Communities In Wastewater Treatment Plants Research Articles

Potential Source Environments for Microbial Communities in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in China

To better understanding the microbial composition of activated sludge (AS), unique OTUs and their indicators were examined and SourceTracker was used to identify possible source environments for AS communities to thrive in 15 cities across China, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This may help reveal the underlying mechanisms of AS community composition formations in various areas. The results indicated that the dominant phyla in AS in each city were similar; Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi made up 94.53%-97.04% of the whole microbial communities. Geographic location and environmental conditions were identified as having an effect on microbial compositions. Cities located toward to the edge of China or along the coast tended to harbor more unique OTUs. Moreover, the composition of indicators in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) near the sea were more similar, while no indicators were detected in WWTPs in Chengdu and Chongqing. Source environments for AS microbial communities also depended on location and environmental conditions. Overall, microbes from 'plant' and 'soil' sources accounted for a large proportion of the AS microbial communities in each city, while bacteria from 'marine' sources were only detected in coastal AS communities. Cities with more rivers and lakes tended to have more bacteria originating from 'fresh water' sources. Since most of the WWTPs in China play a role in treating industrial wastewater, industrial wastewater was also an important source environment. However, few bacteria originating from the human digestive system were identified in the AS communities. Moreover, a large proportion of bacteria (36%-70%) originated from unknown sources not included in the source database, such as sewage infrastructure, indicating that the source database will need to be expanded in the future.

Environmental Management Planning in Residential Area of RT 05 RW 05 Jemur Wonosari Sub-District, Surabaya City As Climate Change Adaptation

The residential area of Jemur Wonosari is one of the densely populated regions in Surabaya City. This condition is not always in line with adequate environmental management, resulting in several ecological problems. This research was conducted to plan environmental management in this area. The research method collected primary data through planning area observation, survey and interview, and secondary data about the description of region and literature. The initial survey result shows that fifty percent of residents used groundwater as the water source. Its area has, in fact, a communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), but is no longer in operation, which led the majority of residents (eighty-nine percent) to drain wastewater directly into the river. A total of ninety-four percent of residents disposed of solid waste without processing. The green area in this region has been less than ten percent. The result for clean water, are rainwater harvesting and bio pore. The communal WWTP is considered to be built under the existing road. The solid waste management in this area was processed through composting using takakura, bio pore, and reoperating waste bank. The concept of outdoor space optimization as the green area is divided into public and private space. Mitigation planning in the form of sanitation and green areas needs to be supported by all stakeholders to create a better and adapted environment against climate change.

Mapping of potential green city attributes in Batu District, Batu City

Batu District is located in Batu City defined as BWK I which is designated as central government development, modern trades and services development, tourism development, supporting services of tourism accommodation and education area. As the center of city development, the area / development that occurs in Batu District will have an impact on the increase in temperature. This research aims to identify the Batu District based on green city attributes such as green open space, green waste, green water, green transportation, green energy, green building, green planning and design, and green community that can be developed in Batu District. The method of analysis in this research are using descriptive analysis to determine the attributes of green city that can be found in Batu District. Based on the description of the seven attributes of Batu City, it is known that Batu City has 5 green city attributes that are being developed, namely Green open space of 32.317 m2, Green Waste (separate waste bins and 5 garbage bank communities), Green Water (29 9 units of recharge wells, 4 communal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and 1 individual WWTP. Green Energy (30 units of biogas) and Green Community (5 green city observers). As for the development of Green Building and Green Transportation attributes have not been done in Batu City.

Influence of Community Behaviour on Water Quality in Sekanak River, Palembang

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of community behavior on water quality degradation in the Sekanak River. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in this study. The quantitative research data was gathered by conducting a questioner survey of 100 selected households living along the riverbank to identify community behaviour. It was also used to measure the water quality status using Pollution Index (PI) Method. The descriptive qualitative component included analyzing and elaborating the actual data of community behavior toward water quality assessment using triangulation data sources. The questionnaire results of the research revealed that the household’s knowledge and attitude on disposal management, sanitation and hygiene at the river bank were in high level. They are generally knowledgeable, having positive attitude and also practiced good personal hygiene, but twenty percent was still throw the garbage to the river. Furthermore, a total of seven sampling station has been identified along the river. The result showed that water quality status from the upstream to the downstream had slightly polluted. It is also evident that COD, BOD, NH3-N and Phosphate have exceeded the allowable threshold levels. This may attributed to the anthropogenic activities such as washing and throwing garbage which can be indicated from changing in the levels of COD and phosphate. However, water pollution inevitably occurs due to the unavailability of communal wastewater treatment plant, poor waste management and lack of public stimulus such as incentive and punishment that encourage participation of communities to conserve water resource. Besides the technical aspect, Dealing with complex socio-ecological issues are considerable importance components of a long-term environmental strategy. It is recommended that education, legislation and incentivization are necessary to spur and improve people awareness and potential role as “river guards”.

Global diversity and biogeography of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants.

Microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for water purification to protect public and environmental health. However, the diversity of microorganisms and the factors that control it are poorly understood. Using a systematic global-sampling effort, we analysed the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from ~1,200 activated sludge samples taken from 269 WWTPs in 23 countries on 6 continents. Our analyses revealed that the global activated sludge bacterial communities contain ~1 billion bacterial phylotypes with a Poisson lognormal diversity distribution. Despite this high diversity, activated sludge has a small, global core bacterial community (n = 28 operational taxonomic units) that is strongly linked to activated sludge performance. Meta-analyses with global datasets associate the activated sludge microbiomes most closely to freshwater populations. In contrast to macroorganism diversity, activated sludge bacterial communities show no latitudinal gradient. Furthermore, their spatial turnover is scale-dependent and appears to be largely driven by stochastic processes (dispersal and drift), although deterministic factors (temperature and organic input) are also important. Our findings enhance our mechanistic understanding of the global diversity and biogeography of activated sludge bacterial communities within a theoretical ecology framework and have important implications for microbial ecology and wastewater treatment processes.

Characteristics and Regional Heterogeneity of Eukaryotic Microbial Community in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important facilities to control water pollution and ensure the sustainable development of cities and humans. As an indispensable part of the activated sludge (AS) system, eukaryotic microbes play important roles in indicating the properties of AS, predicting the quality of the effluent, enhancing the purification effect, and ensuring a stable performance of the system in WWTPs. In this study, 61 AS samples from 14 full-scale WWTPs of Beijing, Shenzhen, and Wuxi were collected. Characteristics and regional heterogeneity of eukaryotic microbial community were elucidated via high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 18S rDNA and multi ecological and statistical methods. Results showed that eukaryotic microbial communities in different scales shared similar main members, which were mainly composed of fungi, ciliophora, and metazoa in division level with their total relative abundance up to 86.22%-89.40%. Diversity of eukaryotic microbial community in WWTPs of different cites varied. Richness and Shannon Wiener index of eukaryotic microbial communities in the AS system of Wuxi were the highest, while that of Beijing was the lowest. Diversity of eukaryotic microbes from HTS in this study was higher than that of conventional methods, but lower than the diversity of bacteria in AS systems. Regional heterogeneity of eukaryotic microbial community structure was uncovered by nonmetric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis distance and dissimilarity analysis. Results of partial mantel test and multiple regression matrix analysis showed that the eukaryotic microbial community was significantly correlated with the temperature of the aeration tank mixture and the total nitrogen concentration of the effluent of the AS system. These results help deepen the understanding of eukaryotic microbes in WWTPs.

Evaluation of communal wastewater treatment plant based on technical, institutional, and community participation aspects in South Surabaya

This study aims to discover the obstacles and provide recommendations on the technical and institutional aspects of the chosen communal WWTP. The methods used in this study were field survey and questionnaire. the data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative, and SWOT analysis. There are 11 out of 13 communal WWTPs that do not work optimally. The technical obstacle encountered in the operation of the chosen communal WWTPs is the huge building capacity that does not meet the criteria of HRT design. The recommendations for the technical problem include lowering the water level and reducing the number of baffles in communal WWTP. The obstacle faced in the operation of chosen communal WWTPs in terms of institutional and community participation aspects is that the maintenance is only known by few people. The recommendation for the aspects of institutional and community participation is for KPP to arrange a socialization on the maintenance of communal WWTP based on its maintenance module.

A comprehensive analysis of the microbial diversity in natural and engineered ecosystems based on high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene

Understanding microbial diversity across different ecosystems is important for discerning the mechanisms shaping the microbial community assembly. However, knowledge on differentiations of microbial diversity in various habitats especially engineered systems remains very limited. A comprehensive comparison of microbial diversity across natural and engineered environments, namely heavy metal polluted farm soil, forest, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), anaerobic digesters (ADs) and the Caspian Sea sediments, was made base on a collection of 115 samples from seven published 16S rRNA gene datasets generated by high-throughput sequencing. In each sample, 16,590 and 19,771 qualified sequences were detected, and they were classified into 615 to 3,162 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The microbial communities in the engineered systems especially the AD showed relatively low alpha taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. A total of 49 genera were present in more than 80% of the samples, accounting for 6.0% in population number and 25.6% in relative abundance (RA). The average abundance-weighted rRNA operon copy number of the communities from ADs and a food wastewater treatment plant (FW) was higher than that of others, suggesting that high loading rate of pollutants in ADs and FW resulted in relatively high abundance of r-strategists. Among 104 typical human bacterial pathogens (HBPs), 2 to 25 HBPs were detected in each sample, accounting for 0.05%–21.34% in RA. Mycobacterium phlei was widely present in 111 samples with an average RA of 0.12%. The number and RA of all the HBPs in each sample did not show an obvious ecosystem type related pattern. Results of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis showed that the microbial communities clustered based on habitat types. The communities of WWTPs and soil were very similar, falling into one cluster. For any two communities from the datasets, 75.6% of their beta nearest taxon index (βNTI) values were higher than +2 or lower than −2, suggesting that environmental conditions played an important role in shaping the microbial community assembly. Temperature and geographic locations were effective factors among all factors considered in this study.

Study on Communal Wastewater Treatment Plants (CWWTPs) in Gresik, Indonesia

Communal wastewater treatment plants (CWWTPs) with sewer system has been built by local government in Gresik Regency to achieve sanitation strategy by 2012-2016. There are seven CWWTPS in Gresik; Bedilan, Singosari 1, Roomo, Sidorukun, Karangturi, Singosari 2, and Singosari 3. Each of CWWTP is maintained by the community and known as KPP (Kelompok Pengguna Pemelihara or community group of users and maintainers). CWWTPs have some operational problems due to minimum maintenance. Therefore, evaluation of CWWTPs is needed to determine whether field maintenance program complies with the guidelines. Efficiency in term of BOD removal for the 7 CWWTPs is between 79-96% and it complies with design criteria; except Bedilan CWWTP where removal of COD is 52.7% and it could not comply with the design criteria while removal of oil and grease is only up to 13%. One of the reasons for these failure was due to poor monitoring. Local communities have poor understanding regarding the duties and functions of KPP due to little information regarding KPP in the villages.

Water Quality Changes during Riverbank Filtration in Budapest, Hungary

The paper gives an overview on the changes in water quality during riverbank filtration (RBF) in Budapest. As water from the Danube River is of high quality, no problems occur during regular operation of RBF systems. Additionally, water quality improved through the past three decades due to the implementation of communal wastewater treatment plants and the decline of extensive use of artificial fertilizers in agriculture. Algae counts are used as tracer indicators to identify input of surface water into wells and to make decisions regarding shutdowns during floods. RBF systems have a high buffering capacity and resistance against accidental spills of contaminants in the river, which was proven during the red mud spill in October 2010. The removal rate of microorganisms was between 1.5 log and 3.5 log efficiency and is in the same order as for other RBF sites worldwide.

Decentralized wastewater treatment performance evaluation based on chemical and physical parameters at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta

Communal wastewater treatment plant (CWWTP) has been chosen as one system to treat domestic wastewater due to simple technology, flexible management, and cost-effectiveness. There are 376 CWWTP have been recorded by Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta (DLH DIY) that spread in five regencies. Monitoring results on CWWTP effluent showed that some physical and chemical parameters did not meet the domestic wastewater standard. Therefore, evaluation of removal efficiency in terms physical and chemical parameters are necessary. The samples were collected from nine CWWTP in Banguntapan, Bantul and Gamping sub-districts. The physical and chemicals parameters (pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Ammonia, oil, and grease) of influent and effluent from CWWTP are analyzed based on National Standard of Indonesia (SNI) for domestic wastewater. The results show that BOD (>70%) and TSS (>50%) have better removal effectiveness compare with COD, ammonia, oil, and grease (40%). Overall, CWWTP in Banguntapan subdistrict has better performance compare with CWWTP in Bantul subdistrict.

Description of Communal Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kelurahan Simokerto, Kecamatan Simokerto, Kota Surabaya

Domestic wastewater treatment is one of the environmental problems in Surabaya. Besides causing water pollution, wastewater also causeing health problems. A method to treat wastewater is Communal Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP). The effluent of WWTP is then reused by residents. The study aimed to describe the WWTP in Kelurahan Simokerto, Kecamatan Simokerto, Kota Surabaya, and compare wastewater parameters to the regulation. The study is a descriptive observational and cross-sectional research. The method used is interview with WWTP organizer and laboratory examination on 5 samples of influent and effluent parameters include pH, BOD, COD, TSS, oil and grease. All of influent and effluent parameters have already met domestic wastewater quality standards in Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur No. 72 Tahun 2013 so the effluent is safe to be discharged into the environment. Since the influent and effluent is below the maximum level of quality standards, the Communal WWTP in Kelurahan Simokerto hasn’t already met standard for an appropriate WWTP. The experts need to do study about wastewater characteristics before building a WWTP so that the appropriate WWTP is obtainable. Moreover, they need to do in-depth study about factors that affect wastewater quality. It’s necessary to arrange detailed SOP for routine operations and maintenance of WWTP accompanied by improvement of understanding of the organizer and citizens about the importance of communal WWTP as well as how to operate and maintain.

Microbial Functional Responses to Cholesterol Catabolism in Denitrifying Sludge.

The 2,3-seco pathway, the pathway for anaerobic cholesterol degradation, has been established in the denitrifying betaproteobacterium Sterolibacterium denitrificans. However, knowledge of how microorganisms respond to cholesterol at the community level is elusive. Here, we applied mesocosm incubation and 16S rRNA sequencing to reveal that, in denitrifying sludge communities, three betaproteobacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with low (94% to 95%) 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Stl. denitrificans are cholesterol degraders and members of the rare biosphere. Metatranscriptomic and metabolite analyses show that these degraders adopt the 2,3-seco pathway to sequentially catalyze the side chain and sterane of cholesterol and that two molybdoenzymes-steroid C25 dehydrogenase and 1-testosterone dehydrogenase/hydratase-are crucial for these bioprocesses, respectively. The metatranscriptome further suggests that these betaproteobacterial degraders display chemotaxis and motility toward cholesterol and that FadL-like transporters may be the key components for substrate uptake. Also, these betaproteobacteria are capable of transporting micronutrients and synthesizing cofactors essential for cellular metabolism and cholesterol degradation; however, the required cobalamin is possibly provided by cobalamin-de novo-synthesizing gamma-, delta-, and betaproteobacteria via the salvage pathway. Overall, our results indicate that the ability to degrade cholesterol in sludge communities is reserved for certain rare biosphere members and that C25 dehydrogenase can serve as a biomarker for sterol degradation in anoxic environments. IMPORTANCE Steroids are ubiquitous and abundant natural compounds that display recalcitrance. Biodegradation via sludge communities in wastewater treatment plants is the primary removal process for steroids. To date, compared to studies for aerobic steroid degradation, the knowledge of anaerobic degradation of steroids has been based on only a few model organisms. Due to the increase of anthropogenic impacts, steroid inputs may affect microbial diversity and functioning in ecosystems. Here, we first investigated microbial functional responses to cholesterol, the most abundant steroid in sludge, at the community level. Our metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses revealed that the capacities for cholesterol approach, uptake, and degradation are unique traits of certain low-abundance betaproteobacteria, indicating the importance of the rare biosphere in bioremediation. Apparent expression of genes involved in cofactor de novo synthesis and salvage pathways suggests that these micronutrients play important roles for cholesterol degradation in sludge communities.

WASTEWATER SPECIFIC EMISSION FACTOR FROM COMMUNAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP)

Greenhouse gasses (GHG) that produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater consists of CH 4 gas and NO 2 gas. Beside the data of specific activity, the specific emission factor also plays important part to determinate GHG emission. The aim of this paper is to know specific emission factor value from communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), as an input to determinate GHG emission for determination of GHG emission reduction rate. The data was collected by taking sample of BOD, CH 4 gas, and CO 2 gas from communal WWTPs. Sampling location were communal WWTPs in Jakarta City, Bandung City, and Yogyakarta City. Those WWTPs using anaerobic baffle reactor as their treatment system with capacity varied between 40-200 EP. The parameters were BOD and CH 4 that measured using grab sampling in the morning and evening. Data analyzed by quantitative methods. The specific emission factor value was determined from CH 4 gas measurement which affected by wastewater treatment unit dimension, gas catcher chamber, and air suction pump capacity. The analysis results showed specific emission factor for communal WWTPs from the three cities is 0.00171 kg CH 4 /kg BOD. The value has bid difference when compared to IPCC’s default that is 0.48 kg CH 4 /kg BOD. This is due to the formation of CH4 gas and CO2 gas was strongly influenced by environmental condition in real time condition. This factor is not taken into consideration in IPCC’s default.

Exploring abundance, diversity and variation of a widespread antibiotic resistance gene in wastewater treatment plants

An updated sul1 gene sequence database was constructed and new degenerate primers were designed to better investigate the abundance, diversity, and variation of a ubiquitous antibiotic resistance gene, sul1, with PCR-based methods in activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The newly designed degenerate primers showed high specificity and higher coverage in both in-silico evaluations and activated sludge samples compared to previous sul1 primers. Using the new primers, the abundance and diversity of sul1 gene, together with 16S rRNA gene, in activated sludge from five WWTPs in summer and winter were determined by quantitative PCR and MiSeq sequencing. The sul1 gene was found to be prevalent and displayed a comparable abundance (0.081 copies per bacterial cell in average) to the total bacteria across all samples. However, compared to the significant seasonal and geographical divergences in the quantity and diversity of bacterial communities in WWTPs, there were no significant seasonal or geographical variations of representative clusters of sul1 gene in most cases. Additionally, the representative sul1 clusters showed fairly close phylogeny and there was no obvious correlation between sul1 gene and the dominant bacterial genera, as well as the int1 gene, suggesting that bacterial hosts of sul1 gene is not stable, the sul1 gene may be carried by mobile genetic elements, sometimes integrated with class 1 integrons and sometimes not. Thus mobile genetic elements likely play a greater role than specific microbial taxa in determining the composition of sul1 gene in WWTPs.

Assessing Methanogenic Archaeal Community in Full Scale Anaerobic Sludge Digester Systems in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Introduction:Anaerobic digestion for methane production comprises of an exceptionally diverse microbial consortium, a profound understanding about which is still constrained. In this study, the methanogenic archaeal communities in three full-scale anaerobic digesters of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant were analyzed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technique.Methods & Materials:Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to detect and quantify the methanogenic Archaea in the sludge samples whereas qPCR was carried out to support the FISH analysis. Multiple probes targeting domain archaea, different orders and families of Archaea were used for the studies.Results and Discussion:In general, the aceticlastic organisms (Methanosarcinaceae & Methanosaetaceae) were more abundant than the hydrogenotrophic organisms (Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriaceae & Methanococcales). Both FISH and qPCR indicated that family Methanosaetaceae was the most abundant suggesting that aceticlastic methanogenesis is probably the dominant methane production pathway in these digesters.Conclusion:Future work involving high-throughput sequencing methods and correlating archaeal communities with the main operational parameters of anaerobic digesters will help to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of the methanogenic archaeal community in wastewater treatment plants in United Arab Emirates (UAE) which in turn would lead to improved performance of anaerobic sludge digesters.

Estimating the Transfer Range of Plasmids Encoding Antimicrobial Resistance in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Microbial Community

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been suggested as reservoirs and sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In a WWTP ecosystem, human enteric and environmental bacteria are mixed and exposed to pharmaceutical residues, potentially favoring genetic exchange and thus ARG transmission. However, the contribution of microbial communities in WWTPs to ARG dissemination remains poorly understood. Here, we examined for the first time plasmid permissiveness of an activated sludge microbial community by utilizing an established fluorescent bioreporter system. The activated sludge microbial community was challenged in standardized filter matings with one of three multidrug resistance plasmids (pKJK5, pB10, and RP4) harbored by Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas putida. Different donor–plasmid combinations had distinct transfer frequencies, ranging from 3 to 50 conjugation events per 100000 cells of the WWTP microbial community. In addition, transfer was observed to a broad phylogenetic r...

ESTIMASI BEBAN PENCEMARAN POINT SOURCE DAN LIMBAH DOMESTIK DI SUNGAI KALIBARU TIMUR PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA, INDONESIA

East Kalibaru River is one of the thirteen rivers flowing through Jakarta. East Kalibaru River has an important role in development of the region. Considering the increasing activities of people, settlements and number of industries along the East Kalibaru River, it is necessary to calculate contaminants load that discharged into the water body East Kalibaru. This study conducted to determine the point source and domestic waste pollution loads, using parameters of BOD, COD and TSS. The analysis showed that the total pollution loads such are calculated as 43.714 kg/day for BOD, 60.107 kg/day for COD and total 41.529 kg/day for TSS. Total pollution load discharged into river from point source effluent is amounted of 249 kg/day for BOD, 1.505 kg/day for COD and total 411 kg/day for TSS. Effect of domestic waste is very insignificant compared to the effect of point source that went into the river. The result suggest that approach that need to be done to reduce the burden of domestic waste water pollutants is by performing additional production or communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in densely populated areas.

Pengembangan Proses pada Sistem Anaerobic Baffled Reactor untuk Memenuhi Bakumutu Air Limbah Domestik

The wastewater treatment infrastructure had provided by the government mainly through application of communal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The treatment process of communal WWTP applied generally anaerobic system, such as Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) technology, but most of treated water do not meet effluent standard. This paper aims to research the characteristics of the organic removal and treatment upgrading process in the communal ABR system, including process modification or combination with other system. Research carried out in several communal WWTP has applied since the year 2012-2013 in Cimahi City, West Java. Method of evaluation was conducted in the WWTP management through observation of serviced community, operation and maintenance, water quality test both physically and chemicaly. Method of qualitative descriptive for analysis factors affecting the process performance of ABR and potential process upgrading of ABR system according to characteristic of ABR system. The organic removal in ABR system is influenced by the management, existence of pra treatment unit, acclimatization process, water consumption and environment of serviced area. Upgrading process of ABR system can be performed by modification of baffle design, start-up process, maintenance biomass, hybrid system, recirculation systems and application of further treatment. The review these alternative of ABR upgrading process are important in the ABR planning standard to achieve treated water meet effluent standard.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH STRUCTURED MEDIA GROWTH SYSTEM

The anaerobic domestic wastewater treatment plant at communal scaleare seen not be sustainable and the process s to be improve by anaerobic and aerobic process - structured media growth system, in regard with still high water source quality degradation and water reuse development.This paper aims to research the improvement of communal wastewater treatment system through anaerobic –aerobic of structured media growth system which had applied in some urban areas. The treatment system applied the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR),submerged media growth system and rotating biological contactor system has low area requirement and has to concern optimization energy. The treatment system applied the hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket - submerged media growth system and hybrid sub surface of constructed wetland has low cost operation and maintanence Both of the system have many advantages and could consider as improvement of the anaerobic communal wastewater treatment plant. The evaluation of performance these systems show the treated water an meet effluent standard and can be reused as non potable source in urban areas. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.32.533545 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.