Amazonian Communities Research Articles

Work and community tourism: reflections on capitalist realism

This theoretical essay aims to reflect on the concept of capitalist realism, by the author Mark Fisher, and its correlation with the context of work in Amazonian tourism, especially that carried out in conservation units (CU) by traditional communities. Fisher defines capitalist realism as a widespread belief in a defeatist way, which supports the idea that capitalism is the only viable economic and political system, with no alternatives even in the face of widespread dissatisfaction. In the context of Amazonian tourism, the proposal for community tourism (TC) stands out as an alternative to the mainstream, focusing on local development centered on the communities' endogenous resources. However, the essay argues that TC analysis often neglects working conditions and industrial relations. The question arises as to how it is possible to propose a sustainable alternative without considering workers and their interactions with natural resources. On a methodological level, this study is a theoretical essay, anchored in a bibliographical review with a critical perspective and qualitative nature. As a preliminary result, it points to the danger in hybrid forms of work organization in tourism, highlighting that, although they can be forged as anti-capitalist alternatives, they end up being co-opted by a logic of maximizing profits, harming the conservation of common resources and the well-being of workers. The hopelessness of alternatives preached by capitalist realism in the context of work encounters barriers in experiences aligned with the solidarity economy, shared management of common resources, cooperatives and collective forms of work/equal distribution of income. Although there are significant experiences in the counterflow of mainstream tourism, they are not capable of revolutionizing the horizon of Amazonian community tourism.

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AbstractAimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions.

Digital Access to Judicial Services in the Brazilian Amazon: Barriers and Potential

This study investigates the influence of geographical barriers and the challenges and advantages presented by information and communication technologies on digital governance within the judicial branch in the Brazilian Amazon region. The primary objective is to provide diagnoses and recommendations that can inform the construction of research for the development of policies aimed at enhancing access to judicial services by riverside populations. The methodology initially employed was a comprehensive literature review on digital governance within the judiciary and access to justice for vulnerable groups in a geographical context. Subsequently, a qualitative study was conducted, employing participant observation in the riverside communities of Itapéua and Boca do Una, situated along the Jaurucu River within the Porto de Moz District in the state of Pará. The insights garnered from respondent perceptions and participant observations were synthesized to formulate five key dimensions for digital governance and access to justice within Amazonian communities: (1) one’s experience with justice, (2) access to information, (3) geographical barriers, (4) user-friendliness of technology, and (5) resources and infrastructure supporting technology use. The study concludes that there are compelling indications that tailored digital governance and technology utilization by the judiciary, adapted to regional nuances, can significantly contribute to streamlining access to judicial services.

Land sparing outperforms land sharing for Amazonian bird communities regardless of surrounding landscape context

Abstract Two strategies are central to the debate regarding agricultural development: one integrates farming and conservation (land sharing), and the other separates farming and conservation, intensifying production to allow the offset of natural habitat (land sparing). The role of wildlife‐friendly habitat in the wider surrounding landscape (landscape wildlife friendliness (WF)) in promoting farmland diversity is potentially an unexplored benefit of land sharing. We sampled birds across primary forests and cattle pastures in the western Amazon, where terrestrial biodiversity peaks. We tested the hypothesis that increased landscape WF will lead to increased species richness (SR) on farmland, even at low levels of ‘on‐farm’ wildlife‐friendly habitat (farm WF). We show that while there is a minor increase in SR linked to increased levels of landscape WF, a large component of the avian community is functionally absent. Most forest‐dependent species are missing from pasture, even at high levels of farm WF. For these species, the preservation of blocks of contiguous forest under land sparing is vastly superior. We modelled both strategies under different levels of production. Land sparing always retained significantly higher SR than land sharing, regardless of the level of landscape WF. Synthesis and applications. Landscape wildlife friendliness (WF) provided through land sharing is of limited benefit to many tropical forest‐dependent species that are unable to move across or utilise pasture, even at high levels of farm and landscape WF. To ensure the persistence of these species, policymakers should urgently implement sustainable intensification mechanisms to increase farmland productivity while enabling the protection of large blocks of spared natural habitat.

Flow of mangrove ecosystem services to coastal communities in the Brazilian Amazon

Mangrove forests are broadly recognized to support a variety of ecosystem services on coastal margins worldwide. These services may significantly contribute to the wellbeing of millions of people, but there is limited information about their importance in the Global South. This study mapped for the first time the flow of ecosystem services in Brazilian Amazon mangroves, which represent over 700,000 ha of mangroves in the country. We also identified the spatial changes in the flow of services across coastal landscapes, including urban, agricultural upland areas and coastal natural protected areas. Our matrix model indicated that mangroves, waterbodies, sandflats and mudflats are critical to the flow of multiple ecosystem services, including provisioning (fish, mariculture), cultural (historical and intrinsic value, research, and education), and regulation (climate, flood control, nursery, and breeding grounds). Social economic context, occupation, education, and residence time are important factors influencing villagers to identify the flow of ecosystem services, which could be compared across other coastal marine reserves in South America that have similar management of natural resources. Adjacent coastal upland habitats such as forests and croplands are important to support many provisioning ecosystem services to coastal villagers that would otherwise be obtained from mangroves, suggesting that protecting these connected habitats and supporting small-scale agriculture may help to avoid deforestation of mangrove forests. As over 80% of the mangroves in the country are managed as extractive reserves and may support communities with comparable socio-economic characteristics, we provide a foundation for the development and replication of ecosystem services assessments in Brazilian mangroves, which cover an area of over 1 million hectares. Our work highlights the importance of mangrove forests in providing food, and cultural services and to increase local climate resilience of coastal villages in the Amazon coast.

The Perception of the American Trypanosomiasis "Disease of Chagas" in the Traditional Community of the Brazilian Amazon

Objective: To evaluate the perception of residents of the Bacuri community in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, Pará, about American trypanosomiasis, known as Chagas disease, in order to expand awareness and control strategies for the disease, in addition to providing specific information about its main vector, the popular barber, and reduce the appearance of epidemiological cases in the region. Method: An “on-site” visit was carried out, applied to questionnaires composed of open and closed multiple-choice questions and in-depth interviews, with a descriptive statistical analysis being carried out with the aid of the Microsoft Excel 2010 program, calculating the relative and absolute frequency in a quantitative way. Theoretical reference: the research has its main theoretical bases in current scientific articles on the subject. Result and conclusion: The results showed that 98% of the participants said they knew the disease superficially and also did not receive visits from health agents, 68% said they only knew those in the chronic phase of the disease. As for the vector 72%, the appearance of these insects is common in the community. Implications of the research: this work is an important tool for raising awareness among traditional peoples of the Brazilian Amazon for the control and prevention of Chagas disease, in addition to expanding the range of information regarding the disease in the region. Originality/value: The research indicated that popular knowledge about the disease is of fundamental importance for its treatment and an alternative given the lack of awareness campaigns in the region, which portrays a reality within rural communities in the Brazilian Amazon.

‘You have a lot of mirrors’: structural and socioecological factors impacting adolescent pregnancy and reproductive health in the Amazon basin, Peru, a qualitative study

Loreto, in the Peruvian Amazon, has one of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the country. However, underlying causes of adolescent pregnancy are not fully understood as data are limited in Indigenous and remote Amazonian communities. This study investigated adolescent reproductive health within Loreto using an ecological systems framework. Forty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted in June 2022: community leaders (n = 12) and adolescent participants between 15 and 17 years of age (pregnant girls, n = 11; never pregnant girls, n = 9; and boys, n = 9). We also conducted focus group discussions with community health workers and educators in October 2022 (three focus groups, n = 15). Adolescent reproductive health is complex with multi-layered factors that put girls at higher risk of pregnancy. We found a paradoxical relationship between expected social and gender norms and individual desires. This research provides a contextual understanding of the lived experience of adolescents and young people in the Amazon region of Peru. Our findings suggest the need for greater exploration of the contradictory ideas surrounding adolescent pregnancy and female sexuality.

Protecting the Forest Beings that Protect Us: The Cosmo‐Political ChallengeKawsak SachaPoses to Ecuador's Extraction‐Based Development

AbstractSarayaku, an Amazonian Kichwa community in Pastaza province, Ecuador, is suspected to be rich in oil reserves. This fact has generated outside interest in the region and in turn pushed Sarayaku Runa (Sarayaku people) to defend their territory against state‐led extractivist projects. In this context, the conflict in Sarayaku territory, among the state, multinational oil companies and the Indigenous Peoples who inhabit it, goes beyond natural resources. In an effort to distance themselves from the current use of terms such asbuen vivirandPachamamarights, Sarayaku Runa are now inventing new legal and social concepts, such asKawsak Sacha.

Prevalence and circulant genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis in university women from cities in the Brazilian Amazon.

Approximately 80% of infected women infected by Chlamydia trachomatis are asymptomatic, although this infection can lead to serious complications in the female reproductive tract. Few data on Chlamydia infection and genotypes are available in Amazonian communities. To describe the prevalence of and associated factors and to identify the genotypes of sexual C. trachomatis infection in female university students in different urban centers (capital and interiors) in the Brazilian state of Pará, in the eastern Amazon region. A cross-sectional study was performed among young women attending public universities in four different urban centers in the eastern Amazon region. They were invited to participate in the studt and cervical secretions were collected for molecular diagnosis of C. trachomatis. We utilized amplification of the ompA gene by nested PCR. Positive samples were genotyped by nucleotide sequencing. Study participants completed a questionnaire on social, epidemiological, and reproductive health variables. A Qui-square and Binominal regression test were used to evaluate the degree of association of these variables with the infection. A total of 686 female students was included in the study. The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis was 11.2% (77/686). The prevalence of this infection was higher in interiors (15.2% vs 9.5%/ p: 0.0443). Female university students who do not have a sexual partner (11.8%/p <0.008), who do not use a condom in their sexual relations (17.8%/p <0.0001) and who reported having suffered a miscarriage (32%/p <0.0001) have high chances of acquiring this sexual infection. The ompA gene was sequenced in only 33 (42.8%) samples, revealing the genotype J was the most frequent (27.2% [9/33]), followed by genotypes D (24.2% [8/33]), and then genotypes F (18.2% [6/33]), E (15.1% [5/33]) K (6.1% [2/33]), Ia (6.1% [2/33]), and G (3.1% [1/33]). The high prevalence of sexual infection by C. trachomatis in the female university students from the interior of the state of Pará, individuals with no fixed sexual partner, those that had had a miscarriage, the students that do not use condoms in their sexual relations. The genotype J of C. trachomatis genotypes was the most frequent. These data are important to help defining the epidemiological effects of chlamydial infections in Amazonian populations.

Malaria in a vulnerable population living in quilombo remnant communities in the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study from 2005-2020.

Quilombo remnant communities are areas officially recognized by the Brazilian government as historical communities founded by formerly enslaved individuals. These communities are mostly located in the endemic areas of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. We retrospectively described the prevalence of malaria among individuals living in 32 recognized quilombo remnant communities in the Baiao and Oriximina municipalities located in the Para State. The number of malaria cases and the Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) recorded by the Brazilian malaria surveillance system (SIVEP-Malaria) from January 2005 to December 2020 were analyzed. We found that all communities registered at least one case over the 16-year period, the most frequent parasitic species being Plasmodium vivax (76.1%). During this period, 0.44% (4,470/1,008,714) of the malaria cases registered in Para State were reported in these quilombo remnant communities, with frequencies of 10.9% (856/7,859) in Baiao municipality and 39.1% (3,614/9,238) in Oriximina municipality, showing that individuals living in these rural communities are exposed to malaria. These data indicate that effective surveillance requires improved measures to identify malaria transmission among vulnerable populations living in quilombo remnant communities in the Brazilian Amazon.

Childhood-juvenile health conditions in riverine communities in the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Introdução: Os determinantes sociais interferem no processo saúde-doença de população ribeirinha, associados ao isolamento territorial, acesso restrito de bens e serviços de saúde. Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados às condições de saúde de crianças e adolescentes e suas mães, de duas comunidades ribeirinhas no rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em abril e agosto de 2017 em duas comunidades ribeirinhas amazônica, com mães, crianças e adolescentes até 19 anos. Foi avaliada as condições sociodemográficas, características maternas, de saúde, das crianças e adolescentes. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson por meio do Stata 13. Resultados: Das 94 mães participantes, 56,4% declararam condições de saúde de seus filhos como regulares a ruins. A condição regular e ruim de saúde de crianças e adolescentes foi associada ao local de moradia, número de eletrodomésticos, consumo diário de salgadinhos, doces e suco artificial, ter doença crônica e ter histórico de internação hospitalar uma vez na vida (p&lt;0,05). No modelo ajustado, apenas a internação hospitalar teve associação estatisticamente significativa (PR=1.60; 1,13–2,26) com a condição regular e ruim em saúde. Conclusão: As crianças e adolescentes das comunidades avaliadas são vulneráveis ao adoecimento pelas precárias condições socioeconômicas, sanitárias e baixo acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Challenges and Developments in Multilingual Education in Indigenous Amazonian Communities of Peru

This paper investigates multilingual education challenges and developments in Indigenous Amazonian communities of Peru, focusing on language preservation and the integration of traditional knowledge. Addressing historical marginalization and current issues, such as linguistic diversity and cultural relevance, the study proposes community-centric approaches, collaboration with Indigenous leaders, and curriculum integration as solutions. Success stories in localized education programs showcase transformative community engagement. The integration of Indigenous knowledge is explored as a strategy for sustainable development. The study envisions a future where Indigenous languages thrive, and education becomes a conduit for cultural celebration and global connectivity.

Droughts and controlled rivers: how Belo Monte Dam has affected the food security of Amazonian riverine communities

SummaryThe Neotropics have vast river catchments with untapped hydroelectric potential, but there are multiple expected negative impacts of dams, including those on local food security and livelihoods. Yet, monitoring of dam effects on subsistence is rare, particularly during initial implementation. Our study assessed changes in human fish consumption near the Belo Monte Dam in the Brazilian Amazon during the period 2012–2021, which covers construction, operation and a severe El Niño-induced drought. Over time, fish became less common and were consumed in smaller amounts, even though fewer people shared meals. The largest changes occurred between 2013 and 2016 (post-construction but prior to full operation), resulting in a downward trend in fish consumption, particularly during the drought season. Adding more fish species to the diet did not increase consumption per person. These changes in fish consumption suggest that they stem from environmental impacts of the project (e.g., reduced river level), despite secondary effects from climatic events. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive assessments of the social and ecological impacts of large infrastructure projects in the Amazon, along with sustainable and equitable management strategies to ensure food security and meet the needs of local communities.

Sustainable innovation: decentralized hydroelectric power microgeneration in a rural Amazon community

Hydroelectric microgeneration is characterized by low environmental degradation and low production and transmission costs. In this sense, this work investigates the production and storage of electrical energy by gravitational accretion in a rural Amazonian community. Thus, the gutter was used to capture water in a river, directing the flow to a hydraulic ram which pumps the water to a 200-liter reservoir at a height of 3.35 meters. At the bottom of the reservoir was placed a 1/2” register, a hydraulic tube, a flow sensor (Arduino Platform) and a microgenerator (10W). After that, the record was opened for hydroelectric production, and the electrical voltage (Arduino Platform) was monitored by a voltage sensor connected to the poles of the microgenerator. From the results, about the calibration of the sensors, a scale factor was obtained for the voltage and flow sensor equal to 1.27 and 1.458, respectively. With the association of the microgenerators in series, it is possible to produce with 3 microgenerators a voltage of 22 volts at a flow of 2.45 L/min at a height of 3.35 meters. Regarding the adjustment of the system flow model, a speed reduction coefficient of 0.75 was obtained. By storing the energy in a 12 volts battery using 3 microgenerators in series it was possible to charge at a rate of 0.0071 volts per minute. Finally, the prototype has enough voltage to power devices such as batteries, in addition to producing clean, renewable energy from a decentralized source that is commonly wasted.

The socio-environmental aftermath of gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Yutzupino in Napo, Ecuador

This study addresses the social and environmental repercussions on Amazonian communities due to gold mining following the conclusion of official concessions. Framed within the literature on natural resource extraction, sustainability, and social impacts in developing countries, the work employs qualitative methods, including interviews with residents and field observations in the community of Yutzupino in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It reveals that post-concession mining, often informal and illegal, sharply triggers social and environmental degradation. The research emphasises the need to incorporate sustainability principles into mining concessions to prevent such effects. This analysis enhances understanding of the complex socio-ecological aftermath of mining in vulnerable environments. It proposes recommendations for mitigation, underlining the importance of dialogue between communities, governments, and mining companies.

Simultaneous passive acoustic monitoring uncovers evidence of potentially overlooked temporal variation in an Amazonian bird community

The vocal activity and detectability of tropical birds are subject to high levels of temporal heterogeneity, but quantifying patterns of diel and day‐to‐day variation in complex systems is challenging with traditional point count methods. As a result, research concerning stochastic temporal effects on tropical bird assemblages is limited, typically offering only broad conclusions, such as that overall activity is highest in the first few hours of the morning and some species are active at different times of the day. Passive acoustic monitoring introduces several advantages for studying temporal variation, particularly by enabling simultaneous and continuous data collection across adjacent sites. Here, we employed autonomous recording units to quantify temporal variation in bird vocal activity and observed species richness at an Amazonian reserve in Madre de Dios, Peru, a region featuring some of Earth's richest, most complex bird assemblages. We manually annotated 18 dawn hour recordings, collected simultaneously from three separate days at the same six sites, which represent various microhabitats and bird community compositions. We documented significant and consistent temporal variation in avian vocal activity levels and observed species richness within the dawn hour and across days. We found that temporal effects were stronger for vocal activity than for observed species richness and that vocal activity patterns over the course of the dawn hour varied between species. Our results indicate that overlooked temporal variation in Amazonian soundscapes may obfuscate the results of surveys that do not sufficiently account for temporal variables with simultaneous monitoring. While manual analysis of large volumes of soundscape data remains challenging, such data should be collected to supplement traditional surveys whenever possible. Rapid advances in the automated processing of acoustic data could lead to more efficient methods for reducing temporal bias and improving the calibration and accuracy of tropical bird surveys.

Functional leaf traits in congeneric species of tree communities in central Amazon

The Amazon is a Neotropical region that features various types of phytophysiognomies subject to multiple environmental filters. The Amazonian Savanna and Ombrophilous Forest areas support complex ecosystem functions and are sensitive to biotic and abiotic disturbances. The low availability of nutrients and water, along with the high solar exposure these vegetations experience, impose rigorous environmental filters that affect species distribution. Plant species with structural and functional adaptations can occur in specific locations due to environmental characteristics. We investigated potential variations in the functional leaf traits of congeneric species of Tachigali and Pouteria in different tree community vegetation types in savanna and forest areas in Central Amazon. For this purpose, using standard optical microscopy techniques and statistical models, we analyzed 9 congeneric species, with 3 individuals per species, of woody congeners from Ombrophilous Forest and Amazonian Savanna, both located in the state of Pará, Brazil. Fifteen anatomical traits, both quantitative and qualitative, possessing functional significance were evaluated by comparing tissues between forest and savanna plants, employing ANOVA and ordination analyses. The results indicate that variations in environmental conditions within different vegetation types might be linked to morphophysiological adjustments and strategies in leaves to resist environmental conditions. Species from the Amazonian Savanna present traits more related to conservative characteristics related to water retention and drought resistance, demonstrating a degree of leaf xeromorphism with greater thickness of leaves, palisade parenchyma and epidermal cells. On the other hand, forest species exhibited traits more related to acquisitive and diversified resource strategies, which may be characteristic of the greater availability of light, water and nutrients existing in this environment. The results show considerable variation in leaf traits among forested and savanna formations, and variations in leaf characteristics are expected to be essential for the survival and development of tree species within each type of vegetation.

Ayahuasca ceremony leaders’ perspectives on special considerations for eating disorders

ABSTRACT Eating disorders (EDs) are difficult conditions to resolve, necessitating novel treatments. Ayahuasca, a psychedelic plant medicine originating in Indigenous Amazonian communities, is being investigated. Aspects of ceremonial ayahuasca use (purging, dietary restrictions) appear similar to ED behaviors, raising questions about ayahuasca’s suitability as an intervention for individuals with EDs. This study explored the perspectives of ayahuasca ceremony leaders on these and other considerations for ceremonial ayahuasca drinking among individuals with EDs. A qualitative content analysis of interviews was undertaken with 15 ayahuasca ceremony leaders, the majority of whom were from the West/Global North. Screening for EDs, purging and dietary restrictions, potential risks and dangers, and complementarity with conventional ED treatment emerged as categories. The findings offer ideas, including careful screening and extra support, to promote safe and beneficial ceremony experiences for ceremony participants with EDs. More research is needed to clarify the impacts of ceremony-related purging and preparatory diets. To evolve conventional models of treatment, the ED field could consider Indigenous approaches to mental health whereby ayahuasca ceremony leaders and ED researchers and clinicians collaborate in a decolonizing, bidirectional bridging process between Western and Indigenous paradigms of healing.

Shared roots: intergenerational education in the playful traditions of the Akwẽ-Xerente people of the Amazon

The University of Maturity, linked to the Federal University of Tocantins, maintains a hub in the indigenous community of Tocantínia, located in the State of Tocantins, a member state of the Legal Amazon. The work aims to provide descriptions of these roots with a focus on the perceptions of indigenous elders in the territory regarding Intergenerational Education in indigenous communities, in the approach and perceptions of researchers from the Postgraduate Program in Education in the Amazon. The qualitative methodology with a phenomenological bias involves semi-structured interviews from Oral History and incorporates the sensations and descriptions derived from the narratives that echo the memory of the Akwẽ-Xerente people. The results describe lived experiences, rescuing nuances of oral tradition, cultural values ​​and intricate connections with indigenous elders. It is concluded that the research substantiates underlying theories through direct interviews with members of the indigenous community, by accessing perspectives inherent to intergenerationality in traditional teachings that engage with the cultural legacy of Amazonian communities and illuminate the richness of traditions present in the indigenous community from Tocantinia.

Unacknowledged genocide: Coercive sterilization of Indigenous women in Peru

From 1996 until 2000, under the pretense of upholding women’s rights and expanding access to family planning resources, the Peruvian government launched an aggressive sterilization campaign that disproportionately targeted Indigenous peoples. In total, 272,028 persons were sterilized, the majority of whom were of Indigenous descent and resided in rural and poor areas. Recent studies conclude this to be a case of genocide, with the state systematically subjecting an ethnic minority population—the Indigenous peoples—to a coercive sterilization campaign that sought to eliminate in whole or in part Andean and Amazonian Indigenous communities. Despite the alarming evidence about the genocide committed against Indigenous peoples, victims are yet to be recognized by the state. The denial of victims’ sufferings leaves the work of building and creating humanity after atrocity incomplete. This study focuses on the unacknowledged memories of genocide, engaging in an analysis of the norms of reparations. The denial of the state to grant integral reparations, despite the existence of a modified law on reparations, points to a purposeful silencing of these victims. Furthermore, these practices represent a new layer of genocide against Indigenous peoples that neglects their victimhood and raises questions as to the absence of humanity after atrocity.