, including seasonal variation, vegetation characteristics, temperature, humidity, and human activities. The composition of pollinator communities in different woodland types varied, and the diversity of habitats and vegetation supported more food sources and habitats for the species; therefore, for the development of pollinator communities and improvement of ecosystem services in local areas, it is important to increase the protection of different types of woodland. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The effect of epiphytic macroinvertebrates on microbial communities in different types of macrophyte-dominated shallow lakes

Complex interactions between epiphytic fauna and microbial food webs in periphyton are vital to the ecosystem ecology of shallow lakes. However, little is known about how different types of macrophyte dominated lakes may influence microbial and metazoan communities. The goal of the present study was to examine the impact of metazoan on microbial food web in three different types of lakes (Stratiotes-dominated,Ceratophyllum-dominated andPotamogeton-dominated). The results of this study suggest a strong correlations between chironomid larvae, small Metazoa and microbial communities in the periphyton of macrophyte-dominated lakes. Weak relations between food web components were found in thePotamogeton-dominated andCeratophyllum-dominated lakes, where environmental variables explained the bulk of the total variance in periphyton abundance, whereas strong predator-prey relations were noted in theStratiotes-dominated lake, where environmental variables had a minor role in the total variance in periphyton abundance. Our study contributes to knowledge of the functioning of eutrophic lakes in the current era of increasing eutrophication caused by climate change and human activity.

Современная организация лесных сообществ с участием широколиственных пород в зоне широколиственно-хвойных лесов (на примере Московской области)

This study aimed at an investigation of the structure, ecology and mapping of mixed communities with the participation of spruce, pine and broad-leave trees in one of the regions of broad-leave–coniferous zone. Despite the long history of the nature use of the study area, including forestry practices (Kurnayev, 1968; Rysin, Saveliyeva, 2007; Arkhipova, 2014; Belyaeva, Popov, 2016), the communities kept the main features of the indigenous forests of the broad-leave–coniferous zone ­— the tree species polydominance of the stands, the multilayer structure of communities and the high species diversity. In the course of field works in the southwestern part of the Moscow Region (2000–2016) 120 relevés were made. Spatial structure, species composition as well as cover values (%) of all vascular plants and bryophytes were recorded in each stand. The relevés were analysed following the ecology-phytocenotic classification approach and methods of multivariate statistical analysis that allowed correctly to differentiate communities according the broad-leave species participation. The accuracy of the classification based on the results of discriminant analysis was 95.8 %. Evaluation of the similarity of the selected units was carried out with the help of cluster analysis (Fig. 12). Clustering into groups is performed according to the activity index of species (A) (Malyshev, 1973) within the allocated syntaxon using Euclidean distance and Ward’s method. The classification results are corrected by DCA ordination in PC-ORD 5.0 (McCune, Mefford, 2006) (Fig. 1). Spatial mapping of forest cover was carried out on the basis of ground data, Landsat satellite images (Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM +, 8 OLI_TIRS), digital elevation (DEM) and statistical methods (Puzachenko et al., 2014; Chernenkova et al., 2015) (Fig. 13 а, б). The obtained data and the developed classification refine the existing understanding of the phytocenotic structure of the forest cover of the broad-leave–coniferous zone. Three forest formation groups with different shares of broad-leave species in the canopy with seven groups of associations were described: a) coniferous forests with broad-leave species (small- and broad-herb spruce forests with oak and lime (1)); broad-herb spruce forests with oak and lime (2); small- and broad-herb pine forests with spruce, lime, oak and hazel (3); broad-herb pine forests with lime, oak and hazel (4)), b) broad-leave–coniferous forests (broad-herb spruce–broad-leave forests (5)), and c) broad-leave forests (broad-herb oak forests (6), broad-herb lime forests (7)). In the row of discussed syntaxa from 1 to 7 group, the change in the ratio of coniferous and broad-leave species of the tree layer (A) reflects re­gular decrease in the participation of spruce in the plant cover (from 66 to 6 %; Fig. 3 A1, A2) and an increase in oak and lime more than threefold (from 15 to 65 %; Fig. 4 a). Nemoral species predominate in the composition of ground layers, the cove­rage of which increases (from 40 to 80 %) in the range from 1 to 7 group, the coverage of the boreal group varies from 55 to 8 % (Fig. 11) while maintaining the presence of these species, even in nemoral lime and oak forests. In forests with equal share of broad-leave and coniferous trees (group 5) the nemoral species predominate in herb layer. In oak forests (group 6) the species of the nitro group are maximally represented, which is natural for oak forests occurring on rich soils, and also having abundant undergrowth of hazel. Practically in all studied groups the presence of both coniferous (in particular, spruce) and broad-leave trees in undergrowth (B) and ground layer (C) were present in equal proportions (Fig. 3). This does not confirm the unambiguity of the enrichment with nemoral species and increase in their cover in complex spruce and pine forests in connection with the climate warming in this region, but rather indicates on natural change of the main tree species in the cenopopulations. Further development of the stand and the formation of coni­ferous or broad-leave communities is conditioned by landscape. It is proved that the distribution of different types of communities is statistically significant due to the relief. According to the results of the analysis of remote information, the distribution areas of coniferous forests with broad-leave species, mixed and broad-leave forest areas for the study region are represented equally. The largest massifs of broad-leave–coniferous forests are located in the central and western parts of the study area, while in the eastern one the broad-leave forests predominate, that is a confirmation of the zonal ecotone (along the Pakhra River: Petrov, Kuzenkova, 1968) from broad-leave–coniferous forests to broad-leave forests.

Perceptions of Citizen Affiliated with Community Based Institutions on Social Norms and Practices Related Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Baitadi District of Nepal

The study attempted to explore and analyze perceptions of citizens affiliated with Community Based Institutions on social norms and practices related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Baitadi district of Nepal. The objective of this study was to assess social acceptance level of citizen to challenge prevailing social norms and their readiness to abandon unhealthy traditional practices related to sexual and reproductive health as a social accountability. Descriptive and analytical research design was used to take the citizens perspectives. A total of 337 respondents affiliated with the five different types of Community Based Institutions (CBIs) were interviewed using structured questionnaire for data collection and data analysis was done by using SPSS version 16.0. The findings of the study revealed that majority of citizens were sticky on traditional social norms and practices. Majority of citizens were not agree to allow adolescent girls to go to school during mensuration, to allow to stay inside home during mensuration and talking about sex and sexuality between parents and adolescents. Therefore, there is a need of social norms change and step up for positive social deviant by citizen leaders to promote enabling social environment for adolescent sexual and reproductive health.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 151-163

Macrobenthic communities in water bodies and streams of Svalbard, Norway

ABSTRACTDiversity of macrobenthic communities was studied from water bodies and streams of Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago, Norway. In total 162 quantitative samples from different regions of Spitsbergen were analysed in relation to environmental variables. Macrobenthic communities were found on all kinds of substrates (except for the periglacial zone), representing a wide range of biological communities: solid-bottom, soft-bottom, macrophytes and small brook associated. However, taxonomical structure is very simplified, with particular dominance of the Chironomidae family. Chironomid larvae dominated highly in diversity, abundance and biomass. Overall macrobenthic communities were characteristic, with remarkable dominance of one species and general omnipresent taxonomical scarcity (average 2.8 species per sample). In total we found 30 taxa. We distinguished 16 types of macrobenthis communities, with characteristic dominance of different taxa: chironomids (11 types), oligochaete Enchytraeidae family (3), caddisfly Apatania zonella (1) and gammarid amphipod Gammarus setosus (1). Regarding environmental variables, temperature and pH had the most significant influence on the abundance of macrobenthic organisms. It is hypothesized that the structural convergence of different types of communities is their common response to extreme high Arctic living conditions. On the other hand, different chironomids may dominate in the same habitats and water bodies. This gives the effect of lower average similarity of communities and high β-diversity.

Mass Imprisonment across the Rural-Urban Interface

Academic work on crime and punishment has focused mostly on urban centers, leaving rural communities understudied, except for acknowledgement that rural communities warehouse a large number of prisoners and that rural prisons provide jobs and economic development for some struggling communities. This study uses a novel dataset that includes information on the home addresses of all prisoners in Arkansas from 1993 to 2003 to document imprisonment rates and racial disparities in imprisonment rates across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. We show how rural communities both receive and produce prisoners and that imprisonment and racial disparities in imprisonment vary more within different types of communities than across different types of communities. Further, we find that nonmetropolitan rates of imprisonment are higher than would be expected, based on observed local risk factors such as poverty rate. We close with a discussion of what these findings illustrate about concentrated disadvantage across the rural-urban interface.

Partnering with women collectives for delivering essential women\u2019s nutrition interventions in tribal areas of eastern India: a scoping study

BackgroundWe examined the feasibility of engaging women collectives in delivering a package of women’s nutrition messages/services as a funded stakeholder in three tribal-dominated districts of Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States, in eastern India. These districts have high prevalence of child stunting and poor government service outreach.MethodsConducted between July 2014 and March 2015, an exploratory mix-methods design was adopted (review of coverage data and government reports, field interviews and focus group discussion with multiple stakeholders and intended communities) to assess coverage of women’s nutrition services. A capacity assessment tool was developed to map all types of community collectives and assess their awareness, institutional and programme capacity as a funded stakeholder for delivering women’s nutrition services/behaviour promotion.ResultsLimited targeting of pre-pregnancy period, delays in first trimester registration of pregnant women, and low micronutrient supplementation supply and awareness issues emerged as key bottlenecks in improving women’s nutrition in these districts. Amongst the 18 different types of community collectives mapped, Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their federations (tier 2 and tier 3), with total membership of over 650,000, emerged as the most promising community collective due to their vast network, governance structure, bank linkage, and regular interface. Nearly 400,000 (or 20% of women) in these districts can be reached through the mapped 31,919 SHGs. SHGs with organisational readiness for receiving and managing grants for income generation and community development activities varied from 41 to 94% across study districts. Stakeholders perceived that SHGs federations managing grants from government and be engaged for nutrition promotion and service delivery and SHG weekly meetings can serve as community interface for discussing/resolving local issues impeding access to services.ConclusionsWomen SHGs (with tier 2 and tier 3) can become direct grantees for strengthening coverage of women’s nutrition interventions in these tribal districts/pockets, provided they are capacitated, supervised and given safe guards against exploitation and violence.

The temporal dynamics of zooplankton communities of different types of water bodies within Ichniansky National Park

In recent decades, the influence of anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems has increased. This has led to a restructuring of aquatic ecosystems and affected the structural and functional organization of groups of aquatic organisms, causing qualitative and quantitative changes. Particular attention is drawn to the different types of water bodies of protected areas like IchnyanskyNational Park, which is located in Ichnyansky district of Chernihiv region. This park is a newly created one, so the reduction in intensity of anthropogenic pressure can be traced within its waters. Zooplankton plays an important role in the functioning of trophic networks because it transfers energy from producers and primary consumers to young fish and planktonophagous fish. Therefore, three main groups of zooplankton were chosen as the object of study: rotifers (class Eurotatoria), cladocerans (class Branchiopoda, order Cladocera), different age stages of copepods (class Copepoda), and also ostracods (Class Ostracoda). The zooplankton used as research material was collected in the daytime in spring (April), summer (late July – early August) and autumn (late September – early October) in the years 2015–2016 from ten experimental stations. During this period 81 species of zooplankton were recorded within heterogeneous reservoirs of IchnianskyNational Park. Monogonont rotifers (subclass Monogononta) included 35 species (43% of all species) and bdelloid rotifers (subclass Bdelloidea), cladocerns, comprised 28 species (35%), and copepods included 18 species (22%). The faunal range of zooplankton over different years and seasons was characterized by the predominance of the rotator complex in spring, rotator-cladocerans and cladocerans in summer, and of the cladocerans complex in autumn. This was due to the formation during spring and summer of favourable conditions in the waters for filter feeders, which consist generally of rotifers and cladocerans. In autumn the water released large amounts of organic matter that caused a reduction in the species diversity of rotifers. Zooplankton also is characterized by the considerable ecological diversity. The range of environmental groups of zooplankton over two years was characterized by a predominance of the pelagic and benthic group of phytophiles. Pelagic representatives included 35 (43%) of 81 species, the bottom group – 20 (25%), phytophiles – 26 (32%). Rotifers dominated in the pelagic group – 18 (51%) species out of 35, and cladocerans – among the bottom group – 10 (50%) species out of 20. Zooplankton species also are distinguished by their feeding type. They represented three trophic groups: peaceful – 64 (79%) out of 81 species, omnivorous – 6 (7%) and predators – 11 (14%). Quantitative indicators of zooplankton at most stations in different seasons were defined as “very low” (less than 5,000 ind./m 3 and less than 0.3 g/m 3 ), “low” (5,000–50,000 ind./m 3 and 0.3–1.0 g/m 3 ), “below average” (5,000–50,000 ind./m 3 and 0.3–1.0 g/m 3 ) rates, occasionally – average (51–250,000 ind./m 3 and 1.1–5.0 g/m 3 ), “medium high” (501,000–1,000,000 ind./m 3 and 1.1–5.0 g/m 3 ). High densities of zooplankton were recorded in spring for a temporary reservoir and amounted to 3,016,000 ind./m 3 .

Social Accountability for Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health

Adolescent population of Nepal is facing health and social problems related to sexual, reproductive, behavioral and traditional social practices. Adolescent pregnancy, child marriage, unwanted pregnancies, Chhaupadhi (restrictions during menstruation and delivery), sexual- gender based violence, unsafe abortion, HIV/AIDS, drug addiction and suicide are major problems which have severe consequences in the lives of adolescents in Nepal. Addressing such daunting problems that adolescents are facing today needs holistic approach, going beyond health. Wider community support, civic engagement and social mobilizations are required to tackle the ASRH problems. Community Based Institutions (CBIs), Community Leaders and citizens have obligations to respond to the problems related with service delivery and ending harmful practice as a social accountability for protection, fulfill and upholding the rights of adolescents. In this context, the objective of this study is assess awareness and engagement capacity of citizens for addressing adolescent sexual and reproductive health problems as a social accountability in Baitadi District of Nepal. Descriptive and analytical research design were used to assess the level of awareness and empowerment from the citizen’ perspectives. A total of 337 respondents affiliated with the five different types of community based institutions (CBIs) were interviewed using structured questionnaire for data collection and data analysis was done by using SPSS version 16.0. The preliminary results of the study reveals that majority of citizens were aware and informed about SRH problems of adolescents, citizens perceived that child-marriage (15%) is the main issue of adolescents in the community followed by Gender Based Violence (13.4%) and adolescent pregnancy (12.7%) among others. The study reveals that citizens belonging to rural areas have more citizen, actions on preventing child marriage; awareness level was higher among citizens from Non-Dalit communities than in Dalit communities. Further, 59.9 percent citizens feel confident to talk about sexual-reproductive health services related concerns in the meeting whereas 32.6 percent citizens perceived that they are hesitant to speak on SRH issues. Similarly, nearly half of the citizens perceived that they were not capable of deciding freely to talk about SRH related issues in the meeting. Only 61.1 percent citizens feel confident to claim for access to quality health service as their fundamental rights from public health facilities. The study concluded that majority of citizens affiliated with Community Based Institutions were aware about characteristics and Sexual and Reproductive Health issues of adolescent population at their communities. However, still a sizeable citizen felt less confident to use their individual agency to decide freely, speaking up against existing traditional norms and shown less confident in claiming Sexual and Reproductive health service as rights. The study revealed that citizen’s accountability capacity is inadequate for tackling adolescent sexual and reproductive health service provision and social behavior change at the community level and therefore this calls for the dire needs to build the capacity of vanguard citizens to contribute to improving adolescents sexual and reproductive health status.Himalayan Journal of Sociology &amp; Anthropology - Vol. VII (2016), page: 13-39

Lipid Biomarkers Reveal Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Chimney Structures from the 49.6°E Hydrothermal Vent Field at the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge

ABSTRACTLipid biomarkers were investigated to reveal the microbial life preserved in sulfide and Si-rich chimney from the 49.6°E hydrothermal vent field. In sulfide chimney, iso-/anteiso-fatty acids and H-shaped glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers are the main microbial biomarkers. In Si-rich chimney, monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1n7, C18:1n7) are the main bacterial biomarkers detected, and crenarchaeol and its isomer are relatively abundant (up to 25% of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) archaeol biomarkers. Composition of lipid biomarkers reveals the diversity of microbial communities in different types of chimney structures. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea were considered to be the majority microbial life in sulfide chimney, and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were abundant in Si-rich chimney while archaea in Si-rich chimney and mainly attributed to Thaumarchaeota, which were predominately ammonia oxidizers. Our result suggested that fluid temperature and gaseous components could be the main constraints for the diversity of microbial communities in hydrothermal chimney structures in 49.6°E hydrothermal vent field.

Structure of freshwater zooplankton communities from tundra waterbodies in the Lena River Delta, Russian Arctic, with a discussion on new records of glacial relict copepods

We present new and more complete information than previously available on the pelagic fauna of the Lena River Delta, eastern Siberia. Zooplankton samples collected between 2000 and 2011 from 11 varied aquatic habitats on Samoylov Island have been examined and clear differences noted between the zooplankton communities in different types of tundra waterbody. Well-marked synchronism in the development of common species populations was, however, revealed by analysis of their life cycles. The pelagic fauna of the investigated aquatic ecosystems is heterogeneous in origin, consisting mainly of aboriginal Arctic species but also including invasive species from more temperate latitudes and relicts of ice-age fauna. One hundred and twenty-five zooplankton taxa belonging to Rotifera (67) and Arthropoda (58) phyla were identified. Five Copepoda species and seven Cladocera species were recorded for the first time in the Lena River Delta; the presence of most of these species in the delta’s aquatic ecosystems is associated with Lena River water influx during spring flood. Two calanoid copepods, Eurytemora arctica Wilson and Tash and Eurytemora foveola Johnson, are new species to Palearctic pelagic fauna, previously known only from the Nearctic. The data obtained provide new confirmation that the last glaciation had a marked influence on microcrustacean distributions within the Arctic.

SELF‐CONTROL AND ADOLESCENT INTERNALIZING AND EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS: NEIGHBORHOOD‐BASED DIFFERENCES

Self‐control may act as a protective factor against the development of internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents. However, little research has examined how self‐control functions within and across different types of communities. Using two cohorts from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 1,072; 51.40% female), we examined how self‐control and neighborhood characteristics were independently and jointly associated with these behaviors. Using latent profile analysis, we categorized neighborhoods based on several characteristics known to be associated with youth outcomes, including violence, concentrated disadvantage, and collective efficacy. Then we examined how self‐control was associated with youth internalizing and externalizing problems within and across neighborhoods. Results suggest that self‐control was a protective feature in only some types of disadvantaged and dangerous neighborhoods. We discuss findings in terms of implications for programs and policies to support youth mental health.

Language Learners or New Speakers: The Transfer of the Breton Diwan Immersion Education Model to the Lower Sorbian Witaj Project

AbstractThe paper discusses several aspects of immersion and bilingual education systems in Brittany, France and in Lower Lusatia, Germany. Their role in the process of becoming a new speaker of a minority language is exemplified by the Diwan immersion education model in Brittany and the Witaj project in Lower Lusatia concerning the Sorbian people. Taking into consideration the different sociolinguistic situation of both groups, the level and reasons for language shift, the existing language policy in France and in Germany, both educational models are presented. I analyze some factors that influence the possible success or failure of these two models, such as: the linguistic environments, teaching systems, the roles of teachers, the minority language attitudes of pupils, their language practices, the availability of extracurricular activities in the minority language, and the existence of different types of communities of practice. All these factors influence pupils’ language choices and practices. Not all language learners will use a minority language in the future, since it depends on the conscious decision of each person. The distinction between language learners and minority language new speakers can thus be justified.

Disaster Prevention Measures for Building Safety Communities: Using theCollapse of the Weiguan Jinlong Residential Complex from the 0206 TainanEarthquake as an Example

Residential buildings in communities are the fundamental spaces and environments for human dwelling. However, natural and human-made disasters can threaten the safety of these buildings, and thus communities. This study integrated the current concepts and practices of different types of communities into the concept of safety communities. In addition, it used the collapse of seven complex buildings. Weiguan Jinlong residential complex in Tainan, caused by a magnitude 6.4 earthquake on February 6, 2016 as an example to systematically examine and analyze the current concepts and practices of the aforementioned community types. In addition, by focusing on how natural environments are relevant to buildings in communities, this study proposed suggestions for the following policies and initiatives related to site planning: environmental measures on safety from geographic features, guidelines for national land use, architectural management for communities in cities, initiatives on national land conservation managed by specific institutions, and the Disaster Prevention and Response Act.

Study on the Influence Caused by Opening Different Types of Community on Surrounding Traffic

In February of 2016, China formally promulgated and pointed out that the new communities should promote the block system. This new policy sparked heated debate. To demonstrate the rationality of this decision, the article studies on the problem that the influence on surrounding traffic causing by the opening of different types of community. The result shows that there is a big difference of the influence on surrounding traffic between opening different types of communities. So the decision of opening communities should fully consider the particularity of communities and adjust measures according to local conditions.

Pomoc udzielana Żydom przez zakony we Francji podczas Zagłady. Wprowadzenie do zagadnienia

During the Holocaust, an undetermined number of Roman Catholic male and fe- male religious belonging to various Orders, Congregations and Societies helped Jews. Some were involved in hiding Jewish men, women, and children by placing them in their cloisters, guesthouses, nurseries, retirement homes and parishes assigned to them or arranged their placement in private homes or in other com- munities’ institutions. Some assisted Jews by providing false identiϐication or food ration cards, or assisted them in illegally crossing the border. Their lifestyle had an inϐluence on how assistance was conducted. Male and female religious lived and worked within a socio-economic communal system according to the norms of the particular community characterized by a life of prayer, work and living within some form of communal structure. This article presents different types of communities vis-à-vis the hiding Jews by religious in France, the issues of superiors, and the variant internal organizational procedures as to how assis- tance was organized, while taking into consideration that religious who helped Jews were members of communal and social entities and who often utilized their community’s resources in the assistance offered.

Composition and activity of soil microbial communities in different types of temperate forests

The composition and diversity of forest soil microbial communities may be affected by the composition of plant communities and characteristics of soils. The objective of our study was to compare microbial properties of soils under various types of temperate forests. The samples were taken from soil A horizons under dry and mesic pine forests, acidophilus and fertile beech forests, hornbeam and oak dominated deciduous forests and ash dominated riparian forest. The samples were analysed for pH and the contents of organic C and total N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn. Microbial analyses included determination of microbial biomass, basal respiration, community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) measured by MicroResp™ method and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The soil microbial communities under the pine forests were lower, less active and exhibited different CLPPs and PLFA profiles than those under deciduous forests. The PLFA profiles and CLPPs were correlated to each other revealing that the observed different metabolic abilities under the pine and deciduous forest types resulted from differences in taxonomic composition of soil microbial communities. The CLPPs and PLFA profiles depended on soil texture and the contents of Corg, Nt, and Pt indicating that in the temperate forests the taxonomic and functional composition of soil microbial communities are shaped by both the soil properties and the vegetation. The functional diversity of soil microbial communities was not related to plant diversity indicating that in temperate forests the number of plant species has little effect on the ability of soil microorganisms to degrade different organic compounds.