Source Of Water For Communities Research Articles

Environmental reservoirs of multidrug-resistant pseudomonads in a geographical location in Kenya with high community-acquired infections

Background Pseudomonads are gram negative bacteria and readily form biofilms in the environment, allowing long-term colonization and persistence in sinks, water systems. They pose a risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections in immune-compromised individuals. MDR strains, make treatment increasingly difficult. Environmentally persistent MDR strains are typically problematic within healthcare facilities, however, data on MDR pseudomonad reservoirs in settings with community-acquired infections to inform preventive interventions, in resource-constrained settings is scarce. Here, we determined reservoirs and antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas species in water sources in Kisumu County, Kenya with reported high levels of community acquired pseudomonad infections. Methods We adopted a cross-sectional design, randomly collecting 297 samples from tap heads, sinks, tanks, vendor and household storage containers in six selected sub-locations and one hospital (KCRH). Standard microbiological procedures were used for identification and AST of the isolates. Results We isolated Pseudomonads from 14.1% of the samples collected, predominantly from the community 10.4%. Seven different pseudomonads were identified, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominating 6.7% overall, in the community samples 5.7%, and among isolates from water tanks 21.4%. Pseudomonad isolates were 62% non-susceptible to piperacillin, 57% to tigecycline, 24% meropenem, 21% cefepime, 19% levofloxacin and 14% colistin. Carbapenem resistance was mainly detected in P. aeruginosa 80% (8/10) from Milimani sub-location 75% (6/8). 45% of the isolates recovered were MDR, mainly community-associated carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) 42%, strains susceptible to colistin. The MDR pseudomonads exhibited high multiple antibiotic resistance indices, ranging from 0.43 to 1. Conclusion This study reveals a higher prevalence of MDR pseudomonads, including CRPA strains in community water sources. These potential conduits of drug resistance present a critical public health threat, especially among immunocompromised. Regular cleaning of water storage facilities, water treatment and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs, are required to prevent a rise in AMR and eliminate the environmental reservoirs that put the vulnerable populations at risk.

Appraisal of groundwater quality and hydrochemistry in three regions of Ghana: Implications for drinking purposes

Groundwater is the most relied upon source of water for rural areas and small communities with no access to national water systems. The Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) in Ghana is an institution that facilitates the provision of water and sanitation services to small towns and communities, hence it has engineered several boreholes all over the country. However, some of these boreholes have quality challenges. Hence this study was carried out to assess the quality and hydrochemical controls of such boreholes in the Ashanti, Upper East and Central Regions of Ghana. A total of 45 boreholes were sampled across these areas and subjected to physicochemical, microbial, and heavy metal analysis. Analysis of the groundwater in the Ashanti Region indicates that its quality is negatively impacted by its iron, manganese, and arsenic content. Same was observed for the Central Region. While in the Upper East Region, total hardness, fluoride, nitrate, and arsenic are the parameters that impact the groundwater quality greatly. Water quality index was used to assess the suitability of the groundwater for domestic purposes and based on this index, 80 % of the water samples were classified as either having an excellent or good quality, while about 7 % were classified as unsuitable for domestic purposes, across all regions. The suitability of the groundwater for irrigational purposes was assessed using sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percentage sodium (% Na), and Kelly's index (KI). Based on SAR and % Na, all the water samples were suitable for irrigation, while 9 % were unsuitable based on KI. This study provides a comprehensive information on some of the CWSA boreholes with quality challenges. This kind of information is critical and useful when considering what options and treatment technologies would be suitable to address the challenges that these boreholes have.

Haiti resurging epidemics: Its potential to transition to endemic status

The island nation of Haiti had been Cholera free for over a century prior to the 2010 earthquake which left over 1 million inhabitants homeless, when a key community water source became inadvertently contaminated with the causative organism, V. cholerae (El Toro strain 01) soon after the earthquake. The infectious organism was apparently transmitted via well intentioned Nepalese aid workers visiting the Island. During the 2010-2018 outbreak, over 819,000 people were treated for cholera, resulting in nearly 10,000 deaths. With assistance from the CDC, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and implementing partners including the Pan American Health Organization to further expand epidemiologic and public health initiatives, Haiti was once again declared cholera free in February 2022, having no new cases for over 3 years; however, by Sept 2022 new cases were once again reported, ultimately affecting over 20,000 additional mostly Haitian residents, geographically centered around the Port au Prince area, and in 285 additional deaths from the second wave of the Cholera epidemic. This was followed by over 1150 additional deaths by mid-December 2023 and the designation as a Grade 3 Emergency Hazard Status by the WHO. Because of the high potential for asymptomatic carriers of cholera to develop following a widespread epidemic, additional public health strategies must be vigorously employed including widespread immunization to control and minimize the continued impact of the endemic on community, regional and global wellbeing and hopefully prevent the next epidemic from occurring in Haiti or from spreading to surrounding islands and distant jurisdictions.

The Chickahominy T.R.U.T.H. (Trust, Research, Understand, Teach, and Heal) Project-A Tribal Community-Academic Partnership for Understanding the Impact of Structural Factors on Perceived Cancer Risk in Rural Virginia.

In 2022, the Virginia Chickahominy Indian Tribe partnered with Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center to investigate concerns about a potential cancer cluster near a local landfill. While investigating cancer clusters is complex due to long latency and multifactorial causes, the community's concerns about structural factors driving cancer risk warrant exploration. Thus, the Chickahominy T.R.U.T.H. (Trust, Research, Understand, Teach, and Heal) Project was created as a community-academic partnership to (1) identify structural factors and barriers associated with perceived cancer risk and care; (2) assess cancer knowledge, care access gaps, and perceived risks, including testing private and community water sources; (3) develop and deploy culturally tailored cancer education and resource navigation, including groundwater safety education, policies, and remediation. We will conduct 150 in-person interviews and water tests among residents within a four-mile radius of the landfill, and deploy 1000 structured questionnaires among Charles City County residents. In this paper, we provide an overview of the ongoing project design, development, and progress in support of the project's objectives. This collaborative investigation aims to address cancer health disparities, enhance research and health policy advocacy, and honor the sacred knowledge of an underserved community, laying the groundwork for a long-term partnership to guide future research questions.

DESIGNING OF LOCATION MONITORING APPLICATION IN THE TANGERANG REGION WHICH IS SHOCKING WATER SOURCES BASED ON ANDROID

Android is an operating system that is specifically designed for smartphones and tablets. This Android system has a Linux base which is used as the basic foundation of the Android operating system. Linux itself is an operating system that is specifically designed for computers. Resources in the form of water that are useful or potential for humans, difficulties in monitoring water sources are an obstacle that is currently felt by the community. With the help of current technological advances, namely IoT (Internet of Things) can reduce the problem that exists today, using only an android smartphone. Android smartphones function to send and receive information via the internet network and also make communication easier. This application can monitor community water sources by obtaining notifications that are in water sources. With this, people can enjoy a healthier life because they can control the cleanliness of water sources easily and practically.

Assessment and Mapping of Water Quality in Urban Communities: Insights for Sustainable Development

Water quality is crucial for public health, ecosystem well-being, and sustainable development. However, ensuring access to safe and reliable water sources in urban communities takes time and effort. Assessing and mapping water quality in these communities is vital to understanding the current state of water resources, identifying potential contamination sources, and addressing health impacts. This descriptive study aims to assess and map water quality using clarity, color, odor, taste, safety, stability, and convenience parameters. Data were collected from eight sub-districts in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, and a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews or electronic distribution. The study included 200 households selected through purposive sampling. The assessment revealed varying water quality among households, with the distribution as follows: good (46.0%), enough (29.0%), bad (19.0%), and poor (1.5%). Spatial mapping results indicated poor water quality in the Lakkang and Rappokalling sub-districts and inadequate water quality in the Lembo, Tallo, and Buloa sub-districts. Conversely, Wala-walaya and Bunga Eja Beru sub-districts exhibited good and sufficient water quality. The research underscores the importance of prioritizing water resource management and implementing measures for sustainable development goals. By doing so, we can enhance public health and preserve valuable ecosystems.

Low-cost domestic rainwater harvesting in rural southeast Madagascar: A process and outcome evaluation

In settings where communities rely on unimproved water sources, household rainwater harvesting (HRWH) may improve the quality and quantity of water available. This research presents results from a two-year controlled before-and-after study that evaluated the impact of low-cost HRWH on household water collection habits, hygiene practices and prevalence of childhood diarrhoea in rural Madagascar. The study assessed system functionality, water quality and the acceptability of requesting household financial investment (16–20 USD). Surveys were administered to enrolled intervention households (n = 138) and control households (n = 276) at baseline and endline. Water quality tests at endline compared microbial contamination in a sub-sample of HRWH systems (n = 22) and public water sources (n = 8). Difference-in-difference analyses were used to compare changes in outcomes between study arms at baseline and endline. At endline 111 (75%) of systems were functional with an average age of 1.25 years. Microbial contamination was 39.3 TTC/100ml in community water sources compared with 23.3 TTC/100ml in the HRWH systems (coef: -16.0, 95CI: -37.3 to 5.2, p = 0.133). 85 (57%) of households completed their repayment plans while remaining households owed on average 3.7 USD. There was weak evidence to suggest that intervention households collected more water per capita day than controls (adj coefficient: 3.45; 95CI: -2.51 to 9.41, p = 0.257). Intervention households had 11% higher absolute risk of owning a handwashing station compared against controls (95CI: 0.00 to 0.23; p = 0.06). There was no evidence of differences in ownership of soap or prevalence of childhood diarrhoea between study arms. Overall, operation and maintenance of the systems remained high, users demonstrated willingness to pay, and there was weak evidence that water provision at the household increased domestic consumption. However, the systems did not provide contaminant-free water. We conclude that HRWH using low-cost, locally available materials can increase household access to water in areas reliant on limited communal water sources.

Selection of a diagnostic tool for microbial water quality monitoring and management of faecal contamination of water sources in rural communities

The aim of the current study was to evaluate, validate and select microbial water quality monitoring tools to establish their suitability and feasibility for use in rural communities. The monitoring of water quality was performed at three different levels: i) basic level focusing on sanitary inspection and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) test; ii) intermediate level via enumeration of faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and Clostridium perfringens); and iii) advanced level based on qPCR detecting host-associated genetic markers (BacHum, BacCow, Cytb, Pig-2-Bac, and BacCan) and pathogens (Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli). A positive correlation was recorded between sanitary risk and faecal coliforms (r = 0.613 and p < 0.002), E. coli (r = 0.589 and p < 0.003), and Enterococcus spp. (r = 0.625 and p < 0.003). The H2S test showed positive correlations with sanitary risk score (r = 0.623; p < 0.003), faecal coliforms (r = 0.809; p < 0.001), E. coli (r = 0.779; p < 0.001) and Enterococcus spp. (r = 0.799; p < 0.001). Similar correlation patterns were also found with advanced techniques used for detecting host-associated genetic markers, excepted between Clostridium perfringens, and Pig-2-Bac (pig), BacCan (dog), and V. cholerae. The H2S test and sanitary inspections are therefore suitable and cost-effective tools to capacitate rural areas at household level for the monitoring of faecal contamination and management of water sources.

Physiochemical analysis of drinking water in high and low crude oil-producing communities in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Background: Access to potable water is a human right that plays a significant role in maintaining health and sanitation. Its limited supply in oil-producing areas has been variously linked to diverse pollutants in crude oil-producing communities, in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. This cross-sectional study analysed and compared the physico-chemistry of drinking water sources in high and low crude oil-producing communities in the Niger Delta region between January to February 2023. Methods: Water samples were collected from a total of 28 samples from geo-referenced points in 10 communities. Analysis was done using the approved APHA and ASTM methods and assessed based on the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits of detection for water quality. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version-26. Test of significance and associations were set at p&lt;0.05 and 95% confidence level. Results: There were significant differences in the mean concentrations of water alkalinity, chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and TOG in water sources of the high and low oil-producing communities. Other mean concentrations of the analysed physicochemical parameters were found to be within normal limits for pH, salinity, turbidity, EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), DO, and BOD, below the limit for alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), sulphate (SO4), bicarbonates (HCO3), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), TPH and above recommended limits for temperature, PAH and TOG. Conclusions: The study showed that both high and low oil-producing communities had contaminated ground and surface water sources, although the high oil-producing areas were much more polluted. It is, therefore, necessary to enhance the national oil pollution regulatory mechanisms and remediation activities in heavily polluted sites to safeguard community water sources and protect human health.

Evaluation of the effect of different conventional roof types and industrial activity on harvested rainwater in Southern Nigeria

Harvested rainwater is still the only source of acceptable drinking water for rural communities in Nigeria and in some countries, where there are no water networks and it is the rooftop rainwater harvesting that is being exercised for the potable and non-potable usages. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of roof types and industrial activity on rainwater quality by analysing the physico-chemical/bacteriological characteristics, heavy metals and investigating the metal composition of the roof types. Rainwater was harvested from long-span aluminium, asbestos, corrugated iron, Cameroon zinc, stone-coated tiles roof run-offs and directly from the sky in the urban and rural areas of Imo State between the months of April-July, 2017. The results were compared with water quality standards (NAFDAC, USEPA, WHO and NSDWQ) for drinking water and Water Quality Index (WQI) ratings since there is no standard for rainwater quality. Roofs ages from < 5, 5–10, 15–20, and > 25 years in use were considered. Heavy metals were analysed using Flame-AAS; other parameters were analysed using standard methods. The WQI ratings were calculated using the weighted arithmetic method. Results show mean values ranging from 5.70 to 6.60 for pH, E.coli (not detected) and heavy metals (mg/L) burden of 0.00–0.09 for Pb, Cr (0.00–0.79), Zn (0.00–0.06), Fe (0.00–0.50) and Al (0.00–0.63). The WQI ratings gave excellent water to unfit for drinking water quality in both urban and rural areas. Since the harvested rainwater was not free of contamination, a few helpful recommendations were suggested for positive impacts in Nigeria as a whole.

Lowari Tunnel Water Quality Evaluation: Implications for Tunnel Support, Potable Water Supply, and Irrigation in Northwestern Himalayas, Pakistan

Water ingress is a common and costly problem in tunnel construction, and understanding the hydrogeological characteristics of a site is crucial for mitigating its effects. This study presents a detailed analysis of the water ingress problems experienced during the construction and operation stages of the Lowari Tunnel in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and evaluates the suitability of the water for various purposes. The study found that the water quality varied significantly, depending on the geological conditions and water quantity, with the south portal of the tunnel dominated by Mg cations and bicarbonate anions. The water was found to be suitable for tunnel support systems, including concrete and steel installations, with negligible corrosion observed over the study period. However, the water coming out of the tunnel at the south portal was found to be unsuitable for drinking due to its low pH value. The Wilcox plot classified the water samples as excellent for irrigation, which could benefit local agriculture in the area. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights into the hydrogeological characteristics of the Lowari Tunnel, contributing to the design and construction of similar infrastructure projects in the region. Furthermore, these insights can help improve access to safe and reliable water sources for local communities.

Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates Obtained from Potable Water Sources in Okerenkoko Community, Delta State, Nigeria

Safety and purity of drinking and cooking water sources in rural and riverine communities like Okerenkoko have posed a challenge for scientific discuss in recent times. Water devoid of both chemical and microbiological contaminants have been identified as a major key to wellness of any populace. In this study, eight potable water sources were obtained and evaluated for the study; the potable water sources obtained were treated to a 10-fold serial dilution and plated for aerobic bacterial, fungal, Salmonella-Shigella and Escherichia coli count. The antibiotics sensitivity testing employed the modified Kirby- Bauer method using the Abtek biological multiple disc. The multiple drug resistance was mathematically deduced using the standards and breakpoints. The NMU and George borehole had 5.8 Log10CFU/ml and 5.4 Log10CFU/ml for the total aerobic bacterial count while the total fungal count were 3.1 Log10CFU/ml and 3.6 Log10CFU/ml respectively. The culturable flora observed during the study were Bacillus sp, Escherichia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Vibrio sp. Micrococcus sp. and Escherichia coli. The percentage resistance for the antibiotics revealed cefuroxime and ceftazidime had 64%, while nitrofurantoin had 71% and ofloxacin had 36%. Proteus sp. (1) had an MDR of 1.0, Klebsiella sp. (3) had 0.67 while Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli had a MDR of 0.22 and 0.11. The findings of the study underscores the health challenges associated with the usage of the available potable water sources in Okerenkoko community. There is need for a community-wide campaign and sensitization on some basic water purification approaches as possible corrective actions to improve the quality of water; government must intervene and provide a routine and robust evaluation for both water safety and sanitary quality in rural communities.

A Study on Comparative Assessment of Water Quality of Dal and Nigeen Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir, India

The lakes of the Kashmir valley, India are under continuous pressure due to increasing anthropogenic activities. In the present study, an attempt has been made to monitor the quality of two important lakes (Dal and Nigeen) of Jammu and Kashmir (J&amp;K), India. These lakes hold significant ecological, cultural, and economic value, attracting many tourists and serving as vital sources of fresh water for local communities. Five sampling sites were selected in the study area, out of which three are in Dal Lake and two in Nigeen Lake. A comparison of the water quality of both lakes was made in the present investigation based on selected physicochemical parameters like water pH, conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-). The results revealed that the value of most of the parameters was higher in Dal Lake (BOD, EC, COD, and PO43-) while some parameters were found higher in Nigeen Lake (NO3-, DO, Cl- and SO42-). The student t-test showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the means of most of the studied parameters of both the lake except EC and NO3-. Although all the parameters were within the limits if the trend of pollution continues, then the water quality of both lakes will become unfit for aquatic plants, animals, and tourist activities also. This study highlights the urgent need for effective water management strategies and conservation efforts to preserve the water quality of Dal and Nigeen Lakes.

Impacts of a tailings dam failure on water quality in the Doce river: The largest environmental disaster in Brazil

BackgroundOn November 5, 2015, the Fundão Dam, owned by Samarco Mineração SA, experienced a catastrophic failure, releasing approximately 55 to 62 million m3 of mining ore waste into the Doce River. This event had severe consequences as the Doce River serves as a vital source of water and food for numerous communities. ObjectiveEvaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of water parameters before, during, and after the failure of the Samarco tailings dam, with the goal of support the management and restoration of water quality. The study utilizes a long historical series of data from 1997 to 2018. MethodologyIn this study, data from 13,916 measurements of variables including HCO3−, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42−, pH, EC, and metal(oids) such as Fe, Mn, As, Cu, Ba, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni were compiled. These measurements were collected from 1997 to 2018 to investigate the impact of the dam rupture. ResultsThe dam failure resulted in an increase in high turbidity events and total suspended solids (TSS), leading to a decline in water quality. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a homogenization effect along the river watershed caused by the accident, particularly for Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, and coliforms. Additionally, there was a change in the seasonal distribution of PO43−, NH4+, Na+, SO42−, and Zn. The factor analysis identified four main factors: i) HCO3−, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42−, pH, and electrical conductivity (37.55%) were indicative of weathering processes from lithotypes; ii) Fe+Mn and the metal(oids) (As, Cu, Ba, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni) (15.89%) were associated with ore waste and regional geology; iii) total coliforms, NO3−, NH4+, and PO43− (9.39%) were linked to anthropogenic influences in the river; and iv) K+, Na+, and Cl− (8.22%) represented the impact of domestic and industrial sewage discharge as well as the marine environment in the lower sector of the Doce River. ConclusionThe dam rupture significantly altered water quality in the Doce River, particularly in relation to metal(oids), three years after the disaster. The presence of ore waste in the bottom sediments creates an environmental liability as it can be remobilized by human activities or extreme weather events, further impacting water quality.

Risk Factors of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection Through Drinking Water Sources in Farming Communities in Sukowono District Jember Regency

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic, emerging water-borne and protozoan disease. This parasite infects the digestive and respiratory tracts of human and various animals. This study aims to determine the risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. infection through drinking water sources in farming communities in Sukowono District, Jember Regency and using an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample was reviewed using observational sheets and stool samples with concentration method and using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining on research subjects’ samples based on inclusion and exclusion criteria totaling 52 people. The results of this study indicate the characteristics of the research subjects in Sukowono District, Jember Regency, dominated by female gender (57.7%), adult age category (42.3%), elementary school graduate (53.8%), and identified as a farmer or rancher (34.6%). The examination of stool samples showed Cryptosporidium spp. an infestation in 1 (one) person. The results of the bivariate analysis using the Fisher's Exact alternative test obtained p of 0.601 (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion is that the majority of research subjects use unhealthy well water as drinking water source, there is one person infected, also all factors from drinking water sources are not at risk of this parasitic infection in Sukowono District, Jember Regency.

Potentially toxic element contamination and risk assessment of borehole water within a landfill in the Nnewi metropolis

Borehole water has been used as a vital source of water for many communities. The pollution of these boreholes by potentially toxic elements using unlined solid waste dumpsites has posed a significant risk to the populace living around the dumpsite. This study investigates the environmental impact of potentially toxic elements on borehole water within the vicinity of an unlined dumpsite in the Nnewi metropolis. The upstream and downstream samples (16 each) were collected in wet and dry seasons. The potentially toxic elements analysis wasperformed using the methods of the American Public Health Association (APHA) under the required conditions. The quality of the boreholes was assessed using the World Health Organisation (WHO) acceptable limits for drinking water. The risk assessment was estimated for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks using ingestion and dermal routes. The results show that the borehole water wascontaminated with potentially toxic elements through leachate infiltration, which exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water at both locations and seasons. The upstream borehole samples were more contaminated than the downstream samples for both seasons, due to their proximity to the pollution source. The hazard indices of the ingestion and dermal routes showed that the borehole water poses serious cancer and non-cancer health risks for both locations. The results revealed that children are more susceptible to cancer and non-carcinogenic health threats than adults for both locations and seasons. The pollution indices of borehole water for wet season (9.028 and 5.728) and dry season (7.107 and 5.328) for upstream and downstream samples respectively, were polluted and the pollution was higher in the wet season. The borehole water samples were unsuitable for drinking water and should be treated before use.

Coverage survey and lessons learned from a pre-emptive cholera vaccination campaign in urban and rural communities affected by landslides and floods in Freetown Sierra Leone.

On 14 August 2017, massive landslides and floods hit Freetown (Sierra Leone). More than 1,000 people lost their lives while approximately 6,000 people were displaced. The areas most affected included parts of the town with challenged access to basic water and sanitation facilities, with communal water sources likely contaminated by the disaster. To avert a possible cholera outbreak following this emergency, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international partners, including Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and UNICEF, launched a two-dose pre-emptive vaccination campaign using Euvichol™, an oral cholera vaccine (OCV). We conducted a stratified cluster survey to estimate vaccination coverage during the OCV campaign and also monitor adverse events. The study population - subsequently stratified by age group and residence area type (urban/rural) - included all individuals aged 1year or older, living in one of the 25 communities targeted for vaccination. In total 3,115 households were visited, 7,189 individuals interviewed; 2,822 (39%) people in rural and 4,367 (61%) in urban areas. The two-dose vaccination coverage was 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.0-61.5), 44% (95%CI: 35.2-53.0) in rural and 57% (95%CI: 51.6-62.8) in urban areas. Vaccination coverage with at least one dose was 82% (95%CI: 77.3-85.5), 61% (95%CI: 52.0-70.2) in rural and 83% (95%CI: 78.5-87.1) in urban areas. The Freetown OCV campaign exemplified a timely public health intervention to prevent a cholera outbreak, even if coverage was lower than expected. We hypothesised that vaccination coverage in Freetown was sufficient in providing at least short-term immunity to the population. However, long-term interventions to ensure access to safe water and sanitation are needed.

Utilization Management to Ensure Clean Water Sources in Coastal Areas

Coastal communities utilize tidal water sources; existing surface water does not meet clean water standards, and communities are greatly affected by current water use. Managing existing water sources to meet the needs of the community is very difficult to obtain, so research is needed to determine the quality, quantity, and distance of water sources needed to meet the standards. This study aims to determine the quality, quantity, and distance of water sources. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach, the observation method, a survey, a questionnaire, and documentation. Good water source management will ensure that everyone has enough water. October's highest surface water potential Q = 61.96 m3/s and April's low Q = 1.02 m3/s, highest Qt groundwater potential = 0.12 m3/s, and the lowest Qt = 0.05 m3/s. Water availability Q = 21.15 m3/s with a domestic demand rate Q = 0.127 m3/s and Q = 0.021 m3/s non-domestic. A suitable and compliant water source is located at point 5 at a distance of 9 km from the location of the coastal area, with 87% water quality and conditions Temperature, pH, NO3, NO2, TN, COD, BOD, and Chlo-a meet the standard value obtained at 0.2 mg/l, indicating that the condition is not contaminated and safe. Coastal water quality challenges demand research and prudent use management. Nature-based littoral zone management enhances water quality. Pollution management, sustainable water use, and community involvement safeguard coastal habitats, biodiversity, and water sources. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-01-03 Full Text: PDF

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR TANAH DI KECAMATAN TERNATE SELATAN, KOTA TERNATE PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA

Research on the analysis of groundwater quality in South Ternate District, Ternate City, North Maluku Province needs to be carried out considering that the community's water sources in the area come from groundwater (dug and drilled wells), so knowledge of groundwater quality in the form of pH, TDS, EC, and temperature be important. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of groundwater; as well as recommendations related to groundwater quality in the South Ternate District area. The stages of the research method were carried out by collecting primary data in the form of well coordinates and elevation, physical properties of groundwater, groundwater quality measurement results and secondary data collection. The water quality results in the South Ternate District for the 40 samples measured ranged from pH 5.2 to 6.6; TDS 4-2150 ppm; EC 8-4240 µS/cm and temperature ranges from 26.5-29.7oC. Based on Permenkes Number 32 of 2017 concerning environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitary hygiene purposes, only 3 wells had a pH in the range of 6.5-8.5, namely samples F-02, TO-01, and TO-02. The physical quality of groundwater shows that the closer to the east the pH is, the closer to neutral, while the west is lower. There are many low water pH because sampling is done in the dry season.Keywords: groundwater, water quality, pH, TDS, South Ternate

Microbiological quality of water samples obtained from water sources in Ishaka, Uganda.

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district. Water from taps, wells and springs were sampled for the cross-sectional investigation. The enumeration and identification of microbes (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus and total coliforms) in water samples were carried out using a variety of methods. Escherichia coli was enumerated using the membrane filtration method; Salmonella, Shigella and Proteus using a two-step enrichment method; Staphylococcus aureus using the surface spread method and total coliforms using the most probable number technique. Mannitol salt agar was used for enumeration of Staphylococcus Aureus and violet red bile agar was used for enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli; xylose lysine deoxycholate agar was used for both Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. API-20E was used to phenotypically identify the Enterobacteriaceae contaminants in water. These included Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Escherichia coli counts in the water from springs and wells ranged from 0 to 314 cfu/mL (p = 0.173) and 0 to 3 cfu/mL (p = 0.269), respectively, while tap water had no incidence of Escherichia coli. Highest level of bacterial contamination in water sources, beyond acceptable WHO (0 cfu/100 mL) limits for drinking water, was reported: Proteus spp., 34 (54.8%), followed by total coliforms, 24 (38.7%), Shigella spp., 22 (35.5%) and least were Salmonella spp. (8.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus spp. (8.1%). It is therefore concluded that spring and well community water sources in Ishaka division, Uganda, are significantly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and thus unsafe for drinking without adequate water treatment (disinfection and filtration).