Great Leap Forward Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Linscope and King Vision Video Laryngoscopes in Tracheal Intubation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction Indirect laryngoscopy has become a widely accepted method for learning the techniques of airway management. The incorporation of small, less expensive, and yet more reliable video cameras in laryngoscopes has given the process of laryngoscopy and intubation a big leap. The King Visionvideo laryngoscope (Medline Industries, USA) has demonstrated promise in several settings while the Linscope video laryngoscope(Centrum, Turkey) is a newly launched device and no literature is available to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we aimed to compare the performance of the Linscope video laryngoscope (VL) and King Vision video laryngoscope. Method This is a randomized controlled trial study. Seventy patients, after approval from the institute's ethical clearance, were divided into two groups. In Group A, patients were intubated with Linscope VL and in Group B patients were intubated with King Vision VL as per the protocol. The primary outcome measure was the duration of tracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes were measured by the number of attempts, ease of intubation, and glottic view. Results Both Linscope VL and King Vision VL groups were comparable in terms of mean intubation time (20.34 s vs. 19.45 s). The endotracheal intubation with both devices was 100% successful at the first attempt. Both the devices provided a percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score of > 70% and a clear vision of the glottis. The POGO score obtained with King Vision VL was 83.57 ± 11.41% and with Linscope VL was 87.85 ± 10.31%. POGO score was greater with Linscope VL compared to King Vision VL, but the difference was not statistically significant (p-value>0.05). Conclusion King Vision demonstrated shorter intubation time and fewer optimization maneuvers. Both devices achieved a 100% success rate on the first attempt. While both devices are viable first-line options, King Vision's well-established efficacy in the literature suggests its preference over Linscope till extensive evidence is available in the future.

Valuing Children: Parents’ Perceptions, Spending Priorities and Children’s Capabilities

This paper provides a composite analysis of children’s academic development grounded on the capability approach. The study utilises a panel dataset comprising 8,422 Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 to 16, observed between 2012 and 2018. It introduces a series of innovative indicators, including a parent advantage index to capture how parents influence their children and a ranking indicator for spending priorities to reify the value of children’s education that families have reasoned. To address unobserved heterogeneity, we adopted fixed-effects models, multilevel modelling, and heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variables. Our primary results show that a 1% increase in the parent advantage index yields an increase of 13.85% to 21.31% in children’s academic development, and the biggest leap in prioritising education-relevant spending increases the child outcomes by 2.88% to 6.57%. By highlighting the influence of parents’ beings and doings, particularly the value they assign to education, this research contributes to the existing literature on child development, which often focuses predominantly on material dimensions. In sum, it expands the frontiers of the capability approach and related research on parental practices. It offers novel insights into how policies can be reinforced to equalise educational opportunities and to boost human capital.

Деконструкция сатирической пьесы В. Маяковского «Клоп» в романтическо-утопическом и постмодернистском вариантах в китайской рецепции

The study aims to identify the influence of V. Mayakovsky’s satire on Chinese drama. The paper examines the works of Chinese authors created under the influence of V. Mayakovsky’s satirical play “The Bedbug”. In Tian Han’s play “The Ballad of the Ming Tombs Reservoir” and in Jin Shan’s eponymous film, the idea of moving into the future determines the plot and the compositional structure. Meng Jinghui’s drama “The Bedbug” (the 2000, 2013 and 2017 productions) repeats the main plot of V. Mayakovsky’s play and retains many lines from the original work. This is the first staging of Mayakovsky’s play in China. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that Mayakovsky’s influence on Chinese drama is for the first time being considered from the cultural and historical perspective and reflects the dynamics of perception of Mayakovsky’s satire in China starting with a romantic-utopian view, associated with the concept of the “Great Leap Forward” (Tian Han), to a postmodern view (Meng Jinghui). The study of the Chinese-language material on the reception of Mayakovsky’s satire, which remains unexplored in Russia, will make it possible to expand the understanding of the attitude to the creative work of the Russian futurist poet and playwright abroad not only among literary scholars, but also the reading public. The study found that the satirical comedy by the Russian poet of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries in the deconstructed versions reflects the problems of the formation of Chinese society in the 20th-21st centuries.

“Red Housekeeping” in a Socialist Factory: Jiashu and Transforming Reproductive Labor in Urban China (1949–1962)

AbstractWhile scholarship on “women's liberation” under historically existing socialism focuses on heroic women making inroads into male-dominated domains, this article explores a previously overlooked group of women in socialist China. Known as jiashu in Chinese, these women are the female dependents (wives, mothers, and in-laws) of both male and female employees in a workplace. Specifically, it centers on the experiences of the jiashu of textile workers in the city of Zhengzhou from 1949 to 1962. It argues that, despite being portrayed as “parasitizing” off formal workers, jiashu performed a wide range of work, both paid and unpaid, inside and outside the household. Similar to their counterparts under capitalism and other state-socialist regimes, these Chinese women's unpaid domestic work sustained the daily and generational reproduction of the labor force and was thus essential to industrial accumulation. Moreover, jiashu also worked on the shopfloor and in collectivized service facilities as paid laborers. Such remunerated work also subsidized accumulation, and the resistance from these women contributed to the eventual collapse of the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962). This research advances the field in two ways. First, it expands theories about the relationship between women's work, social reproduction, and capital accumulation to include work that is both reproductive in nature and remunerated – a previously understudied form of labor. Second, while existing literature focuses on structural analysis and explains why women's work is functional to accumulation, this study gives equal attention to women's agency, showing how interactions between the two shaped historical trajectories.

Fuwuyuan on Film: Cinema, Socialist Education, and Service Labor from the Great Leap Forward to Reform and Opening Up

As industrial and agricultural production kicked into overdrive during the Great Leap Forward, so too did cinematic production. Factories and agricultural collectives promoted labor models, and the film industry created new cinematic models of heroic production workers. At the same time, valorization of production labor heightened the alienation of workers in the “nonproductive” service sector. To address this situation, service sector work units nominated their own model workers, and the film industry brought tales of service workers to audiences nationwide. Through a close reading of three such films— Fuwuyuan 服务员 (1958), produced during the Great Leap Forward; Manyi bu manyi 满意不满意 (1963), produced just after the Great Leap Forward; and Duan panzi de guniang 端盘子的姑娘 (1981), produced shortly after the implementation of market reforms—this article charts the evolution of cinematic discourse on the value of service work in the economy and society of socialist and early post-socialist China.

Modeling and Prediction of Birth Rate in China

Concerns about a persistent reduction are growing against the backdrop of large changes in Chinas birth rate during the last few decades. This paper explores this tendency via the lens of time series analysis, using birth rate records from 1964 through 2021 (particularly ignoring 1960-1963 due to Great Leap Forward distortions). The ARIMA and ETS models were extensively studied in our hunt for the best accurate forecasting device. The ARIMA (0,0,1) model was considered to be preferred based on comparison measures. The primary goal of this model was to predict the trend of Chinas fertility rates over the following five years. The ARIMA an1``d ETS models were rigorously applied to a selected training set after initial adjustments to ensure data stationarity, followed by an evaluation of their accuracy. Our findings, which are backed by the ARIMA model, imply a disturbing trend: a 0.117 percent annual fall in Chinas birth rate from 2022 to 2026. This suggests that a national fertility crisis is on the horizon. As a first step, we advise looking at the various socioeconomic reasons that may be driving this trend, as well as evaluating policy actions that could serve as potential cures.

Solving the "Religious Problem": The Great Leap Forward of "Religious Work" and Protestant Communities in Pingyang, Wenzhou in 1958

Abstract: Chinese Christians have long held that the central government sought to eliminate religion in the Wenzhou region of Zhejiang Province in 1958 and even attempted to promote the Wenzhou experience nationally. Yet, to this day, details of the plight that religious communities endured in Wenzhou during the Great Leap Forward remain obscure. This article examines the origins, development, and after-math of the local campaign to solve the "religious problem" in Wenzhou in 1958, focusing on the experience of Protestant communities in Pingyang County. I argue that the antireligious movement in Wenzhou during the Great Leap Forward was not a central initiative. Instead, what happened was that local state agents seized the opportunity offered by the Great Leap Forward to crush religious communities, especially Christian communities, with which they had long had tensions. The result was an antireligious movement that went far beyond what the central government had originally envisioned.

Point-of-care diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology: a big leap toward miniaturization

Integrating point-of-care diagnostics into SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance enables rapid detection and response. This innovation enhances pandemic management and has potential for broader public health applications beyond COVID-19.

Stress tolerance of lightweight glass-free PV modules for vehicle integration

Electric vehicles (EVs) currently dominate the sales in the automotive market. A big leap in this market can be made by developing a photovoltaic product that can be integrated to an EV, as it can boost the driving range of the EV while reducing the charging frequency. Such vehicle-integrated photovoltaic (VIPV) products are already successfully demonstrated, but they are usually made with glass as a front sheet – making them bulky and limiting their use to the car roofs due to safety reasons. The contemporary focus of the research in the field of VIPV is on developing a product that is lightweight (LW) and easily integrable into the complex shapes of an EV. Therefore, in this work, we present our initial findings on a novel architecture for LW VIPV modules employing polycarbonate (PC) as a front sheet. The mechanical behaviour of the LW module under bending is successfully simulated using finite elements (FE) modelling to predict the fracture of the solar cells, which can then be used as a predictive tool to check the maximal load on the PV body of an EV before cracking the c-Si solar cells. We demonstrate that a change in the temperature of the PC-based LW modules can modify the interspacing between the cells and thus create stress on the connectors. The dog-bone connectors are found to allow almost unconstrained movement of the cells in the module when subjected to variation of temperature. The cell movements may result in mechanical fatigue of the interconnection, which can ultimately result in disconnection of the cells. Initial performance of the dog-bone connectors is investigated by applying mechanical fatigue experiments, which demonstrate that the special geometry of the dog-bone connector could endure a greater number of thermal cycles than a simple prismatic shape would.

Mao Zedong’s Theories on Labor Collectivization and Political Decentralization (1958-63)

This paper attempts to most completely and holistically define Mao Zedong’s political opinions, philosophical theory, and general rationalizations that influenced or motivated the methodologies of the Great Leap Forward campaign, including this movement’s radical principle goals of decentralization and collectivization. It will not, however, delve into the collectivization’s failures nor its indubitable impact, but rather the theoretical reasonings propelling Mao into creating the movement. This paper builds on and accounts for previous works like Tetsuya Kataoka’s “Political Theory of the Great Leap Forward” (1969), addressing its thoughtful insights but also its shortcomings, analyzing both pre existing research in the field with Mao’s original works in effort to contribute meaningful interpretations to discussions on Mao Zedong thought and its influence.

옌롄커(閻連科)의 『사서(四書)』 연구

Yan Lianke's novel 『四書』 is set in the context of the anti-right struggle, the Great Leap Forward movement, and the Great Famine. State violence is dealt with through intellectuals who were subject to labor reform in the Wishin District along the Yellow River. On the other hand, we considered the human dignity of not being dominated by animal instincts for survival in extreme situations where violence is rampant. In the novel, the general causal relationship is collapsed, and reality and unreal appear in a mixture. This collapse and mixture is a novel device. The search for a mixture of the unreal and reality of this novel can be said to be the starting point of this article. First, in 『天的孩子』, the novel device of religion was analyzed, focusing on the character 'The Child’. Second, in 『故道』, the mixture of unreal and reality was examined through the narrative of wheat grains that grew like corn grains after eating blood centered on the character 'writer’. Third, in 『新西绪弗神话』, the 'The Myth of Sisyphus’ was analyzed focusing on the character 'the scholar’. Through fables, the Chinese people who were placed in the bond of repetition from the past to the present were considered.

Edukasi Perilaku Sexting Dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Remaja di Kabupaten Bulukumba

: Indonesia, as a developing country, has a fairly large teenage population. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that teenagers are residents in the age range of 10-19 years. However, one of the developments in the industrial revolution 4.0 is a big leap in the information and communication technology sector. The development of technology among teenagers has triggered quite an increase in the use of smartphones so that it can influence teenage behavior, where teenagers also participate in sexting behavior, causing concern in various circles. The term sexting refers to the sending and receiving of sexual images through some form of virtual messaging where someone sends messages or material in the form of images and videos electronically, especially via smartphones, the internet and other electronic media. With the increasing number of teenagers and very complex teenage problems, especially the most prominent problem is teenage sexual behavior, which is the beginning of teenage reproductive health problems, this service aims to increase teenagers' knowledge about sexting behavior in order to avoid sexting behavior. The method used is a pre-test and post-test after health education regarding sexting behavior. The results show that the majority of teenagers' knowledge before counseling was less than 12 teenagers or 80%. Meanwhile, teenagers' knowledge before being given counseling was lowest at Good knowledge, namely 1 person or 6.67%. Teenagers' knowledge after counseling was highest in good knowledge, namely 14 people or 93.33%. This is an appropriate benchmark for the success of counseling.

Big little leap: The role of transition difficulties in children's skill development during kindergarten

Considerable interest is directed to promoting children’s success as they transition to kindergarten. It is generally proposed that children who experience lower levels of transition difficulties at kindergarten entry achieve higher academic and socialemotional gains, although this premise has seldom been explicitly evaluated in tandem with children's kindergarten readiness skills. To improve understanding of the consequences of transition difficulties, this study investigated the role of transition difficulties at the child level to children's achievements at the end of the kindergarten year in a Midwestern state in the US. Results from a series of covariate-adjusted regression models showed that children who experienced less transition difficulties at the beginning of kindergarten demonstrated relatively more gains in math, reading, and social-behavioral skills at the end of kindergarten, even when controlling for kindergarten readiness skills, child and family characteristics, and classroom-level contextual factors. The findings also indicated that the associations between kindergarten transition difficulties and academic and social-behavioral skill development at the end of kindergarten did not vary by children's academic and social-behavioral skills at kindergarten entry. Taken together, these findings suggest that transition difficulties that children encounter within the kindergarten context may have significant and independent implications for children's skill development. Possible practices to ease transition difficulties are discussed.

CPEC: A Great Leap Forward in Pakistan and China Relations

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a highly significant project that has strengthened the political and economic ties between Pakistan and China. This relationship highlights the increasing economic reliance between the two countries, promoting a cooperative alliance that goes beyond economic connections to include shared strategic goals. Nevertheless, the initiative faces obstacles such as issues about openness, ecological consequences, and geopolitical dynamics in the region. The project unquestionably represents a substantial advancement in the political and commercial ties between Pakistan and China, with the capacity to transform the economic dynamics of the entire region. This research paper analyses the historical context, fundamental components, and impact of CPEC on the bilateral relationship between the two nations. Additionally, it assesses the geopolitical consequences and challenges associated with the project, providing a comprehensive overview of its significance in the context of regional and global dynamics. The objective of this study is to improve understanding of the various aspects of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its significance in the broader context of global diplomacy.

Comparison of Single Cell Transcriptome Sequencing Methods: Of Mice and Men.

Single cell RNAseq has been a big leap in many areas of biology. Rather than investigating gene expression on a whole organism level, this technology enables scientists to get a detailed look at rare single cells or within their cell population of interest. The field is growing, and many new methods appear each year. We compared methods utilized in our core facility: Smart-seq3, PlexWell, FLASH-seq, VASA-seq, SORT-seq, 10X, Evercode, and HIVE. We characterized the equipment requirements for each method. We evaluated the performances of these methods based on detected features, transcriptome diversity, mitochondrial RNA abundance and multiplets, among others and benchmarked them against bulk RNA sequencing. Here, we show that bulk transcriptome detects more unique transcripts than any single cell method. While most methods are comparable in many regards, FLASH-seq and VASA-seq yielded the best metrics, e.g., in number of features. If no equipment for automation is available or many cells are desired, then HIVE or 10X yield good results. In general, more recently developed methods perform better. This also leads to the conclusion that older methods should be phased out, and that the development of single cell RNAseq methods is still progressing considerably.

Xi Jinping’s “The Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation - Chinese Dream” as an Ideological Basis for the National Security of China

The turn of Russia’s foreign policy vector to the East stimulates the better understanding of political processes and phenomena in China, which have not yet been sufficiently considered in Russian academia and political elites. Unlike the lack of a clear value-ideological basis of the national security system in Russia, China has solved this problem by including a conceptual level in the system of national security, with the concept of “The Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation - Chinese Dream” at its center. This concept, developed by Xi Jinping, involves renewing the ideological foundations of China, especially the Communist Party, as the backbone of the entire state. This concept, as is customary in Chinese culture, does not negate the previous ones, but only expands and complements all the previous concepts formulated by the country’s past leaders: “Great Leap Forward”, “Reforms and Openness”, etc. The purpose of the study is to reveal the concept of “The Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation - Chinese Dream” as the ideological basis of China’s national security. The methods of analysis of normative documents and discourse analysis of the Chinese leader’s speeches were applied to reveal the traditional cultural values of Chinese civilization with Confucian and Legist bias are in the center of the idea of the “Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation - Chinese Dream”. This concept was examined in our study through the prism of national security theory, which acquired an updated structure consisting of levels: conceptual, sectoral (spheres), institutional (forces) and resource (means). We conclude that this concept applies to all spheres of China’s national security system and is the ideological basis of this system, predetermining the paradigm of China’s development.

Saving Oneself Through Labor: Disabled Workers and Social Welfare Production in Southwest China, 1956–65

Abstract This article examines the organization of social welfare production work (shehui fuli shengchan gongzuo) in China’s southwest Sichuan province from 1956 to 1965, with a focus on the marginalized experience of disabled workers during and after the Great Leap Forward Campaign (1958–62). Utilizing unexamined state archives, local gazetteers, and newspaper publications, the study traces how disabled workers were incorporated into or excluded from the campaign and their survival strategies after its derailment. During the Great Leap Forward, a campaign that aimed to rapidly industrialize China and accelerate developmental timelines, disabled workers were mobilized into collective production for the first time in the People’s Republic of China. When the industrial labor force needed to shrink, however, these once-mobilized disabled workers were marginalized and excluded from the state production system and instead resorted to heterodox forms of labor not officially recognized by the Communist state. The article argues that the tension between disabled workers and the Chinese Communist state, intensified by poor economic conditions, stemmed from the marginalization of disabled individuals with limited productivity in the state’s idealized vision of productive labor. By uncovering the interplay between disability, labor mobilization, and state ideology, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the social and economic dynamics during the Great Leap Forward era.

Recent progress in liquid crystal devices and materials of TFT-LCDs

Thin-film-transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) still dominate most of the display markets due to a big leap in image quality while keeping low cost and superior reliability, and its evolution is continuing to compete with emerging emissive displays. In this paper, recent progress in liquid crystal technologies mainly focusing on fringe-field switching (FFS) and polymer-stabilized vertical alignment (PS-VA) modes and materials for improving electro-optic performances is reviewed.

A Selection Tool Based on Height and Count the Number of Goods on Conveyor using Microcontroller

The fourth industrial revolution is a big leap for the industrial sector, where information and communication technology is used optimally in all fields. Not only in the production process, but also in the entire chain of activities in industry. This gives birth to a new business model based on automation to achieve high efficiency and better product quality. There are many industries or factories that produce goods and the types of goods are varied. Apart from that, the production of goods produced by industries or factories has different levels. In the production of very large and varied goods, if the selection of goods by selecting the height and counting the number of goods is done manually, it will require a lot of human labor. Apart from that, it will also take a very long time and the possibility of errors is also large. To overcome this problem, a tool for selecting goods based on height and calculating the number of goods with a conveyor was designed and manufactured using an ESP32 microcontroller. The design and manufacture of the selection tool begins with creating a circuit schematic using Autodesk Eagle software. Then a prototype was made for a tool for selecting goods based on height and at the same time calculating the number of goods equipped with three storage boxes. This prototype was carried out using Fusion software. This goods selection tool uses mechanical and electrical materials. To determine the reliability of the tool, testing was carried out. In this test, the goods to be selected have a height of 7 cm, 14 cm and 21 cm. Goods with a height of 14 cm are put in the storage box on the left side. Goods with a height of 21 cm are put in the storage box on the right side. Meanwhile, goods that are 7 cm high are rejected and go into the storage box in front of them. The test results show that the selection tool based on height and counting the number of goods works perfectly.

Winning the Korean War: Early DPRK and PRC Films

This paper adopts a comparative approach by focusing on a selection of early DPRK and People’s Republic of China war films made during the years that followed the Korean War. It looks into the narrative, and the aesthetics of the films in the general framework of socialist construction but also in terms of the DPRK’s shattered dream of reunification. The Korean War broke out during the beginnings of socialist construction, a time of awakening and departure into a new world. It marked the beginning of the Cold War that drew battle lines that would remain in place over the next four decades. The war also served as the theme of a number of films in both countries that reflected their war experience. For the DPRK and PRC, film provided an occasion to address the socialist construction and supremacy over the United States. While the earliest Chinese movies, The Battle of Shangganling Ridge (上甘岭 1956) and Flying in the Sky (长空比翼, 1958), focused on the heroic battles of the Chinese troops, later films such as Friendship (友谊, 1959), Raid (奇袭, 1960) and At the 38th Parallel (三八线上, 1960) recounted incidents of Chinese and Korean soldiers fighting in cooperation against the US enemy under the background of a “Resist the US and Help Korea” campaign. The eight DPRK films discussed include Again to the Front (또 다시 전선으로, 1951), Scouts (정찰병, 1953), and The Combat Unit of a Fighter Plane (비행기 사냥군조, 1953). These productions had to confront the fact that Kim Il Sung’s attempt for (forced) unification had ended in a complete failure that permeated divisions and cut family ties. The Korean War broke out during the early stages of socialist construction in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), a time of awakening and departure into a new ideological world.1 It marked the beginning of the Cold War, drawing battle lines that would remain in place for the next four decades. When Chinese Volunteer troops entered the Korean War on the DPRK side, they were motivated, rather than by friendship, by a mutual enemy, the US, which the PRC feared might further invade Manchuria.2 The war became the theme of a number of films in the DPRK, and the PRC, reflecting their war experience. For the DPRK and the PRC, film was a means to address the process of socialist construction and its supremacy as a model over that of the United States. The DPRK’s films had to deal with the fact that Kim Il Sung’s attempt at (forced) unification had ended in complete failure, which permeated divisions on the Korean peninsula and cut family ties. In addition, the films were produced at a time when Kim Il Sung and the Korean Workers’ Party (KWP) sought to build North Korean society anew, in order to present the socialist system as superior to what had been before. A few years before, Mao Zedong had started to introduce socialist values among his followers during the first rectification campaign in Yan’an in 1942. However, the socialist construction period only started after the establishment of the PRC in 1949. This paper focuses on the war films made in the DPRK and the PRC during the Korean War and the years that followed it, when the Chollima movement in the DPRK (launched in 1955, in full swing by 1957), the Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957) and the Great Leap Forward (1958–1962) in the PRC, served as ideological turning points until the beginning of the 1960s.