Communication Protocols Research Articles

Communicating a cancer diagnosis using a human centered design approach.

229 Background: Anticipating and getting "the call" communicating a cancer diagnosis is reportedly one of the most stressful times in a person’s life. If not pre-scheduled patients are often in unfortunate locations, doing distractive activities and are with unsympathetic companions. Additionally, patients ask for a single point of contact, impactful resources, and immediate next steps and appointments scheduling. Methods: Pilot/Study: 120 breast cancer patients: Control group: 30 positive, 30 negative DX Test group: 30 positive, 30 negative DX Test approach: co-designed with 10 patients, 5 physicians and 5 staff. Interviews: 7 care team roles. Data collection: customized patient interview assessment tool. Steady State: sustaining work done. Conducted: January 2019 through December 2022. Evaluation Methods -11 tests: t-Tests, One-Way ANOVA, and Capability. Changes Made: call be at a pre-scheduled time delivered by ongoing point of contact offering immediate next steps and appointment scheduling offering meaningful support and resources delivered with deep empathy/compassion. Results: The project was highly successful based on the results it achieved. Results: Improved by 64% (original goal of 30%) the composite measure of care satisfaction of patients receiving a breast cancer diagnosis call in Kaiser Permanente Maui, Hawaii. Composite: 1) 61% improvement in “satisfaction with your circumstance”, 2) 63% improvement in “satisfaction with the conversation”, and 3) 70% improvement in “feeling supported” using a local measurement tool. Conclusions: The 64% improvement in the patients' experience for cancer diagnosis communication was accomplished by understanding the needs of the patients and care team, establishing new communication protocols and resources, and ensuring the process empowered patients. The study showed that both patients and care teams want a communication process that included the elements in the test approach. This project was deemed a Kaiser Permanente best practice and is in consideration for spread. Improved by 64% (goal was 30%) the composite measure of care satisfaction of patients receiving a breast cancer diagnosis call in Kaiser Permanente Maui, Hawaii. Breast Cancer Diagnosis Communication - Key Improvement Metrics: Control Group Test Group Outcome Measure: the composite measure improvement 64% of care satisfaction of patients receiving a DX Results Call 2.39 3.93 Composite Measure 1: 61% improvement in “satisfaction with your circumstance” 2.35 3.78 Composite Measure 2: 63% improvement in “satisfaction with the conversation” 2.50 4.07 Composite Measure 3: 70% improvement in “feeling supported” 2.33 3.95 Process Measure: the error rate over time had a statistically significant difference between the Control and Test groups 30.3 8.90 Balancing Measure: Negative result patients have a similar experience as the Positive result patients No significant difference No significant difference

Standardized research on multifunctional beacon multi-sensor data acquisition and transmission

Abstract This paper discusses the research on the standardization of data acquisition and transmission for multifunctional beacon systems. The multifunctional beacon system integrates various types of sensing devices and can provide real-time, comprehensive and accurate marine environment and navigation information for ships and shore-based users. However, the system currently faces challenges such as non-uniform data formats and communication protocols, low hardware standardization and integration, and data and network security risks. In order to solve these problems, this paper puts forward the solution of “standard terminal for data acquisition and transmission”, which achieves the compatibility of equipment interface, unified data format, and reliable information security. It lays the foundation for the standardization of multi-purpose beacon system. Through modular design and standardized packaging, the performance, reliability and efficiency of the hardware of multi-purpose beacons are improved, the development and maintenance costs are reduced, and the flexibility of the system is enhanced. The “Standard Terminal for Data Acquisition and Transmission” is applied to the multi-purpose beacon system, and interfaces and integrates with the existing “Operation Management System for Navigation Guarantee” to realize a unified platform for multi-purpose beacons. This research helps to promote the formulation of multi-purpose beacon data format and communication protocol standards at the national or industrial level, provides important reference for the formulation of international standards, and is of great significance in promoting the standardized development and application promotion of multi-purpose beacon technology.

Full of sound and fury.

The subject of noise in the operating theatre was recognized as early as 1972 and has been compared to noise levels on a busy highway. While noise-induced hearing loss in orthopaedic surgery specifically has been recognized as early as the 1990s, it remains poorly studied. As a result, there has been renewed focus in this occupational hazard. Noise level is typically measured in decibels (dB), whereas noise adjusted for human perception uses A-weighted sound levels and is expressed in dBA. Mean operating theatre noise levels range between 51 and 75 dBA, with peak levels between 80 and 119 dBA. The greatest sources of noise emanate from powered surgical instruments, which can exceed levels as high as 140 dBA. Newer technology, such as robotic-assisted systems, contribute a potential new source of noise. This article is a narrative review of the deleterious effects of prolonged noise exposure, including noise-induced hearing loss in the operating theatre team and the patient, intraoperative miscommunication, and increased cognitive load and stress, all of which impact the surgical team's overall performance. Interventions to mitigate the effects of noise exposure include the use of quieter surgical equipment, the implementation of sound-absorbing personal protective equipment, or changes in communication protocols. Future research endeavours should use advanced research methods and embrace technological innovations to proactively mitigate the effects of operating theatre noise.

Dynamic pricing‐based integration for non‐cooperative ubiquitous sensing and communication network

AbstractAs 5G and early‐stage network technologies mature, a wealth of data and experience is accumulated. The ubiquitous sensing and communication network (USCN) can leverage these existing communication infrastructures to maximize resource utilization and reduce the costs of redeployment through integration with modern 6G and beyond 6G networks. However, implementing future integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) functions in USCN may possess different hardware capabilities and communication protocols, presenting significant challenges. This is due to the lack of a unified framework for managing and optimizing these heterogeneous resources, as well as the absence of reasonable performance metrics. This letter proposes a dynamic pricing coordinated resource allocation (DPCRA) mechanism to realize the emerging ISAC in legacy USCNs. The DPCRA is designed to optimize the spectrum efficiency (SE) of USCN and manages resource interactions between heterogeneous devices through price variables, thereby resolving resource conflicts and deadlocks. The novelties include: (1) employing a price mechanism to foster resource cooperation in non‐cooperative networks; (2) introducing an SE metric incorporating an information similarity factor for optimization; (3) dynamically selecting resources to enhance SE. Simulations demonstrate that the DPCRA effectively resolves device deadlock while maintaining high SE levels, promoting device collaboration.

Fuzzing drones for anomaly detection: A systematic literature review

Drones, also referred to as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are becoming popular today due to their uses in different fields and recent technological advancements which provide easy control of UAVs via mobile apps. However, UAVs may contain vulnerabilities or software bugs that cause serious safety and security concerns. For example, the communication protocol used by the UAV may contain authentication and authorization vulnerabilities, which may be exploited by attackers to gain remote access over the UAV. Drones must therefore undergo extensive testing before being released or deployed to identify and fix any software bugs or security vulnerabilities. Fuzzing is one commonly used technique for finding bugs and vulnerabilities in software programs and protocols. This article reviews various approaches where fuzzing is applied to detect bugs and vulnerabilities in UAVs. Our goal is to assess the current state-of-the-art fuzzing approaches for UAVs, which are yet to be explored in the literature. We identified open challenges that call for further research to improve the current state-of-the-art.

IEC104 protocol-based substation data upload IoT cloud platform implementation

Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) has been developing rapidly under the background of Internet technology, and the most crucial part of its realization is the unified collection and access of heterogeneous data from multiple sources across networks and regions. For the access of substation system data, this paper designs a scheme to read data from IEC 60870-5-104 protocol and upload the data to IOT cloud platform by converting the data to data format supported by Kafka protocol, solving the problem of incompatibility between communication protocols, obtaining data from 104 secondary stations by connecting to them, parsing and processing the data in different formats, and converting the data to JSON format by processing and sending it to the IOT cloud platform. The data is converted into JSON format through processing and sent to the Kafka server, and the cloud platform obtains its data by subscribing to the corresponding topics. This approach makes substation data access more convenient, and efficiently and effectively saves the cost of hardware gateway, solves the incompatibility and interoperability between the underlying equipment access protocol and the cloud platform communication protocol, and builds a bridge for the remote transmission of the underlying equipment data of the Industrial Internet of Things.

Dual-Signature Blockchain-Based Key Sharing Protocol for Secure V2V Communications in Multi-Domain IoV Environments

Dual-Signature Blockchain-Based Key Sharing Protocol for Secure V2V Communications in Multi-Domain IoV Environments

AnonMAKE: Toward Secure and Anonymous Mutually Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol for Vehicular Communications

AnonMAKE: Toward Secure and Anonymous Mutually Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol for Vehicular Communications

A measurement-device-independent quantum secure digital payment

In contemporary society, digital payment systems are crucial, yet vulnerable to security breaches. Based on the principles of quantum physics, quantum digital payment (QDP) protocols offer a theoretically superior security paradigm compared to those reliant on computational complexity. Nevertheless, those QDP protocols in practice are frequently compromised by imperfections in measurement devices, facilitating valuable information interception by malicious entities. Addressing this vulnerability, we propose a measurement-device-independent quantum secure digital payment (MDI-QSDP) protocol, designed to enhance security in digital payment systems by eliminating side-channel attacks on measurement devices. This protocol extends the framework of a novelly developed measurement-device-independent quantum secure communication (MDI-QSC) protocol, which supports secure dialogic exchanges without prior key sharing. Utilizing the proposed MDI-QSC protocol, participants can not only engage in secure direct communication but also establish a private key for subsequent encrypted interactions. Our MDI-QSDP protocol incorporates a robust authentication mechanism, ensuring that only legitimate participants can initiate transactions, thereby bolstering security. A comprehensive security analysis of the proposed protocol demonstrates its resilience against identity theft, information leakage, and other potential security breaches. Furthermore, simulations employing practical experimental parameters validate the protocol’s applicability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios, thereby confirming its potential to significantly enhance the security of future quantum digital payments.

Development of a wireless smart sensor system and case study on lifting risk assessment

With the widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing concepts across industries, sensor development, system integration, and data analysis have become important aspects of efficient manufacturing operations. In addition to monitoring the performance of machines, significant importance is given to human condition monitoring in factories, using body-worn sensors to ensure the well-being of workers and for injury prevention. This research presents the development of a body-worn sensor system capable of sampling acceleration and rotation data up to 400 Hz and wirelessly transmitting the data over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Further, the communication protocols for data acquisition, data communication within the device, Real Time Operating System (RTOS) programming, and multi-threading are described. This system is designed in such a way that multiple devices can be connected to the Data acquisition (DAQ) system simultaneously, and data is collected from the sensors in a synchronized manner. This information is valuable for the wider adoption of sensor systems for human condition monitoring in industry. Lastly, to test the system’s capabilities, a case study of lifting risk assessment is presented, where data collected from the accelerometer and gyroscope are used to determine a relative estimate of the physical stress associated with a manual lifting task by using different machine learning (ML) algorithms. The case study highlights how sensor placement, feature extraction, and sensor types influence machine learning models. As the sensor system can perform computations on the edge, a framework to carry out real-time lifting risk assessment using lightweight algorithms and the most important data features is proposed.

A human-centered intelligent platform for holographic control and management of 3D printers

Under the wave of emerging human-centric concepts such as Industry 5.0 and Human-Centered Intelligent Manufacturing, Mixed Reality (MR) has emerged as a pivotal enabling technology with profound impacts on human–machine interaction. Simultaneously, the affordability of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printers has expanded their accessibility beyond industrial applications to homes and public spaces. However, the operational and management complexities of different 3D printers and their varying human–machine interfaces (HMI) present challenges for users, especially beginners. In this paper, we presented a human-centered intelligent platform for FDM 3D printer control and management enabled by Mixed Reality. A flexible system architecture is developed in the paper with two essential communication protocols, MQTT and WebSocket, for stable data transfer. In addition, a task-oriented HMI is explored on the MR headset to simplify the operation procedure with little training effort and allow parallel supervision of multiple machines. By leveraging the advantages of our architecture, real-time monitoring, failure detection, and hologram visualization were able to be integrated into our platform for intelligent operation and management. Importantly, the flexibility of the architecture via a holographic interface enables our platform to easily expand to various machining operations in the future.

Design and experiment of coconut picking robot with climbing

Due to the height of coconut trees and the high risks associated with manual picking, there is a severe shortage of labor in the coconut picking industry in Hainan. To address this issue, a coconut picking robot was designed and constructed. In this study, the robot was mainly composed of tree climber and 3 degree of freedom (DoF) manipulator. The robot integrated two functions of tree climbing and coconut picking. The 3D model of the picking robot was designed through SOLIDWORKS. Furthermore, the statics and dynamics simulation of the robot were implemented through ANSYS and ADAMS. With STM32 as the core, an embedded remote control system based on CAN bus communication protocol was developed. And a multi-channel remote controller handle was used to control the robot to realize tree climbing and coconut picking. According to the test results, the robot could successfully climb trees up to 13.42 m tall. The average climbing time of coconut picking robot on 10 coconut trees was 152.3 s, and the average picking time was 222.1 s. Specifically, for coconut trees with height ranging from 7.03 m to 11.5 m, inclination ranging from 78° to 90° and diameter ranging from 21.08 cm to 30.20 cm, the average climbing time of the coconut picking robot was 147.7 s. The average climbing time for the remaining trees was 162.9 s. For the above types of trees, the robot could climb to the top of the trees more quickly, demonstrating better climbing performance. This study provides technical support for mechanized coconut picking and will inspire the development of coconut picking robots.

Overview of Mobile Cloud Computing: Learning Prospects, an Essentiality to Realism of the Digital World

This paper has been worked on the relational significance of ‘Cloud Computing’ as a newer innovation of the digital world is a supportive system that enhancing the storage capacity of resources and data as needed by individuals who believes in its usage. Most effectively, the new concept ‘Cloud Computing’ has been designed to strengthen the network of communication transfer much faster and safer with more storage possibilities. The framework of this identity enables integrated systems to create a wider scenario of computer’s working space to equip effective processes of mobile cloud computing. The trends of this new technology is most favored among all groups of people and in different organizations as it provides security and privacy for the information stored. The paper explicates on the efficiency and efficacy of cloud computing with its potential usage. The necessity of such a service serves the background of necessity in the globalized digitized scenario. It also will investigate the current state of mobile cloud computing security and privacy, with a focus on the risks and vulnerabilities associated with this technology. It also discusses potential solutions and best practices for protecting mobile cloud users and their data that will give the asset to findings identified. This paper proposes several measures including secure communication protocols, strong authentication mechanisms, data encryption and user awareness with linked deliberation to education. In conclusion, it is clear that Cloud Computing is an innovative and evolving field and it requires a comprehensive approach to protect the users and their data for futurity which is the relevance to contribution from this paper.

Micro-milling digital twin for real-time tool condition monitoring

Micro-milling is a promising manufacturing process due to its wide material compatibility with work materials and ability to fabricate complex micro features. However, the monitoring of tool condition is challenging because of the stochastic wear behavior these micro tools exhibit, which can drastically change due to instances of tool chipping. This paper presents the development of a high-fidelity digital twin of a micro-milling machine. High throughput data communication over OPC UA was used to communicate instantaneous sensor data to a high-performance computer. Using a trained deep learning model, we demonstrate real-time tool condition prediction over OPC UA. The deep learning model used was found to be in good agreement with post-machining tool wear measurements. The presented work highlights the importance of developing sound machine communication protocols and lays the foundation for integrating machine learning with micro-milling in real-time.

Performance evaluation framework of MQTT client libraries for IoT applications in manufacturing

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology in the field of manufacturing that enables real-time data communication and control of various industrial sensors and devices. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is one of the most popular communication protocols for IoT applications which offers lightweight, efficient, and reliable communication. There are several MQTT client libraries available for implementing MQTT communication for IoT applications. The selection of an appropriate client library can significantly impact the performance of an IoT application. This paper presents a performance evaluation framework for MQTT client libraries for IoT applications in the manufacturing industry. This paper aims to create a standardized virtual testing environment to compare the performance of different MQTT client libraries using various test conditions. It offers a structured and standardized methodology for evaluating performance aspects such as latency, scalability, and resource utilization. By systematically evaluating the performance of MQTT client libraries against these metrics, users can make informed decisions while selecting the most appropriate library for their IoT applications. The framework takes into consideration the unique requirements and constraints of manufacturing applications, such as the need for low-latency communication, secure data exchange, and compatibility with resource-constrained devices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the optimization of IoT applications in the manufacturing industry, facilitating the implementation of efficient, reliable, and scalable data communication.

Supporting critical downlink traffic in LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN, a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, has been successfully used in the Internet of Things (IoT) industry over the last decade. It is an easy-to-use, long-distance communication protocol combined with minimal power consumption. Supporting critical downlink traffic in LoRaWAN networks is crucial for ensuring the reliable and efficient delivery of essential data in certain actuating applications. However, challenges arise when prioritizing critical downlink traffic, including commands, alerts, and emergency notifications that demand immediate attention from actuating devices. This paper explores strategies to improve downlink traffic delivery in LoRaWAN networks, focusing on enhancing reliability, fairness, and energy efficiency through prioritization techniques and network parameter configurations in the EU868 spectrum. Theoretical as well as simulation results provide insights into the effectiveness of the available solutions for supporting critical downlink traffic in LoRaWAN networks.

Integrating machine vision in the development of automatic mounting system for massive electroplating components

Abstract The traditional industrial electroplating parts manufacturing process typically relies on manual labour to suspend them in the electroplating tank, requiring a significant amount of manual work. However, due to a shortage of manpower and frequent staff turnover, this has posed challenges to production efficiency. Therefore, this research proposes an automated mounting system by integrating machine vision technology and the development of robotic arms to replace the conventional manual suspension method. The automated mounting system initially separates individual ring-shaped electroplating components using a disk vibratory feeder. Subsequently, it utilizes a unidirectional reciprocating mechanism and infrared detection to position these electroplating components onto a backlit panel. Then, the IDS uEye XS2 autofocus camera captures images, and in conjunction with machine vision technology, rapidly determines the position, characteristics, and orientation of these ring components. Finally, through TCP communication protocol, commands for gripping points are transmitted to the robotic arm, which uses electromagnetic valves on the arm to pick up the components and suspend them onto the hanger using an optimized path. The final test results demonstrate that the automated installation system can complete 14 installation operations per minute, effectively reducing the time and cost associated with manual labour, significantly enhancing the production output of the assembly line. Therefore, this study combines machine vision technology to propose a solution for the automated installation system of large-scale electroplating components.

RETRACTION: Artificial Intelligence Framework‐based Ultra‐lightweight Communication Protocol for Prediction of Attacks in Internet of Things Environment

RETRACTION: M. Jammula, V. M. Vakamulla, and S. K. Kondoju, “,” Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 34, no. (2023): , doi:10.1002/ett.4680.The above article, published online on 15 November 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Changqiao Xu; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article was submitted as part of a guest‐edited special issue. Following publication, it has come to the attention of the journal that the article was accepted solely on the basis of compromised editorial handling and peer review processes. Furthermore, Figure 3 was found to have been sourced from a previous publication without clear attribution, and has been presented as a novel protocol. Therefore, the decision to retract this article was taken.

Are continuous stop-and-go mixnets provably secure?

This work formally analyzes the anonymity guarantees of continuous stop-and-go mixnets and attempts to answer the titular question. Existing mixnet based anonymous communication protocols that aim to provide provable anonymity guarantees rely on round-based communication models, which requires synchronization among all the nodes and clients that is difficult to achieve in practice. Continuous stop-and-go mixnets (e.g., Loopix and Nym) provide a nice alternative by adding a random delay for each message on every hop independent of all other hops and all other messages. The core anonymization technique of continuous mixnets combined with the fact that the messages are sent by the clients to the mixnet at different times makes it a difficult problem to formally prove security for such mixnet protocols; existing end-to-end analyses for such designs provide only experimental evaluations for anonymity and were lacking a comprehensive formal treatment. We are the first to close that gap and provide a formal analysis. We provide two indistinguishability based definitions (of sender anonymity), namely pairwise unlinkability and user unlinkability, tuned specifically for continuous stop-and-go mixnets. We derive the adversarial advantage as a function of the protocol parameters for the two definitions. We show that there is a fundamental lower bound on the adversarial advantage $\delta$ for pairwise unlinkability; however, strong user unlinkability (negligible adversarial advantage) can be achieved if the users message rate ($\lambda_u$) is proportional to message processing rate ($\lambda$) on the nodes.

ROAD value-based detection for GAE enhanced interference mitigation in LDACS.

The increasing volume of air traffic has placed significant stress on the current Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems, especially concerning the use of Very High Frequency (VHF) communication bands. As air traffic continues to grow, the limitations of the existing spectrum and infrastructure necessitate significant upgrades to ensure safety, efficiency, and capacity. The modernization of air traffic management systems has led to the development and introduction of the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS), a new communication protocol. LDACS is designed to operate alongside existing L-band systems, ensuring compatibility with legacy users. The coexistence of LDACS with legacy systems poses significant interference challenges, as any disruption in data retrieval can critically impact flight safety. This paper proposes four potential interference mitigation techniques that LDACS can employ to detect and reduce the primary source of interference: Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). The authors introduce a prototype LDACS receiver that uses Rank-Ordered Absolute Differences (ROAD) statistics for effective interference sensing and employs GAE-enhanced pulse peak processors to mitigate Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) interference. Unlike the current GAE-enhanced pulse peak processors, the proposed methods use ROAD value-based detection for identifying DME interference. The performance of the proposed methods - ROAD GAE enhanced Pulse Peak Attenuator (RGPPA), ROAD GAE enhanced Pulse Peak Limiter (RGPPL), ROAD joint GAE enhanced Pulse Peak Attenuator (RJGPPA), and ROAD joint GAE enhanced Pulse Peak Limiter (RJGPPL) is analyzed across different threshold ROAD values to determine their efficacy in various signal conditions. Moreover, the performance of the proposed methods is compared to existing methods such as conventional pulse blanking and GAE-enhanced nonlinear devices, which use the amplitude of the received signal for the detection of interference. Furthermore, the proposed method's performance is compared to another method, ROAD PB, which uses ROAD statistics to detect DME interference and pulse blanking for DME mitigation. The comparative results show that the proposed methods outperformed conventional pulse blanking and ROADPB. Besides, these methods outperformed existing GAE-enhanced methods for their optimum threshold ROAD value.