Bus Communication Research Articles

Application-Specific Tailoring of Multi-Core SoCs for Real-Time Systems with Diverse Predictability Demands

Embedded multi-core processors improve performance significantly and are desirable in many application-fields. This development, in particular, includes safety-critical real-time systems, which typically require a deterministic temporal behavior. However, even tasks without dependencies running on different cores can interfere due to, sometimes hidden, shared hardware resources, such as memory or communication buses. Consequently, only a pessimistic assumption of the worst-case execution time (WCET) that incorporates interference can be given. The desired performance gain therefore evaporates in the poor temporal analyzability. Safety-critical real-time systems are typically composed of multiple tasks with varying criticality levels and requirements on predictability and performance, respectively. In this paper, we present an approach that generates an application-specific, deterministic multi-core architecture for such mix-critical systems, thus eliminating the aforementioned hardware-induced interferences in the first place. Safety-critical tasks with stringent temporal requirements are mapped to dedicated Deterministic Execution Units (DEUs) while the remaining soft real-time tasks co-reside on a general purpose multi-core processor that offers performance over determinism. Just as well, predictable interconnections between DEUs are generated to satisfy dependencies and precedence constraints. Consequently, timing analysis for hard real-time tasks is significantly simplified, since interferences caused by shared resources and scheduling are finally eliminated. To show the benefits of our approach, an application-specific architecture for a flight controller was generated and compared to an ARM Cortex-A9 dual-core as a reference. Overall, we were able to significantly improve temporal properties of safety-critical tasks while preserving the overall performance for soft real-time tasks.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Real-time Endovascular Interventional Surgical Robotic System with High Accuracy.

Endovascular interventional surgery (EIS) is performed under a high radiation environment at the sacrifice of surgeons' health. This paper introduces a novel endovascular interventional surgical robot that aims to reduce radiation to surgeons and physical stress imposed by lead aprons during fluoroscopic X-ray guided catheter intervention. The unique mechanical structure allowed the surgeon to manipulate the axial and radial motion of the catheter and guide wire. Four catheter manipulators (to manipulate the catheter and guide wire), and a control console which consists of four joysticks, several buttons and two twist switches (to control the catheter manipulators) were presented. The entire robotic system was established on a master-slave control structure through CAN (Controller Area Network) bus communication, meanwhile, the slave side of this robotic system showed highly accurate control over velocity and displacement with PID controlling method. The robotic system was tested and passed in vitro and animal experiments. Through functionality evaluation, the manipulators were able to complete interventional surgical motion both independently and cooperatively. The robotic surgery was performed successfully in an adult female pig and demonstrated the feasibility of superior mesenteric and common iliac artery stent implantation. The entire robotic system met the clinical requirements of EIS. The results show that the system has the ability to imitate the movements of surgeons and to accomplish the axial and radial motions with consistency and high-accuracy.

Visualization of Skoda Instrument Cluster

Most signals in modern vehicles which are transmitted from sensors to control units or actuators are transmitted via bus. The most common automotive data bus is Controller Area Network(CAN). Some of transmitted signals are speed of the vehicle, engine speed and coolant temperature which are used for visualization of Skoda Octavia instrumental cluster. For this visualization, CAN BUS communication is filtered and processed, to obtain three message objects to observe required data. For data acquisition from bus is used modular system CompactRio with module for CAN BUS from National Instruments. The whole application is created in visual programming language LabVIEW using FPGA module.

Some issues of children’s mobility

Parents with young children are rarely target groups of actions in the area of transport policy. In terms of long-distance bus communication, it can be said that the travel potential of this group of passengers is not used. It is easier and more common to travel by car. Combined railway and regional bus transport tickets seems to be a particularly difficult subject even if this is a convenient solution for the passenger. In everyday trips in urban areas, children are accustomed to the fact that the car is used even for distances amounting to several hundred meters.

Design and Application of a High-Throughput Sample Processing Module Based on Magnetic Beads

One of key challenges in diagnosis of infectious diseases is collecting a large quantity of purified nucleic acids from pathogens immediately. To address this challenge, a high-throughput magnetic separation module and a heating and vibrating module were developed to optimize the operation of biological sample preparation (like nucleic acid extraction) on our home-built liquid handing system. Both of the two modules have 4 working locations for Biomolecular Screening (BS) standard labware, and three functions (magnetic separation, heating and vibrating) were elaborately integrated into the two modules. Each module has its own core control circuit and a unique interface port containing a 24 V DC power supply connector and a CAN bus communication connector. When equipping with the two modules, the home-built liquid handing system transformed into an integrated automatic sample preparation workstation. Performance evaluations were carried out on the two modules and finally a nucleic acid extraction of human's whole blood was carried out on the workstation. Results showed that the two modules could cooperate well with the liquid handing system, and the workstation exhibited its ability for high-throughput sample preparation.

Collecting method of slope monitoring data based on the centralized-distributed mode of measurement control

With lots of points, large range, wide distribution for slope monitoring, the centralized mode of monitoring was not only long in time consumption, low in efficiency for collecting signal with serial processing (polled mode), but also huge in disturbance among cables, decay in signal, serious in distortion, limited in precision, heavy in wiring workload and high in cost. The parallel-distributed mode of measurement control and the technology of serial communication RS485 are merged, the interface technology of supporting for multiple sensors, the signal collecting technology with photoelectric isolation, the automatic switching technology of the internal and external excitation source are used, the collecting method of slope monitoring data is carried out based on the centralized-distributed mode of measurement control and the corresponding design scheme of circuit is worked out. The serial processing is adopted in the signal collecting of sensor for the collector, the parallel processing is adopted among collectors, the bus communication is adopted between the collecting apparatus and the collector. Test and application shows that the method is simple in wiring, strongly universal in signal processing unit, freely arranged in signal collector, no limited in type of accessing sensor, low in cost. The method is short in time consuming, and it is high in precision. The method can be used in safety monitoring of slope projects for civil engineering, water conservancy, transportation, railway and so on.

Integrated 3-axis tactile sensor using quad-seesaw-electrode structure on platform LSI with through silicon vias

This paper reports a MEMS-on-LSI integrated tactile sensor for robot applications that has both fully differential capacitive 3-axis force sensing and signal processing in a single chip. The MEMS part is composed of a quad-seesaw-electrode structure that senses 3-axis force with fully differential capacitive detection. The LSI part is an original sensor platform LSI that enables signal processing and serial bus communication for various types of sensors. The sensor platform LSI was processed for the MEMS-on-LSI integration after fabrication in a semiconductor foundry; the additional processing formed 300-μm-deep annular-type through silicon vias (TSVs), a bonding ring, and sensor electrodes. By Au-Au thermocompression bonding of the fabricated MEMS and LSI parts, a 2.8-mm-square surface-mountable MEMS-on-LSI integrated tactile sensor was completed. A working test demonstrated that digital packet transmission through TSV and confirmed the working principle of 3-axis force sensing with fully differential capacitive detection. A fully integrated and fully differential 3-axis tactile sensor was achieved on a single chip.

Electrical Design and Evaluation of Asynchronous Serial Bus Communication Network of 48 Sensor Platform LSIs with Single-Ended I/O for Integrated MEMS-LSI Sensors.

For installing many sensors in a limited space with a limited computing resource, the digitization of the sensor output at the site of sensation has advantages such as a small amount of wiring, low signal interference and high scalability. For this purpose, we have developed a dedicated Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) Large-Scale Integration (LSI) (referred to as “sensor platform LSI”) for bus-networked Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS)-LSI integrated sensors. In this LSI, collision avoidance, adaptation and event-driven functions are simply implemented to relieve data collision and congestion in asynchronous serial bus communication. In this study, we developed a network system with 48 sensor platform LSIs based on Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in a backbone bus topology with the bus length being 2.4 m. We evaluated the serial communication performance when 48 LSIs operated simultaneously with the adaptation function. The number of data packets received from each LSI was almost identical, and the average sampling frequency of 384 capacitance channels (eight for each LSI) was 73.66 Hz.

Hardware Trojan Enabled Denial of Service Attack on CAN Bus

The trend of technological advances in the vehicle industry illustrates that future cars would have added functionalities with smart features, better connectivity and autonomous behaviour. These naturally involve a higher number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) being connected using existing conventional in-vehicle network protocols such as Controller Area Network (CAN). In this context, security of systems is now becoming a major concern while industry’s primary interest in the manufacturing of cars is reliability and safety. It is now in daily news that smart cars are being hacked due to weaknesses in their embedded electronics that provides ways of hardware attacks [1] [2].Hardware Trojan (HT) is the threat that has been recently recognised as one of the primary sources of backdoor access that enables hackers to attack systems. As trouble, HT remains silent until a rare function/event triggers it for activation. This paper contributes to the challenge of demonstration of disruption in CAN buses raised from hidden Hardware Trojan. In this regard, it is presented how just a small size Hardware Trojan disrupts the CAN bus communication without an adversary having physical access to the bus. The attack is neither detectable via frame analysis, nor can be prevented via network segmentation; additionally, a rare triggering mechanism activates HT to process untraceable faults.

GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND CONTROL: STATE OF THE ART AND CURRENT TRENDS

This paper reviews the recent developments and implementations for greenhouses facilities, focusing on recent progress regarding greenhouse environment monitoring and control with many available application examples. State of the art and current trends concerning the main parts of the greenhouse environment automation are discussed: i) greenhouse climate models, ii) wireless sensor networks, iii) remote monitoring/command and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, iv) image processing. The greenhouse engineering covers multi-disciplinary approach, engineering and economics, and for final success and sustainability, social and political support must also be achieved. Greenhouse complex nonlinear coupled climate and biological models are discussed with high importance in greenhouse optimal control solutions. Greenhouse monitoring and control applications using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ZigBee modules, GPRS data transmission, and CAN bus communication are presented and classified, highlighting the communication specific benefits. Remote monitoring/command and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are analyzed and classified offering to users the following advantages: local and remote visualizations of process data, access to process set-points, optimal control strategies, database data recording, report generations and alarm management. Image processing is another development direction for greenhouse facilities, with promising results for insect monitoring, chlorophyll content estimation, identification, classification and harvesting of fruits. The analysis and classification in appropriate categories of recent contributions, using significant application examples referred in the paper, offers a vision for the greenhouse environment monitoring and control based on modern solutions and technologies, ideas for new applications and relevant research opportunities to optimize the greenhouse processes.

PROPOSAL OF THE MODULE FOR EXPERIMENTAL WORKPLACE BASED ON PLATFORM INDUSTRY 4.0

Urgency of the research. New modern trends in the cable industrial communication and exchange of data focus on implementation of new communication standards, protocols and reduced costs. Communication in every automation systems is crucial. Functions of these systems is very important for the correct function of automation system. Target setting. For designing sensor and actuator systems for automation and solving connection between different devices, developers solved this problem with standardized communication like technology IO-Link. This communication technology together with industrial bus create solution for modern communication with quantity of benefits like quick design and diagnostic, unified interface, cost and work reduction. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. To prepare this paper, we analyzed different solutions for communication between sensors and actuators, different control systems and mechanical solutions. We used knowledge from our previous experiments and choose optimal components and systems for our project. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. There are many different types of sensors, actuators, communication interfaces and industrial busses. This paper is insufficient to describe them all. That’s why we’ve only described those, which will be used. The research objective. This article describe the design of a machining module for the FESTO FMS 500 Modular Laboratory System. This module will be physically implemented as part of the revitalization and modernization of the FMS 500 laboratory system at the Department of Automation, Control and Human-Machine Interactions. The statement of basic materials. We follow the trends in industrial automation and the requirements of the 4th Industrial Revolution. This is reason why we use IO-Link technology in combination with Profinet bus for communication with sensors and actuators. Conclusions. The main objective of this article is to approach the design of the Machining Module with Industry 4.0 elements for the Modular Production System FMS 500. This design describe the individual components which will be used. The functions and purpose of the module are also describe, as well as its functional capabilities in terms of diagnostics.

高密度模块化TDI CCD成像系统设计

In order to improve the high density assembly technology of remote sensing camera, a high density TDI CCD imaging system was designed with multichip module technology. First, TDI CCD focal plane with mechanical splicing technology was made to a copied unit. Then, the output energy of CCD output image signals was improved by a transistor emitter follower, they were transmitted to the analog front-end chips. Then they were converted into the 14 bits digital signals. After that they were integrated and processed through field programmable gate array (FPGA). In the end, through TLK2711 high-speed chip they were sent to data acquisition card on the computer. All the driving signals and processing signals of the imaging system were produced by the FPGA. The computer can control the imaging system and exchange the parameter through RS422 communication bus. The experimental results show that the area of driving layout cut down 2/3 than convention design. It realized the camera's high density assembly adopting the design of the mechanical and electrical integration of heat. And the total data speed can reach 3.6 Gbps in this imaging system, SNR can reach 52.6 dB.

Design Scheme of Communication Node Based on FlexRay Bus

As a high-speed and reliable serial communication bus, the FlexRay bus has gradually become the mainstream of vehicle network systems. In order to verify the feasibility of the bus technology in aerospace applications, this paper designs a FlexRay communication node based on TI's high-performance microcontroller TMS570LS3137 for security systems. In the whole system, with the DSP of core, the FlexRay communication protocol is achieved by using the bus controller TJA1080 to carry out data transmission. This method is suitable for data transmission of pint and medium-sized UAV (unmanned air vehicles) flight control system with high integration and high transmission rate.

Assessment of the Quality of Speech Signal Processing Within Voice Control of Operational-Technical Functions in the Smart Home by Means of the PESQ Algorithm

This paper describes utilization of the ITU-T P.863 standard for assessment of quality of the speech signal processing within voice control of operational-technical functions in Smart Home (SH) by means of the PESQ algorithm. To suppress additive noise in the speech signal in the real SH environment, the ANFIS structure is used within the SH voice control by means of the KNX bus system. The voice control of operational-technical functions of this communication bus system is a prerequisite for simpler household management, eliminating the otherwise necessary manual handling of the control device, particularly for seniors or disabled persons.

Design and implementation of a wired intercommunication prototype for hospital care

Introduction: In health centers, communication between the medical staff and the patient is generally performed by an intercom. Some of these devices have evolved to simplify the duty of medical staff by introducing indicator systems that allow to report which rooms demand medical service. However, they present technical weaknesses, for example, high energy consumption or high loss of information packets. Objective: Design and build an instrumentation and a measurement prototype for hospital care that demands less energy consumption and gives a wide range of data transmission when compared to the works proposed in the literature. Methodology: In synthesis, the prototype uses a network of switches for emergency call generation. These are sent to an intercom which enables a channel. Then, the information is processed and transmitted to every visualization module through a microcontroller and an RS-485 serial communication bus. Finally, this information is decoded and displayed in a light indicator. Results: The testing protocol evaluates and compares the operation, performance and reliability of the equipment to that similar equipment in the same time window. A reading of energy consumption and loss of data packets was performed. In addition, a random experiment was carried out and the results were modeled from a Poisson stochastic process. The results showed a decrease of power consumption in a stable regime of 91% in comparison to the results mentioned in the literature. On the other hand, the equipment presented an information loss rate under 4% of average. Conclusions: The design process included a hardware and software strategy which allowed to reduce the energy consumption of the display module in a steady state and increased the equipment’s reliability. Furthermore, the equipment is technically efficient, scalable and maintenance friendly.

Classification Approach for Intrusion Detection in Vehicle Systems

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable wireless communication among Vehicles and Infrastructures. Connected vehicles are promising in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) and smart cities. The main ob-jective of VANET is to improve the safety, comfort, driving efficiency and waiting time on the road. VANET is unlike other ad hoc networks due to its unique characteristics and high mobility. However, it is vulnerable to various security attacks due to the lack of centralized infrastructure. This is a serious threat to the safety of road traffic. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a bus communication protocol which defines a standard for reliable and efficient transmission between in-vehicle parts simultaneously. The message moves through CAN bus from one node to another node, but it does not have information about the source and destination address for authentication. Thus, the attacker can easily inject any message to lead to system faults. In this paper, we present machine learning techniques to cluster and classify the intrusions in VANET by KNN and SVM algorithms. The intrusion detection technique relies on the analysis of the offset ratio and time interval between the messages request and the response in the CAN.

Proposal discharging station compatible with CHAdeMO automotive standard

The paper is about proposal battery discharging station for automotive using by CHAdeMO standard. The article talks about this and other types of electric batteries sockets for electric cars. The main aim of this paper is talking about main points for create discharging station by CHAdeMO standard. Each communication standard has some advantages and disadvantages. This article contain using recharger socket with Can bus communication standard. First parts of this paper talks about proposal of discharging station. Continuing chapters are about realized and testing discharging automotive battery station.

Energy efficient wearable sensor node for IoT-based fall detection systems

Falls can cause serious traumas such as brain injuries and bone fractures, especially among elderly people. Fear of falling might reduce physical activities resulting in declining social interactions and eventually causing depression. To lessen the effects of a fall, timely delivery of medical treatment can play a vital role. In a similar scenario, an IoT-based wearable system can pave the most promising way to mitigate serious consequences of a fall while providing the convenience of usage. However, to deliver sufficient degree of monitoring and reliability, wearable devices working at the core of fall detection systems are required to work for a prolonged period of time. In this work, we focus on energy efficiency of a wearable sensor node in an Internet-of-Things (IoT) based fall detection system. We propose the design of a tiny, lightweight, flexible and energy efficient wearable device. We investigate different parameters (e.g. sampling rate, communication bus interface, transmission protocol, and transmission rate) impacting on energy consumption of the wearable device. In addition, we provide a comprehensive analysis of energy consumption of the wearable in different configurations and operating conditions. Furthermore, we provide hints (hardware and software) for system designers implementing the optimal wearable device for IoT-based fall detection systems in terms of energy efficiency and high quality of service. The results clearly indicate that the proposed sensor node is novel and energy efficient. In a critical condition, the wearable device can be used continuously for 76 h with a 1000 mAh li-ion battery.

Survivability in Time-Varying Networks

Time-varying graphs are a useful model for networks with dynamic connectivity such as vehicular networks, yet, despite their great modeling power, many important features of time-varying graphs are still poorly understood. In this paper, we study the survivability properties of time-varying networks against unpredictable interruptions. We first show that the traditional definition of survivability is not effective in time-varying networks, and propose a new survivability framework. To evaluate the survivability of time-varying networks under the new framework, we propose two metrics that are analogous to MaxFlow and MinCut in static networks. We show that some fundamental survivability-related results such as Menger's Theorem only conditionally hold in time-varying networks. Then, we analyze the complexity of computing the proposed metrics and develop approximation algorithms. Finally, we conduct trace-driven simulations to demonstrate the application of our survivability framework in the robust design of a real-world bus communication network.

A demonstrator of an Ethernet based embedded network in space launchers

The relationships between the French Space Agency (CNES) and the CRAN laboratory are 10 years old. In this framework, the CRAN has studied how the Ethernet standardized network may advantageously replace the old MIL-STD-1553B communication bus which is embedded today in the European launchers. Some classical requirements had to be respected, but specific constraints of the spatial field have been also met. Theoretical studies were leaded, and it was expected by the CNES to validate the academic results through real experimentations on which the results should be confirmed. A demonstrator has been designed which has fulfilled its role, but has also induced new unexpected problematics.