Communication Problems Research Articles

Localized density-based K-means UAV communication coverage algorithm for UV collaboration

In response to the problem of UAV-assisted communication, utilizing the characteristics of wireless ultraviolet with strong anti-jamming performance and good confidentiality, providing emergency communication services by covering ground users with UAVs as aerial base stations is crucial. A K-means clustering coverage algorithm based on the local density is proposed, which increases the connectivity term of UAVs on the basis of minimizing the squared error; secondly, the definition formula of the local density is proposed, and a heuristic decision function is used to determine the selection of the initial cluster center. The simulation results show that the initial coverage of the initial cluster center selected by the heuristic function is increased by 31.6%. Compared to the standard K-means algorithm and FSFDP algorithm, the coverage rate of the proposed algorithm in this paper is improved by 7.2% and 4.3%, respectively.

INFORMATION AND REALITY: PROBLEMS OF REFLECTION, PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION

The concept of information is related to fundamental philosophical questions: the relationship between being and thinking, truth and delusion, problems of communication in human society, problems of virtual reality, their connection with language, etc. The topic of information in its various aspects has recently become one of the most popular among scientists, publicists, journalists, and politicians. To date, there is a wide variety of definitions of the concept of “information”, however, there is no generally accepted understanding of the nature of information and the ways of its existence. On the basis of the semantic approach in the theory of information using semiotic methodology, the problem of the relationship and relationship between information and reality is considered; on this basis, the symbolic nature of information is analyzed, the problem of perception and interpretation of information by its recipients is investigated, the reasons and mechanisms of information distortion are analyzed. Information is considered as a sign, a representative of reality. There is always an uncertain, unstable, situational connection between signs and reality. There is a possibility of the existence of information in its pure form, without real events, which is not tied to real reality. Distortion is considered as a property of information; it is caused by the symbolic nature of information. The concept of “reality” is analyzed. Reality is largely a cultural construct, culture and society play a significant role in shaping perceptions of reality. Information becomes a model of reality, and at the same time information models reality. The concepts of “virtual reality” and “informational reality” are in use, which, in fact, are iconic constructions simulating reality.

Drugie życie silbo gomero – jak edukacja, turystyka i sztuka przyczyniły się do ocalenia gwizdanego języka z Gomery

THE SECOND LIFE OF SILBO GOMERO – THE CONTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION, TOURISM AND ART TO SAVING THE WHISTLED LANGUAGE OF THE ISLAND OF LA GOMERA Silbo gomero is a whistled language used by inhabitants of La Gomera (Canary Islands) and created before the arrival of Spanish settlers to overcome communication problems resulting from the deep ravines and narrow valleys that radiate through the island. The language, commonly used in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, declined in the 1950s–1980s due to economic migration, the growth of tourism and technological developments e.g. the telephone. Since the language was endangered in the late 1990s, revitalization efforts were generated at both community and governmental level. Nowadays, tourism is not a threat to silbo gomero; it’s seen as a great opportunity and as a generator of both employment and income. Unlike other islands in the archipelago, La Gomera focuses on natural resource-based tourism and cultural tourism and silbo gomero seems to be an ideal magnet for tourists looking for something more than the beach and the sun.

Pelatihan Pengelolaan Emosi pada Anggota Bintara Remaja di Polresta Surakarta

Teenage non-commissioned officers face several challenges in managing their emotions, which can hinder their ability to perform their duties optimally. One of the main challenges is lack of experience. As newcomers, young non-commissioned officers may not be used to dealing with various stressful, dangerous situations or involving interactions with the public. Emotion management training is expected to provide a number of important benefits for juvenile non-commissioned officers and the police institution as a whole. One of the main benefits is increased performance. To achieve the expected goals and benefits, the implementation of emotion management training must be carried out systematically and continuously. Training can begin with an introductory session on the importance of managing emotions, followed by practical training on communication skills, problem solving, and relaxation techniques. In addition, training should include simulations of real situations that youth NCOs may encounter, so that they can apply the skills learned in relevant contexts. Training evaluations must be carried out periodically to ensure that training objectives are achieved and the expected benefits can be felt. Evaluation can be done through knowledge tests, performance observations, and participant satisfaction surveys. Overall, this emotion management training provides short-term benefits in the form of reduced stress and improved performance, while also providing youth non-commissioned officers with skills that are crucial for their long-term careers in the police force. Thus, investment in the development of these skills not only improves operational efficiency but also supports the psychological well-being and professionalism of future police officers.

Quality of Life and Well-Being in Adults With Fontan Physiology: Findings From the Australian and New Zealand Fontan Registry Quality of Life Study.

To characterize global and health-related quality of life (QOL) among adults with Fontan physiology enrolled in the Australian and New Zealand Fontan Registry (ANZFR), and identify sociodemographic, clinical, psychological, and relational factors associated with outcomes. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 66 adults with Fontan physiology (58% women; mean age, 29.6±7.7 years; range, 18-50 years) completed validated self-report measures. Health-related QOL was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and global QOL was assessed using a visual analog scale (0-10). Participants reported lower total health-related QOL (P<0.001), as well as lower physical (P<0.001) and social (P=0.002) functioning compared with normative data. Median global QOL was 7.0 (interquartile range: 5.0-8.0) and most participants (71%) rated their QOL ≥6. For health-related QOL, age, sex, university education, and length of hospital stay in the past 12 months explained 27% of the variance in scores, while general psychological stress, medical traumatic stress, communication problems, and access to emotional support explained a further 44% of variance (final model: 71% of variance explained). For global QOL, sociodemographic and clinical factors explained 20% of the variance in scores, while psychological stress and sense of coherence explained a further 24% (final model: 44% of variance explained). Adults with Fontan physiology reported lower overall health-related QOL compared with community-based norms. Variance in QOL outcomes were predominantly attributable to psychological and relational factors. Tailored screening and assessment to identify Fontan patients at greatest risk of lower QOL, and a proactive approach to supportive care, are needed.

Research on a Vehicle-Mounted Emergency Communication System Using BeiDou Regional Short Message Communication (RSMC) for Firefighting Operations in Forest Areas without a Public Network

The low coverage of public networks in pristine forest areas prevents on-site firefighters from communicating directly with remote command centers during forest fires, reducing firefighting efficiency. In this study, we designed a vehicle-mounted emergency communication system Using BeiDou RSMC (Regional Short Message Communication) for firefighting operations in forest areas without a public network to establish a satellite communication network and Zigbee self-organizing network technology to establish a local self-organizing network. Beidou RSMC is a satellite communication service developed and operated independently by China, and its signals now cover the entire globe. The combination of these two components ensures emergency communication in the event of a fire in a forest area without public network coverage. The performance of the system was tested by simulating a fire, and it was able to establish a reliable communication link between the firefighters on the scene and the remote command center in the absence of a public network. The proposed system solves the emergency communication problem that arises when a fire occurs in a forest area without a public network, enabling the remote command center to monitor fire information and dispatch various resources in real time, thereby improving firefighting efficiency and reducing casualties.

Implementasi Project Based Learning dalam Pembelajaran Abad 21 pada Mata Kuliah Kesehatan Perempuan dan Perencanaan Keluarga

Education in Indonesia is experiencing development, students are required to compete in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 in the 21st century to be able to improve their abilities, namely collaboration, communication, creative and critical thinking and problem solving skills. So an effort is needed that can be applied to learning activities and one of them is through the application of the Project Based Learning learning model. This project-based learning is a learning strategy that empowers students to gain knowledge and understanding. The aim of this research is to increase student creativity through project-based learning to create teaching media to introduce the female reproductive organs and their functions. Classroom action research research design. The population of this research is all students taking women's health and family planning courses for the 2022-2023 academic year with a sample size of 13 odd semester (three) students. The data collection technique looks at activity during the lecture process and monitors the progress of projects carried out by students using observation assisted by instruments, namely written tests, performance tests and observation sheets. The results show an increase in learning outcomes in the category of students' thinking skills and creativity, which can be seen from the students' enthusiasm in completing the Teaching Aids for Introduction to Female Reproductive Organs project as well as presenting and publishing the results of their work. So it can be concluded that the application of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model can improve the learning outcomes of thinking skills and creativity of students at the Tahirah Al Baeti Bulukumba Midwifery Academy for the 2022/2023 Academic Year.

Attention-Based BiGRU Model for Real-time Sign Language Translation Applications

Sign language applications provide an important key to solving communication problems for deaf community and normal hearing people. Current research problem usually focuses on improving communication access between deaf and hearing people. In this study, we consider real-time communication context from deaf to hearing people, and thus we propose an attention-based bidirectional gated recurrent unit (A-BiGRU) model which demonstrates on trading-off among an precision performance, and computational efficiency which includes training time, testing time, and system resources on extended the American Sign Language Gloss (E-ASLG-PC12) dataset. The results shown that our proposal has a significant performance improvement in term of training time, testing time, system resources, comparing to attentionbased bidirectional long-short term memory (A-BiLSTM), and the other moderns of sequence to sequence models. Moreover, precision performance of our proposal model achieve closer to that of the complex architecture, A-BiLSTM. Thus, we believe that our proposed model is a suitable and potential candidate for real-time translation applications as well as and lower computational devices when they solve the communication problems from deaf to normal hearing people direction. Keywords– computational efficiency (CE), attention-based bidirectional gated recurrent unit (A-BiGRU), sign language translation applications (SLTA).

A joint communication and computation design for semantic wireless communication with probability graph

In this paper, the problem of joint communication and computation design for probability graph-based semantic communication over wireless networks is investigated. In the considered model, the base station (BS) extracts the compressed small-sized semantic data by removing redundant information based on the shared knowledge base between the transceivers. In particular, the knowledge base is represented as a probability graph, which summarizes the statistic relations of massive knowledge graphs. On the user side, the compressed information is accurately inferred on the basis of the same probability graph as the BS. Although this approach brings additional computation resource consumption for semantic information extraction, it effectively reduces communication resource consumption through the transmission of small-sized data. Both the communication and computation cost models are derived based on the inference process of the probability graph. Based on the formulated models, the problem of joint communication and computation resource allocation is proposed to minimize the total energy consumption of the network considering both latency and power limitations. To solve this problem, the closed-form solution of the transmission power is obtained with fixed semantic compression ratio. Then, an effective linear search-based algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal solution of the considered problem with low complexity. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system compared with the conventional non-semantic schemes.

Provision for Energy: A Resource Allocation Problem in Federated Learning for Edge Systems

The article explores an energy-efficient method for allocating transmission and computation resources for federated learning (FL) on wireless communication networks. The model being considered involves each user training a local FL model using their limited local computing resources and the data they have collected. These local models are then transmitted to a base station, where they are aggregated and broadcast back to all users. The level of accuracy in learning, as well as computation and communication latency, are determined by the exchange of models between users and the base station. Throughout the FL process, energy consumption for both local computation and transmission must be taken into account. Given the limited energy resources of wireless users, the communication problem is formulated as an optimization problem with the goal of minimizing overall system energy consumption while meeting a latency requirement. To address this problem, we propose an iterative algorithm that takes into account factors such as bandwidth, power, and computational resources. Results from numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can reduce energy consumption compared to traditional FL methods up to 51% reduction.

Does synthetic data augmentation improve the performances of machine learning classifiers for identifying health problems in patient-nurse verbal communications in home healthcare settings?

Identifying health problems in audio-recorded patient-nurse communication is important to improve outcomes in home healthcare patients who have complex conditions with increased risks of hospital utilization. Training machine learning classifiers for identifying problems requires resource-intensive human annotation. To generate synthetic patient-nurse communication and to automatically annotate for common health problems encountered in home healthcare settings using GPT-4. We also examined whether augmenting real-world patient-nurse communication with synthetic data can improve the performance of machine learning to identify health problems. Secondary data analysis of patient-nurse verbal communication data in home healthcare settings. The data were collected from one of the largest home healthcare organizations in the United States. We used 23 audio recordings of patient-nurse communications from 15 patients. The audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and manually annotated for health problems (e.g., circulation, skin, pain) indicated in the Omaha System Classification scheme. Synthetic data of patient-nurse communication were generated using the in-context learning prompting method, enhanced by chain-of-thought prompting to improve the automatic annotation performance. Machine learning classifiers were applied to three training datasets: real-world communication, synthetic communication, and real-world communication augmented by synthetic communication. Average F1 scores improved from 0.62 to 0.63 after training data were augmented with synthetic communication. The largest increase was observed using the XGBoost classifier where F1 scores improved from 0.61 to 0.64 (about 5% improvement). When trained solely on either real-world communication or synthetic communication, the classifiers showed comparable F1 scores of 0.62-0.61, respectively. Integrating synthetic data improves machine learning classifiers' ability to identify health problems in home healthcare, with performance comparable to training on real-world data alone, highlighting the potential of synthetic data in healthcare analytics. This study demonstrates the clinical relevance of leveraging synthetic patient-nurse communication data to enhance machine learning classifier performances to identify health problems in home healthcare settings, which will contribute to more accurate and efficient problem identification and detection of home healthcare patients with complex health conditions.

Paremiological material in teaching Russian in Arab audiences

Introduction. In the modern context of teaching Russian as Foreign Language, it is necessary to clearly understand the advantages and disadvantages of paremiological material in general and in the Arabic-speaking audience in particular. One of the advantages of paremiological units is their special national and cultural content, which makes them very attractive for teaching to foreign audiences. At the same time, the disadvantages include such characteristics of paremiological units as their etymology and structure, which complicate their understanding and correct use by foreign students. The problem of failed communication is incredibly acute in the 21st century. The paremiological fund of any language includes linguocultural and regional knowledge necessary for students studying a language for better communication with native speakers. The purpose of the article is to identify and highlight the beneficial aspects of using paremiological material in teaching Russian as Foreign Language at all stages of study. Materials and methods. This thesis uses a structural research method that allows to identify and analyze paremiological units from the point of view of their use in teaching Russian language. Also, the structural method allows to carry out the necessary analysis of Russian as foreign language teaching aids using paremiological material, which is necessary for this purpose. Research results. The study of modern research in the field of application of paremiological material in Russian as Foreign Language has shown that this issue remains relevant in linguistics and methods of teaching foreign languages in general and RFL in particular. An analysis of Russian proverbs from the point of view of their use as educational material in an Arabic-speaking audience has shown their enormous potential as a material for teaching, especially in the practice of increasing the linguistic and cultural competence of Arab students. Conclusion. Paremiological units are useful in creating phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and syntactic exercises. They can also be used to create regional studies exercises and creative assignments, which is extremely important when working with foreign audiences at advanced stages of education.

Experiences of adolescents affected by earthquakes: A qualitative study.

The aim of the study is to explore the experiences of adolescents affected by the earthquake. This study was carried out in a descriptive phenomenological design, which is a qualitative research method. This research was conducted as a qualitative investigation utilizing a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of 12 adolescents through the purposeful snowball sampling method. The interviews were conducted with adolescents who affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes in a city located in the west of the country, between March 18, 2023 and June 30, 2023. Semistructured interviews were employed, and the data underwent inductive content analysis. COREQ reporting guidelines were used. The participants in this study vividly recounted experiencing intense fear and panic during the earthquake. Subsequent challenges emerged from the lack of coordination in aid efforts, struggles to secure shelter and necessities, and the profound loss of relatives. These adversities posed considerable physical and psychological challenges. Notably, the adolescents' ability to reflect on their past lives and reshape their perspectives proved instrumental in facilitating their adaptation to a new life. However, witnessing the demise of loved ones, grappling with the fear of death and loss, and incessantly discussing the earthquake hindered their adjustment. We found that adolescents experienced the quakes in three phases: in the moment, postquake, and adaptation to new life. The first theme underscores the limitations of current effectiveness of quake training. This finding has important implications for policy to better prepare the adolescent population for quake disasters. The second theme reveals that the communication and coordination problems experienced after the earthquake enable the weaknesses of the system to be noticed and political steps should be taken in this direction. The third theme focuses on the factors that increase or decrease the psychosocial adaptation of adolescents who have experienced this traumatic experience to the new life. This provides important clues to improve and support adolescent health.

Global pharmaceutical care approaches to autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review protocol.

The aim of this review is to map the literary evidence on pharmaceutical care approaches and trends being seen globally for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD is a neurodevelopmental condition synonymous with sliding-scale behavioral, communication, learning, and social problems. Causes include genetic and environmental factors. Pharmaceuticals are prescribed to treat the behavioral patterns of ASD. This review will incorporate studies that report on the pharmaceutical care approaches used to treat the signs and symptoms of ASD as well as to identify the global trends related to their use. Studies not falling under the ASD umbrella will be excluded. All primary, secondary, and gray literature will be included. No language restrictions will be applied. Studies from January 1, 1984, will be included. This review will be conducted in line with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A preliminary search of MEDLINE (PubMed) will be followed by searches of Emcare (Ovid), Nursing and Allied Health Premium (ProQuest), and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts and extract data from selected sources. A third reviewer will adjudicate any conflicts until consensus is reached. The findings will be presented in a narrative summary with accompanying gap maps, figures, and tables. Open Science Framework https://osf.io/c234m.

Factors Deterred BA English Major Students’ Academic Achievements at Nangarhar University

Learning academic and professional English is essential for nonnative speakers. However, learning this international language is not as simple as students and teachers think in the EFL context. In Afghanistan, students study English language programs up to undergraduate and graduate levels. They join the programs to overcome written and oral communication problems, comprehend English text, and learn language-related issues such as linguistics, EFL research, and macro skills of the English language. The major purpose of this scientific study is to find the factors that challenge students from achieving academic success in BA English studies at Nangarhar University Moreover, it aims to identify appropriate strategies for implementing creative teaching approaches and their effects on undergraduate students’ academic achievement. This study was conducted through a systematic review of literature and individual interviews. Twenty-four senior and junior students were interviewed about levels of student engagement through semi-structured interviews. The participants pointed out factors such as lack of innovative teaching approaches, shortage of technological tools in the classroom, no or less motivation, outdated teaching materials, lesson extracurricular activities, and students’ weak English background as factors that deter learners from fluent speaking, critical reading, and creative writing. The scientific study found that creative teaching approaches develop critical thinking and help students to become autonomous learners which is important for academic achievement in undergraduate programs.

An Exploratory Study to Assess the Communication Pattern, Skills, Style and Problems of Communication among the Professional Nurses

Background: Effective communication is the key element in providing comprehensive high-quality nursing care to the patients. Aim: Aim of the study was to explore the pattern, skills, and style of communication among the professional nurses and the problems faced by the nurses during communication. Methodology: A quantitative research approach with exploratory descriptive design was used in this study. This study was done at selected hospitals of Saudi Arabia. Professional nurses were the population of the study. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used in this study. The investigators randomly selected the subjects proportionately from different hospitals of Arar Province. Nurses from selected hospitals of Arar Province were the sample of this study with the sample size of 100. Before starting the data collection process written permission was taken from the ethical committee and administrators of the hospitals. Informed written consent was taken from all the participants of the study. Through the structured questionnaire, the researchers collected the data from the subjects regarding socio-personal variables of professional nurse, pattern of communication, skills of the professional nurses needed for the communication, style of communication and the problems faced by the professional nurses during communication. The data were obtained from the sample through observation and interview. Throughout the study, the researchers maintained the confidentiality and anonymity of the subjects. Results: Analysis of the study depicts that 38 percent of the subjects were belongs to the age group of 20-30 years, but 16 percent of the samples were between the age group of 51-60 years. Majority (78 percent) of the samples were females whereas 22 percent of the subjects were males. About 46 percent of the subjects were Saudis, but 30 percent of the subjects were Indian nurses. Majority (79 percent) of the samples were B.Sc. nurses and 88 percent of the samples were staff nurses / nurse technicians. Majority (84 percent) of them were working under ministry of health hospitals of Saudi. Around 41 percent of the subjects were having the experience of 1-5 years, whereas 8 percent of the staffs were newly joined, they have no experience. Regarding pattern of communication, 39 percent of the Nurses were having very good pattern of communication, whereas 28 percent of the subjects were maintaining excellent pattern of communication with their clients. About 19 percent of the Nurses were having excellent skill in communication. More than fifty (57%) percent of the Nurses were having very good style of communication. About 25 percent of the participants were facing the communication problems of incivility and rude behaviour, whereas 19 percent were suffering from intimidation. Around 22 percent of the participants were the victims of humiliation. About 16 percent were suffering from physical violence but 18 percent nurses were the victims of bullying. There was a significant association between socio-personal variables and pattern, skills, style, and problems of communication among professional nurses, P&lt;0.05*. Hypothesis of the study revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between socio-personal variables and style of communication and problems faced by the professional nurses during communication. Correlation is significant at 0.05* level. Conclusion: This study recommends that effective communication improves productivity and promotes team-building among professional nurses.

Ethno-National Policy of Ukraine in the Context of National Security: Problems and Prospects [Polityka etniczno-narodowa Ukrainy w kontekście bezpieczeństwa narodowego: problemy i perspektywy

The process of national consolidation is closely related to the implementation of a consistent ethno-national policy in accordance with modern conditions. The integration of Ukraine into the European Union is impossible without the regulation of ethno-national development processes in accordance with the standards of the European Union. The effectiveness of the state’s ethno-national policy depends on the extent to which its principles and tasks reflect the ethno-national situation in the country, ensure the participation of civil society in the processes of regulating ethno-national relations. The legislation of Ukraine in the field of ethno-national policy was formed under the influence of internal international relations and international legislation. The analysis of the content of the national legislation shows that it enshrines fundamental international norms regarding the protection of national minorities, at the same time, it also has certain shortcomings: blurred provisions, lack of specification of basic terms, obsolescence of the legislative acts themselves, etc. New political realities require revision of most of the adopted legislative acts. Neglecting issues of ethno-national development carries the danger of turning the ethno-national factor from a cultural asset into a source of conflicts and contradictions, leading to the loss of the тational security and country’s territorial integrity. Unregulated relations between ethno-cultural groups aggravate the problems of inter-ethnic communication, create conflict situations, etc. The adoption of the Concept of the State target national and cultural program “Unity in Diversity” for the period until 2034, which was developed in close consultation with national minorities (communities) with the involvement of representatives of the European Commission, the Council of Europe, and embassies of ethnically related national minorities (communities) of Ukraine.

학교 부적응 청소년이 인식한 부모-자녀 의사소통에 관한 주관성 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the types and characteristics of subjective perceptions of parent-child communication experiences perceived by school maladjusted adolescents using the Q methodology. Methods For this purpose, a Q population was formed through prior research and interviews, and 33 Q samples were confirmed. And for purposive sampling, a P sample was selected from 30 middle and high school students who were being educated at an entrusted educational institution due to school maladaptive behavior, and principal component factor analysis was conducted using the classification process of the Q sample and the PC-QUANL program. Results As a result of the study, by applying Satir's communication model, the characteristics of each type were classified into four types : Type 1 is ‘congruent type’, Type 2 is ‘blaming type’, Type 3 is ‘placating type’, and Type 4 is ‘super-reasonable type’. The characteristics could be examined from the perspective of maladjusted youth. Conclusions This study examined the types and characteristics of subjective perception from the perspective of children on the subject of parent-child communication through the Q methodology. If research subjects(parent's perspective, etc.) and research area(school, friends, etc.) are expanded in the future, and related research results are integrated and subdivided by type, it is expected to serve as basic data for solving practical problems of adolescents' school maladjustment and dysfunctional communication.

Exploring the Barriers to Intercultural Communication among the Students at the University of Lahore

The aim of the study was to explore the barriers to intercultural communication among the students of The University of Lahore in Pakistan. The study was based on qualitative and quantitative research. The data was collected by conducting interviews, and questionnaires were circulated among the students of The University of Lahore. The research revealed that the students at The University of Lahore faced barriers in their intercultural encounters. The barriers mostly faced by the students were anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, language problems, stereotypes and prejudice, and misinterpretation of non-verbal communication. Ethnocentrism, one of the major barriers, was not faced by any student of the university. These problems in intercultural communication at the university occurred due to the different cultural, political, and historical backgrounds of the students. The strategies that help in making intercultural communication are acknowledging the differences, focusing on behavior, promotion of tolerance, and development of intercultural sensitivity.

Characteristics of Word-Finding Behaviors in Healthy Elderly Adults according to the Type of Spontaneous Speech Task

Objectives: Spontaneous speech is known to be a task that can efficiently assess communication problems in the healthy elderly adults. In this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in word-finding behaviors according to three types of spontaneous speech tasks (picture description, story telling, and topic telling) in healthy elderly adults. In addition, this study aimed to investigate the differences in word-finding behaviors by gender and age group in healthy elderly adults. Methods: One hundred sixty-seven healthy elderly adults were asked to perform three tasks: picture description, story telling, and topic telling. Word-finding behaviors were analyzed using global index and word reformulations, repetitions, empty words, time fillers, insertions, and delays. Results: First, the main effects of gender and task type were significant for the number of words, with women producing more utterances in topic telling. Second, the main effects of gender and task type were significant for global index, with males showing higher global index in topic telling. Third, men produced higher rates of word reformulations and repetitions than women in the word-finding behavior. Among the word-finding behaviors, the production rates of word reformulations, empty words, insertions, and delays were significant by task type, and the difference between age groups was significant only for empty words. Conclusion: This study is significant because it examined the differences in the rate of word-finding behaviors across types of spontaneous speech tasks and also analyzed differences across gender and age groups.