Communis Var Research Articles

New Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Juniperus communis var. depressa

Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides were isolated from the leaves and stems of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) along with 14 known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses, in particular by 2D-NMR spectral evidence.

Glycerolipid and fatty acid distribution in pericarp, seed and whole fruit oils of Myrtus communis var. italica

Seed, pericarp and whole berry of Myrtus communis var. italica were compared in terms of oils, glycerolipid classes and fatty acids. The fruit is composed of pericarp and approximately 9 seeds which constituted 63.5 and 36.5% of the whole ripe fruit, respectively. The latter presented a weight of 8.8 g% fruits while seed had only 0.5 g% seeds. The moisture contents were 80.1% in pericarp, 72% in whole fruit and 39.7% in seed. The oil yield of seed (11.7%) was significantly higher than that of whole fruit (5.9%) and pericarp (2.1%). Total lipid amounts were 61.26 mg/g in seed, 28.97 mg/g in whole fruit and 4.14 mg/g in pericarp. The amounts of polar glycerolipids were lower than those of neutral glycerolipids in all samples. Triacylglycerol constituted the main neutral glycerolipid with 57.47 mg/g in seed, 25.68 mg/g in whole fruit and 1.67 mg/g in pericarp. The predominant fatty acids of total lipids and different glycerolipid classes were linoleic, palmitic, oleic and α-linolenic acids in all samples but with different proportions. Whole fruit, seed and pericarp provided low yields of oil but they were a rich source of essential fatty acids which will be important as an indication of the potentially nutraceutical and industrial utility of myrtle fruit.

A comparative study on the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of five Juniperus taxa

Ethnopharmacological relevance Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae) species have been used to various inflammatory and infectious diseases such as bronchitis, colds, cough, fungal infections, hemorrhoids, gynecological diseases, and wounds in Turkish folk medicine. Aim of the study To evaluate this traditional information, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from different parts (stem, fruit and leaves) of the five Turkish taxa under Juniperus section of the gender; J. drupacea, J. communis var. communis, J. communis var. saxatilis, J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus, and J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa growing were investigated. Methods For the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced and PGE 2-induced hind paw edema models, and for the antinociceptive activity p-benzoquinone-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice were employed. Results The methanolic extracts of fruit and leaves from J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and J. communis var. saxatilis exhibited notable inhibition in carrageenan-induced edema model at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The same extracts also displayed significant activity against PGE 2-induced edema model. While, the remaining extracts were found inactive against these edema models. A similar activity pattern was observed against p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test without inducing any gastric damage or apparent acute toxicity, whereas all extracts were inactive in hot plate test. Conclusion The experimental data demonstrated that J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and J. communis var. saxatilis displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities; however, further studies are warranted to define and isolate the active anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive components from these active species which may yield safe and effective agents to be used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.

Cryptic speciation and community structure of Herpotrichia juniperi, the causal agent of brown felt blight of conifers

Conifer twigs showing brown felt blight were collected along 100-m long transects at the timberline in the Swiss Alps and single-hyphal-tip cultures were prepared. Forty-seven of the sequenced 48 strains were Herpotrichia juniperi based on sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). A non-sporulating strain was tentatively identified as another, undescribed Herpotrichia species. Herpotrichia coulteri was not isolated. Most strains were from Juniperus communis var. saxatilis, the rest from Picea abies and Pinus mugo. Each twig was colonized by a different genotype as revealed by ISSR-PCR fingerprinting. More than one clone was present on some needles and twigs. Thus, importance of vegetative mycelial growth for dispersal seems to be limited to the spread of the disease to twigs of the same tree or of immediately adjacent trees, and, consequently, dispersal occurs mainly by ascospores. The H. juniperi strains could be assigned to five distinct groups based on the ISSR-PCR data. The strains from P. abies formed one of these groups but the other groups did not correlate with either host, transect or position along the transects. Multi-locus analysis based on β-tubulin, elongation factor 1-α and ITS sequences confirmed the subdivision into five groups. Population differentiation among groups was distinct with N ST values varying between 0.545 and 0.895. H. juniperi seems to be composed of several cryptic species, one of them specific to P. abies.

Composition, Phytogeography, and Relict Status of the Vascular Flora of Alvars and Cliff Tops Southwest of Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada

Alvars in the vicinity of Enterprise, Northwest Territories, had 87 species of vascular plants. Of these, 14 were frequent or at least locally abundant, including: Juniperus horizontalis, J. communis var. depressa, Geum triflorum var. triflorum, Carex richardsonii, Populus tremuloides, Elymus trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus, Koeleria macrantha, Saxifraga tricuspidata, Artemesia campestris subsp. borealis, Senecio lugens, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, and Galium boreale. Of the trees comprising the surrounding forest, only Populus tremuloides and Pinus banksiana were common in the open areas. The cliff tops had fewer species but they also had some species of arctic and high boreal affinity that were absent from the alvars. Associations characterized by Deschampsia caespitosa occurred in lower areas of alvar that collect run-off, whereas higher areas were characterized by a variety of plants including Carex richardsonii, Elymus trachycaulus, and Geum triflorum. Cracks in the limestone pavement in elevated areas were occupied by Pinus banksiana and Juniperus communis. Approximately 12% of the species present were rare and/or restricted, including Avenula hookeri, Carex filifolia, and Dodecatheon pulchellum. Compared to the alvars of the Great Lakes region, the alvars and cliff tops of Northwest Territories had a much higher percentage of species that were also found in the Beringian region of northwestern North America. Higher numbers of boreal, arctic, and cordilleran species also contributed to the distinctive nature of Northwest Territories alvars, based on clustering of similarity coefficients from species presence or absence data. The alvar flora of Northwest Territories is believed to have been established in the region of Great Slave Lake between 10,000 and 8000 years ago, prior to invasion of the boreal forest. At this time, the northwestern Beringian and Cordilleran floras met the retreating tundra and prairie floras from the south in an expanding ice-free corridor. The relict flora of Northwest Territories alvars and cliff tops includes species of the Beringian steppes and tundras such as Plantago canescens, species of the central North American plains such as Geum triflorum, and many species that could have originated from the prairie-like habitats of either region. This unusual relict flora, originating in early postglacial times, is now isolated within the present boreal forest that spread through the region approximately 8000 years ago.

Variations in essential oil and fatty acid composition during Myrtus communis var. italica fruit maturation

The essential oil and fatty acid composition of Myrtus communis var. italica fruit during its ripening was determined. The effect of the harvesting time on some physical properties of Myrtus fruits, fruit weight and moisture content, were significant. The increase of fruit weight (from 2.54 to 8.79 g% fruits) during ripeness was correlated positively with that of moisture content (from 28% to 72%). Fruit essential oil yields varied from 0.003% to 0.01% and showed a remarkable increase at 60 days after flowering to reach a maximum of 0.11%. Forty-seven volatile compounds were identified in fruit essential oils; 1,8-cineole (7.31–40.99%), geranyl acetate (1.83–20.54%), linalool (0.74–18.92%) and α-pinene (1.24–12.64%) were the main monoterpene compounds. Total fatty acid contents varied from 0.81% to 3.10% during fruit maturation and the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (12.21–71.34%), palmitic (13.58–37.07%) and oleic (6.49–21.89%) acids. The linoleic acid proportions correlated inversely with palmitic and oleic acids during all the stages of ripening.

Effect of long-term burn-pruning on the flora in a lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) stand

The effect of burn-pruning on the flora in a natural stand of lowbush b lueberry was studied over a 24-yr period in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Treatments were: not burned and burn-pruned every 2nd, 3rd, or 4th year. A vegetative survey was conducted before burning and periodically in succeeding years. Following statistical analyses, species were grouped according to their response to burning, as follows: those not significantly affected; those eliminated or whose frequency of occurrence was reduced; and those whose occurrence was increased. Initially, burning virtually eliminated Juniperus communis var. depressa, Empetrum nigrum, Cladina rangiferina, Lycopodium clavatum and Pleurozium schreberi, reduced the frequency of occurrence of nine species by 6 to 69%, and increased 13 others by 1 to 2050%. With burning, Polytrichum commune and Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca, in particular, increased very early in the study to become two of the most prevalent species. Also, except for some initial effects of burning, the lowbush blueberry and some initially prevalent species (Festuca filiformis, Maianthemum canadense, Danthonia spicata, Cornus canadensis and Luzula multiflora var. acadiensis) remained among the most dominant species. Of the species studied, only seven each of those increased or decreased by burning were affected by the burn-pruning cycle. In both groups, the greatest increases or decreases in the frequency of occurrence were obtained with the 2-yr burn-pruning cycle. Key words: Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, burning, pruning, plant succession, weeds, fire, flora

Plant Species Biology: New steps for the future

Time flies! Plant Species Biology (PSB) has been published since 1986 as an international vehicle in which plant biologists can communicate knowledge and ideas regarding plant species, their biological aspects including life histories, population dynamics, evolutionary mechanisms, phylogenies, and coevolutionary networks among plants and various organisms. Plant Species Biology has covered such diverse subjects as evolutionary studies on sexual systems in plants (1990), maintenance mechanism and diversity of plant species populations (1993), differentiation patterns of plant populations and adaptive mechanisms (1996), and new perspectives in pollination biology: floral fragrances (1999). All this knowledge is essential for ‘Modern Conservation Biology’, which has a key role in today's preservation of endangered biodiversity. For the first 15 years (until 2000; volume 15), Professor Shoichi Kawano, the first Editor-in-Chief of Plant Species Biology, devoted himself to editing this journal as an international journal. In 1993, Professor William F. Grant was elected as the Honorary Editor-in-Chief in praise of his support for Plant Species Biology. In 2001, Professor Toshihiko Hara started his service as Editor-in-Chief and, simultaneously, Professor Kawano was naturally elected as the Honorary Editor-in-Chief. From 2001 to 2006, Toshihiko and his editorial team, including Ms Takako Saeki (editorial assistant), have guided PSB through some important innovations. Above all, we are very proud of the acceptance to ISI Web of Knowledge (Thomson Scientific). I say thank you to Toshihiko. I would like to introduce my editorial team of Plant Species Biology from 2007. The editorial committee members are Dr Gaku Kudo, Dr Keiko Kitamura, Dr Makoto Kato, Dr Tsuyoshi Kobayashi and Dr Nobumitsu Kawakubo. In addition to the six editorial committee members, there are also staff members at Wiley-Blackwell, including Ms Saho Tateno (Publishing Manager), Ms Sylvia Ong (Production Editor) and Ms Miyuki Hattori (Manuscript Central Coordinator). Ms Risa Kawata supports us as an editorial assistant at the editorial office at Hokkaido University. We do our best to maintain and enhance the quality, novelty and importance of the papers published in Plant Species Biology, to maximize the usage, impact and value of our distinguished journal. Online manuscript submissions have been available since August 2007. Authors can submit manuscripts to Plant Species Biology online through Manuscript Central. Safe, secure and easy to use, this new system will help to reduce the time it takes to make an initial decision on your paper. Our editorial team, along with the authors and reviewers ensure the publication of a timely, attractive and informative journal. The Society for the Study of Species Biology decided in 2007 to give Best Paper Awards to excellent papers published in Plant Species Biology that have been judged to be the best in scientific importance. In 2007, two regular papers contributed by Teruyoshi Nagamitsu, Takayuki Kawahara and Ayako Kanazashi (2006, volume 21: pp. 19–29) entitled ‘Endemic dwarf birch Betula apoiensis (Betulaceae) is a hybrid that originated from Betula ermanii and Betula ovalifolia’, and by Lena K. Ward (2007, volume 22: pp. 11–21) entitled ‘Lifetime sexual dimorphism in Juniperus communis var. communis’ were selected for the Plant Species Biology Best Paper Award 2007 by the Editorial Committee of Plant Species Biology. I encourage all of you to submit your very best paper to Plant Species Biology.

A New Flavone Xyloside and Two New Flavan‐3‐ol Glucosides from Juniperus communis var. depressa

A new flavone xyloside, 1, and two new flavan-3-ol glucosides, 3 and 4, were isolated together with three known flavones, 2, 11, and 12, five known flavans, 5-9, and a known dihydrochalcone, 10, from the stems and leaves of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) collected in Oregon, U.S.A., and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence. A novel flavone nucleus such as that in 1 is seldom found in nature today, and new methylcatechin glucosides 3 and 4 are also rare in nature. In addition, we investigated the inhibitory activity of individual components, i.e., 8-11, and others, that were abundantly isolated from the same plant material for the Maillard reaction.

The Phytochemical and Genetic Survey of Common and Dwarf Juniper (Juniperus communisandJuniperus nana) Identifies Chemical Races and Close Taxonomic Identity of the Species

Juniperus communis L. (= J. communis var. communis) and Juniperus nana Willd. (= J. communis var. SAXATILIS) are subspecies of juniper. J. communis grows widely in both hemispheres, primarily in lower elevations while J. nana is mainly observed in high mountains. Although they can be distinguished by morphological features, it is not known whether they are genetically and phytochemically distinct entities. We aimed to check whether it is possible to distinguish these two plants (i) by pharmaceutically important chemical traits and (ii) on the basis of intraspecifically highly polymorphic fragment of chloroplast DNA. We used GC with achiral as well as with enantioselective stationary phase columns to identify the main monoterpenes of the essential oil. Sequence analysis of the TRNL (UAA)- TRNF (GAA) intergenic spacer of the chloroplast genome was used as a genetic marker of taxonomic identity between these two subspecies. The chromatographic analysis showed the existence of three chemical races - the alpha-pinene type, the sabinene type and one with intermediate contents of these terpenes among both J. communis and J. nana. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of TRNL (UAA)- TRNF (GAA) revealed 100 % similarity between the common and the dwarf juniper. Thus, the monoterpene pattern is related to geographical origin, and not to the species identity. We suggest that the three chemical races identified in the present study should be considered as separate sources of pharmaceutical raw material. Our results demonstrate that the contents of alpha-pinene and sabinene may be applied as a quick diagnostic test for preliminary evaluation of plant material.

A Monoterpene Glucoside and Three Megastigmane Glycosides from Juniperus communis var. depressa.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

A pair of new atropisomeric cupressuflavone glucosides isolated from Juniperus communis var. depressa

A pair of new atropisomers, ( M)- and ( P)-cupressuflavone 4′- O-β- d-glucoside, were isolated from Juniperus communis var. depressa, and their absolute structures and axial configurations were determined using 2D NMR and circular dichroism. These are the first reported stable ( M)- and ( P)-isomers of cupressuflavone glucosides isolated from natural sources.

Infraspecific variability ofJuniperus L. (Cupressaceae) based on monoterpenoid compositions

The compositions of leaf monoterpenoids from 11 species in the Juniperus section (Juniperus chinensis var. chinensis,J. virginiana, J. communis var. montana,J. rigida, J. chinensis var. globosa,J. chinensis var. sargentii,J. chinensis ‘Kaizuka Variegata’,J. squamata ‘Wilsonii’,J. x media ‘Shimpake’,J. x media ‘Plamosa Aurea’, andJ. squamata ‘Aloderi’) were comparatively analyzed by GC-MS. Of the 24 compounds identified, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, and bornyl acetate were common to all, but particular combinations differed remarkably among taxa. The simplest composition (eight compounds) was found in.J, chinensis var. chinensis; the most complex (19 compounds), inJ. x media ‘Shimpake’. Cluster analysis generated four distinctive clades within the Juniperus section. The minimum spanning network revealed thatJ. squamata ‘Wilsonii’ andJ. x media ‘Shimpake’ were most similar in their chemical makeup.

A Monoterpene Glucoside and Three Megastigmane Glycosides from Juniperus communis var. depressa

A new monoterpene glucoside (1) and three new natural megastigmane glycosides (2-4) were isolated along with a known megastigmane glucoside (5) from twigs with leaves of Juniperus communis var. depressa (Cupressaceae) collected in Oregon, U.S.A., and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the isolated components against Helicobacter pylori were also investigated.

Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting

Plants of Juniperus communis L. var. communis, J. c. var. depressa Pursh, J. c. var. hemispherica J. & C. Presl, J. communis var. megistocarpa Fern. & St. John, J. c. var. nipponica (Maxim.) Wils., J. c. var. oblonga hort. ex Loudon and J. c. var. saxatilis Pall. were sampled and DNA fingerprinting (RAPDs, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) was performed. Based on 191 RAPD bands, there was little evidence to support the recognition of J. communis var. hemispherica, J. c. var. oblonga and J. c. var. nipponica. Juniperus communis var. communis (Sweden) was found to be most similar to J. c. var. hemispherica from Sicily, and also very similar to J. c. var. saxatilis. The recognition of J. c. var. saxatilis, sensu stricto, and var. hemispherica (from Sicily) was not supported by the RAPD data in this study. All of the J. c. var. depressa populations sampled from the Western Hemisphere formed a distinct group. Juniperus communis var. megistocarpa, endemic to maritime eastern Canada, was the most distinct variety of J. communis. Juniperus communis var. “ saxatilis” populations from the Kamchatka peninsula and J. c. var. “ hemispherica” from the Sierra Nevada, Spain, were very distinct from other J. c. var. communis– saxatilis populations.

Effects of boron fertilization on `Conference' pear tree vigor, nutrition, and fruit yield and storability

The aim of the study was to examine the response of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees to soil and foliar applications of boron (B). The experiment was carried out during 2000–2001 in a commercial orchard in Central Poland on mature `Conference' pear trees grafted on Pyrus communis var. caucasica seedlings planted at a spacing of 4 × 2.5 m on a sandy loam soil with a low hot water-extractable B status. Annually, foliar sprays with B were applied. (i) before full bloom (at green and white bud stage, and when 1–5% of flowers was at full bloom), (ii) after flowering (at petal fall, and 7 and 14 days after the end of flowering), or (iii) postharvest in fall (approximately 6 weeks before leaf fall). Spray treatments involved application of B at a rate of 0.2 kg ha−1 in spring or 0.8 kg ha−1 in fall. Additionally, other trees were supplied with soil-applied B at the bud break stage at a rate of 2 kg ha−1. Trees untreated with B served as the control. The results revealed that foliar applications of B before full bloom or after harvest increased fruit set and fruit yield. Tree vigor, mean fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity of fruits at harvest were not affected by B treatments. Foliar B sprays before full bloom or after harvest increased B concentrations in flowers, and both leaves and fruitlets at 40 days after flowering. Only the foliar treatments after flowering and soil fertilization with B increased the content of this microelement in fruit and leaves at 80 and 120 days after full bloom. Foliar B application before full bloom or after harvest increased calcium (Ca) in fruitlets at 40 days after full bloom, in fruit, and in leaves at 80 and 120 days after full bloom. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in plant tissues were not affected by B fertilization. After storage, and also after the ripening period, fruits from the trees sprayed with B before full bloom or after harvest had higher firmness and titratable acidity than those from the control trees. After the ripening period, fruits from the trees sprayed with B before full bloom or after harvest had lower membrane permeability and were less sensitive to internal browning than the control fruits. These findings indicate that prebloom and postharvest B sprays are successful in increasing pear tree yielding and in improving fruit storability under the conditions of low B availability in the soil.

Alkane composition diversity among populations of dwarf forms of Juniperus communis L.: comparison between western Europe and northern American populations

The cuticular wax composition of leaves has been analysed in three western European populations (Corsica, central Pyrenees, northern Alps) of Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pall. (= J. nana Willd., nom illeg.) and in one population of J. communis L. var. depressa Pursh. from North America (Sierra Nevada). Gas chromatography shows the presence of 13 alkanes in all samples ranging from C23 to C35 with important intraspecific polymorphism in alkane content. The dominant alkanes range from C33 to C35. Alkanes C21 and C22 were found only in Corsica and Sierra Nevada populations. Canonical discriminant analysis separated the J. communis L. var. depressa Pursh. of the population of Sierra Nevada from other populations of J. communis var. saxatilis Pall. on the basis of their higher C31 content and the constant presence of C21 and C22 alkanes. J. communis var. saxatilis Pall. populations from the Pyrenees are close to northern Alps populations characterized by high concentrations of C33, C34 and C35 alkanes. This paper confirms the existence of Juniperus var. saxatilis Pall. in the Pyrenees (France). © The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 140, 165–168.

Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis: historical biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting

Twelve populations of Juniperus communis L. were sampled from throughout the arctic, worldwide and DNA fingerprinting (RAPDs, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) was performed. Based on 152 RAPD bands, all of the populations ( J. communis var. depressa Pursh and J. communis var. megistocarpa Fern. and St. John) from the western hemisphere formed one group and all of the populations of the eastern hemisphere (including Greenland and Iceland), formed another group that included J. communis var. communis and J. communis var. saxatilis Pall., except for the Kamchatka population that was quite dissimilar to any population examined. Most likely, the current sites of all of the populations were covered with ice or otherwise inhospitable, up to or during the late Pleistocene (ca. 12,000 BP). Therefore, these populations are recent in origin. The path of re-colonization appears to have been northward in North America. Greenland appears to have been colonized from Iceland plants, which in turn came from northern Europe. The Kamchatka population seems likely to have come from Japan.

INNOVATIVE MICROPROPAGATION OF TEMPERATE FRUIT TREES: THE CASE OF PEAR

Within plant micropropagation methods, new techniques are being assessed in order to increase the multiplication rate and automate plant production as much as possible. In this context, the temporary immersion technique, a method based on the complete immersion of the proliferating explants in a liquid medium, alternating with a dried period, has been recently acquiring importance. In the present work this method has been applied to in vitro culture of wild pear (Pyrus communis var pyraster L.), in comparison to the solid medium culture, to improve proliferation ability of shoots obtained from leaves through adventitious regeneration. With temporary immersion, the multiplication rates were much higher (x 13) than with solid culture medium (x 4 - x 5), moreover, the plants revealed an excellent stem elongation and a higher rooting ability.

Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs).

The composition of the leaf essential oils of all the species of Juniperus in sect. Juniperus (=sect. Oxycedrus) are reported and compared (J. brevifolia, J. cedrus, J. communis, J. c. var. saxatilis, J. c. var. oblonga, J. formosana, J. oxycedrus, J. o. subsp. badia, J. o. subsp. macrocarpa, J. o. subsp. transtagana, J. rigida, J. r. subsp. conferta, J. sibirica, J. taxifolia and J. t. var. lutchuensis). In addition, DNA fingerprinting by RAPDs was utilized. Based on these data, several taxa remained at the same taxonomic level: J. brevifolia, J. cedrus, J. communis, J. c. var. saxatilis, J. formosana, J. oxycedrus, J. rigida, J. r. var. conferta, and J. taxifolia. However, several taxa exhibited considerable differentiation that warranted their recognition at the specific level: J. oblonga M.-Bieb. (=J. communis var. oblonga), J. badia H. Gay (=J. oxycedrus subsp. badia), J. macrocarpa Sibth. and Sm. (=J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa), J. navicularis Gand. (=J. oxycedrus subsp. transtagana), J. sibirica Brugsd. (=J. communis var. saxatilis in part), and J. lutchuensis Koidz. (= J. taxifolia var. lutchuensis).