Communication System Architecture Research Articles

Design and implementation of a looking-forward Lawful Interception architecture for future mobile communication systems

Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) heavily rely on Lawful Interception (LI) tools to investigate criminal and terrorist activities. The growing frequency of cybercrime, terrorism-related offenses, and illegal trades in the European Union (EU) has driven LEAs to explore novel LI techniques that align with the developing 5G and Beyond 5G network architectures. Moreover, the emergence of extremely dynamic and distributed networks, the increased usage of end-to-end encryption applications, and privacy protections present limitations for traditional LI approaches. In order to provide a technological solution capable of extending the 3GPP LI standard, this paper presents a novel LI framework designed on top of the standardized 3GPP LI architecture, leveraging an inspection-friendly end-to-end cryptography mechanism (e.g., a Key Escrow algorithm) at the application layer. Moreover, the proposed Lawful Interception (LI) framework enables authorized LEAs to decrypt intercepted end-to-end encrypted data within the core network. Firstly, a security proof validates the security of the proposed LI framework under two attack scenarios. Subsequently, a proof-of-concept workstation implementation that emulates a 5G network for end-to-end data exchange and cloud-based deployment validates the suggested LI framework by affirming the LEA capabilities in decrypting intercepted data. Additionally, the system performance has been studied through experimental tests, ensuring the scalability of the conceived solution and revealing the possibility of intercepting data with mainly real-time latency without affecting the Quality of Service (QoS) experienced by the user.

Analysing Antennas with Artificial Electromagnetic Structures for Advanced Performance in Communication System Architectures

Analysing Antennas with Artificial Electromagnetic Structures for Advanced Performance in Communication System Architectures

Some Properties of a Discrete Lorenz System Obtained by Variable Midpoint Method and Its Application to Chaotic Signal Modulation

Various discretization effects caused by applying numerical integration techniques to continuous chaotic systems are broadly studied in nonlinear science. Along with the negative impact on the precision of the various finite-difference schemes, such effects may have surprisingly fruitful practical applications, e.g. pseudo-random number generation, image encryption with improved diffusion and confusion properties, chaotic path planning, and many others. One such application is chaos-based communication systems which gained attention in recent decades due to their high covertness and broadband transmission capability. A crucial problem in the design of chaotic communication systems is the modulation of carrier signals. Due to the noise-like properties of chaotic signals, they can barely be modulated using the same methods as conventional harmonic signals. Thus, developing new modulation techniques is of great interest in the field of chaotic communications. In this study, we investigate the discrete model of the Lorenz oscillator obtained using controllable midpoint numerical integration and develop a novel modulation technique for chaos-based communication systems. We discover and analyze the multistability phenomenon in the dynamics of the investigated finite-difference Lorenz model through bifurcation, the basin of attraction, and Lyapunov spectrum analysis procedures. Using a specially designed testbench, we explicitly show that the proposed modulation method outperforms commonly used parametric modulation and is nearly equal to the state-of-the-art symmetry-based modulation in terms of covertness and noise resistivity. In addition, the proposed modulation technique is much easier to implement using computer arithmetics, especially in fixed-point hardware. The reported results may be efficiently applied to designing advanced chaos-based communications systems or improving the characteristics of existing communication system architectures.

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The article discusses the principles of human-machine control communication systems for special purposes, which belong to the class of controlled systems. In addition, the authors' attention is drawn to the methodological principles of the study of such systems; the functional architecture of a special purpose communication system (SPCS) in the form of a three-level conceptual model is considered. The most general methodological principles of communication system research, considered in the work is a systematic approach. Within the framework of this approach, an interconnected special-purpose communication system is considered as an integral part of the control system of higher-order systems. The authors believe that the methodology of the study of such systems is mainly based on a combination of methods of induction (from particular to complex) and deduction (decomposition), that is, consideration from general to particular, from simple to complex. The hierarchy of the SPCS description is used as a method of eliminating contradictions between simplicity and taking into account the remaining multiple parameters of the system. Each level of the hierarchy corresponds to specific features, functions, laws and principles, terms and concepts, using which it is best possible to predict and describe the functioning of the SPCS.

Research on digital twin modeling and monitoring technology for smoke alarm calibration system

Aiming at the problems of backward calibration method of smoke alarm, low production efficiency and difficult real-time monitoring, a digital twin system modeling and monitoring method of smoke alarm calibration is proposed. First, through the analysis of smoke alarm calibration requirements, the overall framework design of the digital twin calibration system for smoke alarm is proposed, and then the twin model of smoke box is constructed by running the digital twin five-dimensional model. The physical smoke box, geometric model, physical model, rule model and behavior model are introduced in detail; Then the communication system architecture, data acquisition and data mapping are used to construct the twin data model; Finally, the feasibility was verified by the calibration system of an enterprise. Through the system, the qualified rate of smoke alarm calibration was increased from 98 to 99.6%, and the repair rate of defective products was reduced by 1.6%.

Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking-based the Integrated Deep-Space Relay Network: State-of-the-Art

Communication with deep-space elements poses significant challenges due to vast distances, orbital motions, and harsh environmental conditions that restrict point-to-point or end-to-end communication. Disruption/Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTNs) is a special kind of computer network architecture, that overcomes the shortcomings of the TCP/IP suite in meeting deep-space networking requirements with intermittent end-to-end connectivity. In DTN, data transmission follows a store-carry-forward approach, where bundles (data) are transferred as custody between relay nodes. This necessitates more complex routing strategies involving additional route computations and network resource consumption but provides greater flexibility for unstable connectivity. This study is an updated literature review in the context of DTN-based deep-space communication. It covers the recent studies that address the architecture of current and future deep-space communication systems, the environmental challenges of deep-space communication, various implementations and demonstrations of DTN's architecture, and the validation of its related routing strategies over the Deep Space Relay network. Additionally, this review explores the integration of machine learning techniques into DTN routing strategies, along with ongoing research directions and open issues in DTN-based DSN. Examining the state-of-the-art literature reveals that developing an intelligent unified n-copy-based forwarding routing scheme holds promise for effectively integrating into deep space communications and achieving optimal networking among the diverse segments of the future unified Interplanetary Internet.

Performance Analysis of 5G New Radio LDPC over Different Multipath Fading Channel Models

The creation and developing of a wireless network communication that is fast, secure, dependable, and cost-effective enough to suit the needs of the modern world is a difficult undertaking. Channel coding schemes must be chosen carefully to ensure timely and error-free data transfer in a noisy and fading channel. To ensure that the data received matches the data transmitted, channel coding is an essential part of the communication system's architecture. NR LDPC (New Radio Low Density Parity Check) code has been recommended for the fifth-generation (5G) to achieve the need for more internet traffic capacity in mobile communications and to provide both high coding gain and low energy consumption. This research presents NR-LDPC for data transmission over two different multipath fading channel models, such as Nakagami-m and Rayleigh in AWGN. The BER performance of the NR-LDPC code using two kinds of rate-compatible base graphs has been examined for the QAM-OFDM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system and compared to the uncoded QAM-OFDM system. The BER performance obtained via Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the LDPC works efficiently with two different kinds of channel models: those that do not fade and those that fade and achieves significant BER improvements with high coding gain. It makes sense to use LDPC codes in 5G because they are more efficient for long data transmissions, and the key to a good code is an effective decoding algorithm. The results demonstrated a coding gain improvement of up to 15 dB at 10-3 BER.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEURAL NETWORK MODELS FOR THE PROBLEM OF SPEAKER RECOGNITION

The subject matter of the article are the neural network models designed or adapted for the problem of voice analysis in the context of the speaker identification and verification tasks. The goal of this work is to perform a comparative analysis of relevant neural network models in order to determine the model(s) that best meet the chosen formulated criteria, – model type, programming language of model’s implementation, parallelizing potential, binary or multiclass, accuracy and computing complexity. Some of these criteria were chosen because of universal importance, regardless of particular application, such as accuracy and computational complexity. Others were chosen due to the architecture and challenges of the scientific communication system mentioned in the work that performs tasks of the speaker identification and verification. The relevance of the paper lies in the prevalence of audio as a communication medium, which results in a wide range of practical applications of audio intelligence in various fields of human activity (business, law, military), as well as in the necessity of enabling and encouraging efficient environment for inward-facing audio-based scientific communication among young scientists in order for them to accelerate their research and to acquire scientific communication skills. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: criteria for models to be judged upon were formulated based on the needs and challenges of the proposed model; the models, designed for the problems of speaker identification and verification, according to formulated criteria were reviewed with the results compiled into a comprehensive table; optimal models were determined in accordance with the formulated criteria. The following neural network based models have been reviewed: SincNet, VGGVox, Jasper, TitaNet, SpeakerNet, ECAPA_TDNN. Conclusions. For the future research and practical solution of the problem of speaker authentication it will be reasonable to use a convolutional neural network implemented in the Python programming language, as it offers a wide variety of development tools and libraries to utilize.

An Overview on On-chip Network Routing Optimisation

As the number of cores in multi-core systems increases, bus-based systems face significant challenges in terms of scalability, average transmission latency and power consumption. In this context, on-chip networks emerged as a suitable communication architecture for System On Chip (SoC) based entirely on the communication ideas in computer networks and taking into account the characteristics of the system on chip in SoCs. With the introduction of on-chip networks, related research has been developed, such as on-chip network topology, communication quality of service, on-chip network routing algorithms, and on-chip network fault tolerance. He then introduces on-chip network routing algorithms and fault-tolerant routing algorithms from different perspectives, and finally points out the directions of fault-tolerant routing algorithms worthy of research.

Adaptive Multi-Robot Communication System and Collision Avoidance Algorithm for Precision Agriculture

In precision farming technology, the interest of the researchers has been focused on the applications of autonomous mobile robots for agricultural operations such as planting, inspection, spraying, and harvesting. However, each autonomous robot generally performs a single agricultural task. In this context, complete autonomy in precision farming can be achieved by using coordinated multi-robot systems that can easily and safely cooperate to accomplish agricultural tasks. The efficiency of the multi-robot system depends on the number of robots, the size of the robots, the distance between each robot, the instant location and heading angle of the robots, and the size of the farmland. This paper describes the development of wireless Robot to Robot (R2R) communication system architecture and the collision avoidance algorithm for multi-robot precision farming applications. The developed system uses the fusion of a digital compass and GPS receiver for wirelessly broadcasting the spatial and temporal data of the mobile robots through WiFi. In this study, WiFi broadcasting was chosen for reasons such as the advantages of long wireless signal range and strength, not being easily affected by weather and dust, low cost, and so on. The proposed system realizes the real-time wireless broadcasting of the mobile robot information for eliminating the collision of mobile robots and improving the level of safety management. The results show that the system has flexible, reliable, and adaptable solution, and thus can increase the efficiency of the multi-robot system in precision farming applications.

Optimization of Real-Time Data Flow of Computer Distance Education in Higher Vocational Colleges Based on 6G-Like Communication System Architecture

Optimization of Real-Time Data Flow of Computer Distance Education in Higher Vocational Colleges Based on 6G-Like Communication System Architecture

Design, realization and characterization of a free-floating platform for flexible satellite control experiments

Experimental verification of numerical models is a key aspect in all scientific and technological disciplines, yet space systems can be particularly hard to test on ground: in fact, a terrestrial mock-up replicating the orbital dynamics should be in a microgravity environment. One of the most common approaches to (at least partially) realize this condition, consists in free-floating systems, in which the friction between an experimental platform and the working surface is almost completely removed. The vertical axis is still subject to gravity, and only 3° of freedom (two horizontal translations and one rotation about the vertical axis) are available to replicate the orbital behavior.Our research group had been developing since 2012 a free-floating platform named PINOCCHIO (Platform Integrating Navigation and Orbital Control Capabilities Hosting Intelligent Onboard). The need to investigate with higher accuracy the attitude control problem for flexible satellites called for the design, realization and characterization of a new platform with enhanced performance.This paper describes the main components of the system, including the pressure air system, the navigation and communication system, the Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) architecture and relevant hardware. The attention is specifically on the characterization of the subsystems' performance. The physical (mass, moment of inertia), control (thrusters’ torque and force) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) characteristics are experimentally measured with the associated uncertainty level. The accuracy of the external metrology system in static and dynamic conditions is also characterized, obtaining a 100 μm-level resolution for external measurement of rigid and elastic displacements; this information is fundamental for performing tests of fine pointing control algorithms for flexible and agile satellites.The proposed characterization methodology and associated results could be of interest for university and industry laboratories intended to develop new free-floating platforms.

On the Feasibility of Remote Driving Applications Over mmWave 5G Vehicular Communications: Implementation and Demonstration

This paper presents a study conducted for the feasibility validation of a remote driving application, which is one of the use cases of 5G Vehicle-to-everything (V2X), over millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G New Radio (NR) vehicular communications. First, the overall network architecture of a typical mmWave 5G NR communication system and design details of essential system components for remote driving applications are provided. Then, we discuss key technologies, including beam switching, automatic gain control, uplink transmit power control, and hybrid automatic repeat request with soft combining, enabling the system to offer reliable communication links for remote driving support. Lastly, we describe the implementation and deployment of testbeds and provide the experimental results obtained from field trials. The field trial results reveal that leveraged by the key enabling technologies and mmWave providing a wider spectrum and shortened latency, the mmWave 5G NR vehicular communication system has the capability to provide broadband, reliable, and low-latency communication links for the realization of remote driving applications, which eventually paves the road towards expanding the applicability of mmWave communication systems.

Improved flat mobile core network architecture for 5G mobile communication systems

The current mobile network core is built based on a centralized architecture, including the S-GW and P-GW entities to serve as mobility anchors. Nevertheless, this architecture causes non-optimal routing and latency for control messages. In contrast, the fifth generation (5G) network will redesign the network service architecture to improve changeover management and deliver clients a better Quality-of-Experience (QoE). To enhance the design of the existing network, a distributed 5G core architecture is introduced in this study. The control and data planes are distinct, and the core network also combines IP functionality anchored in a multi-session gateway design. We also suggest a control node that will fully implement the control plane and result in a flat network design. Its architecture, therefore, improves data delivery, mobility, and attachment speed. The performance of the proposed architecture is validated by improved NS3 simulation to run several simulations, including attachment and inter- and intra-handover. According to experimental data, the suggested network is superior in terms of initial attachment, network delay, and changeover management.

СТРАТЕГІЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ АПАРАТНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНФОКОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ РАДІОМЕРЕЖ

Technologies for building telecommunication systems and networks based on 6G technology, which will be able to provide access to new functionality and information services using innovative wireless technologies and artificial intelligence methods, are considered. At the same time, information communication systems based on 6G are characterized by new functional parameters and devices, in particular, a new spectrum, new channels, new materials, new antennas, new computing technologies and new end devices, taking into account the possibility of simultaneous use of the THz range for communication and the scanning process. The operation of communication and scanning systems in new high-frequency ranges based on new materials and antennas is based on the application of silicon photonics, photonic crystals, heterogeneous, reconfigurable, photoelectric and plasmonic materials. At the same time, there is also a need to use new types of antennas for the THz frequency ranges. This is especially important, because due to significant transmission losses in the THz range, antennas are significantly different from conventional antennas that are connected to radio frequency systems via coaxial cables or microstrip lines. Given that Moore's law will soon lose its relevance, research into new computing technologies, such as computing based on artificial intelligence structures and quantum computing, has begun. The key indicators of the effectiveness of future telecommunication terminal devices as part of 6G information communication radio networks are considered and their functional capabilities are determined. The study of the architecture of terahertz communication systems was carried out using two different approaches to the construction of hardware: electronic, where radio frequencies are multiplied up to THz; and photonic, where optical frequencies are divided up to THz. It has been determined that most of such systems and networks are used for communication over short distances inside premises due to high atmospheric attenuation in the THz range. The prerequisites for achieving higher characteristics due to the addition of new materials to the silicon chip, such as photonic crystals, photovoltaic elements and plasma surfaces, are considered. As a result, new on-chip and in-body antenna designs, along with compact lens technology such as RIS, can provide more accurate implementation of the desired antenna characteristics, as well as reduce system size. Opportunities to use new communication and visualization methods have been identified, but implementation of terahertz systems based on electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics will depend on the usage scenario and operating frequencies.

An improved signal detection algorithm for a mining-purposed MIMO-OFDM IoT-based system

<abstract> <p>The coal mine internet of things (IoT) communication system is used for real-time monitoring of mining production to ensure the safety and reliability of personnel and equipment in the mine. To eliminate multipath fading in the process of wireless communication in mines, multiple-output multiplexing (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technologies are introduced. In this paper, a wireless communication system architecture of IoT in mining based on MIMO-OFDM is constructed. Aiming to solve the problems of intersymbol interference and frequency selective fading at the receiver, an improved minimum mean square error ordered successive interferences cancellation (MMSE-OSIC) signal detection algorithm is proposed. First, the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio of the received signal is calculated and the calculation results are sorted. The lowest signal-to-noise ratio is selected as the weakest signal layer. Then, the MMSE-OSIC algorithm is used to extract all of the signals, except the weakest layer. Finally, a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm is used to traverse the whole signal domain; the signal symbol with the smallest distance from the weakest signal layer is found as the original signal of the weakest signal layer, and it is combined with the signal detected by MMSE-OSIC; then, the final signal detection result is obtained. The simulation results show that, compared with three benchmark algorithms, the proposed MMSE-OSIC algorithm has better signal detection performance under the conditions of different modulation methods and different channel numbers.</p> </abstract>

RESEARCH OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF INFOCOMMUNICATION NETWORKS 6G

The work presents the results of research into 6G technology, which will allow integrating all types of access in one mobile phone, ensuring smooth switching between services. New options for the use of mobile networks, such as sensing and artificial intelligence, are considered, which form new indicators of the quality of the information service – the resolution of sensing and the probability of output. For new applications, the prospects for further research into related indicators, such as flexibility and scalability to support own artificial intelligence services and network reliability level, are considered. Prospects for the development of electronic health care based on mobile communication systems with increased requirements for reliability, availability, security and confidentiality are considered. A platform for aerial mobility of various high-resolution sensors and cameras for various industries based on unmanned aerial vehicles has been investigated. The fundamental energy limitations of calculations related to information processing, which are an important step on the way to the successful deployment of 6G wireless networks, are considered. In the design of next-generation wireless communication networks, it has been determined that traditional AI optimization algorithms (such as federated learning) usually consider the bandwidth or delay of wireless connections as a weight for distributed multiprocessor data exchange, without considering the power energy bounds between different devices in different regions. This ambiguous consideration of AI energy limitations or power costs may lead to a large divergence between the design of a wireless network and the actual deployment of AI in the future. For this reason, equal importance must be attached to green AI and green communications. Therefore, when designing the architecture of the 6G information communication system, it is necessary to fully consider the impact of artificial intelligence models, algorithms and equipment on energy consumption to provide economic benefits to customers with corresponding operating costs of the system. The peculiarities of providing users with access to Internet services at any time through the same device regardless of their location, which is one of the ultimate goals of creating effective wireless networks, are discussed. The proposed concept of green AI called Oncefor-All (once and forever), according to which it is proposed to train an information communication network with further specialization during deployment will allow for efficient logical implementation on many devices, taking into account the given resource constraints. At the same time, terrestrial and non-terrestrial 6G networks will be fully integrated at the system level, ensuring the convergence of services, radio interfaces, networks and user devices. By organically combining these two access environments into one converged multi-layer heterogeneous network covering the entire globe, 6G technology will provide users with the same service. Ensuring the global delivery of mobile services will be an important aspect of the development of the 6G network.

Analog Feedback Communication System with Receive Diversity and MRC

This study investigates the analog feedback communication system (AFCS) architecture considering Rayleigh fading channel model and receive diversity maximum ratio combining (MRC). This architecture employs a power-efficient transmitting unit, an estimator at the receiver side and iterative algorithm that minimizes the mean square error (MSE). Using the feedback channel, the estimated received sample is fed back to the transmitter. The performance of AFCS with the Rayleigh fading channel model is evaluated using MSE optimization. The investigation revealed that when compared to a single input single output AFCS system, the diversity-enabled AFCS system achieves negligible MSE in fewer iterations. MSE of order 10 −3 is achieved by 6 receive antennas with MRC in only 4 iterations at 0dB channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compared to a single input single output AFCS system that requires more than 10 iterations to achieve the same order of MSE.

What You Should Know About Next Generation 6G Mobile Technology

The fifth generation (5G) mobile communication technology though, is being deployed in various parts of the world to improve the wireless systems in terms of infrastructure and quality of services, in view of mobile communication history, the 5G may be unable to handle the deluge mobile network traffic of the future digital society. In general, new wireless technologies are introduced every 10 years, and services mature every 20 years, and therefore sixth generation (6G) mobile communication technologies, which have a great potential to impact on the market, are expected to be commercialized around 2030. In order to secure technological leadership in mobile communication, which is an essential infrastructure for everyday life and industrial sites, advanced countries around the world have begun to develop 6G technology. The expected main features of the 6G technology include: providing 10 to 100 times more performance than 5G, maximizing performance by utilizing the terahertz band which was not utilized by existing communication networks before, use artificial intelligence techniques for smart networking, and combining the previously isolated technologies. This paper provides an overview on the profile, advancements, implications, architecture, expected applications, and challenges of the futuristic 6G wireless communication systems described by innovative researchers and major global organizations.

Performance analysis of Heterogeneous Cloud-Radio Access Networks: A user-centric approach with network scalability

Heterogeneous cloud-radio access network (HC-RAN) is a very promising network architecture for future generation wireless communication systems. The centralized computation of HC-RAN provides flexibility to coordinate multi-point (CoMP) transmission of remote radio heads (RRHs). These RRHs can cooperatively form static or dynamic clusters which are network-centric or user-centric to serve the user equipment (UE). To meet the demands of future generation wireless networks, the user-centric approach is gaining much attention, especially in dynamic clustering. In dynamic user-centric CoMP, a set of overlapped clusters can cooperate dynamically to serve UEs. In a large network, the main challenge is the scalability of the computational complexity and fronthaul load with the increase of the number of UEs. To address this, we developed a scalable user-centric HC-RAN by utilizing dynamic cooperation clustering (DCC) framework. We presented an algorithm for joint user association, resource allocation, and cluster formation. We derived the expressions for different combining and precoding vectors to satisfy the scalability condition. We evaluated the performance of the scalable user-centric HC-RAN in terms of the achievable rate per UE at two different levels of cooperation with imperfect channel state information (CSI). The performance of the derived schemes is nearly optimal compared to the unscalable benchmark schemes and the ideal scalable system.