Communal Sharing Research Articles

Communal Sharing as the Foundation of Solidarity Action in Youth Organization

Solidaritas menjadi tema yang sering dibahas untuk menjelaskan fenomena sosial yang berhubungan dengan kepedulian dan kohesivitas. Solidaritas juga menjadi topik yang sering diangkat dalam berita maupun karya ilmiah terutama saat terjadi situasi krisis. Namun studi terdahulu lebih banyak fokus pada bentuk aksi solidaritas, bukan pada proses solidaritas yang berkaitan dengan relasi intragroup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa dan bagaimana pola dan peran relasi intragroup dalam aksi solidaritas organisasi pemuda. Pendekatan pengambilan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif studi kasus eksplanatori pada organisasi pemuda yang melakukan aksi solidaritas secara sustainable dengan jumlah partisipan sebanyak 7 orang. Penelitian ini menemukan dua tema penting yang ada dalam relasi communal sharing antara lain kesetaraan dan kerja sama. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada diskusi literatur mengenai relasi intragroup yang memiliki relevansi sebagai landasan aksi solidaritas yang dapat memengaruhi nilai, norma, cara kerja, serta pengambilan keputusan dalam kelompok.

Secret disclosure and social relationships in groups

Personal secrets are a ubiquitous fact of group life, but the conditions under which they are revealed have not been explored. In five studies, we assessed secret disclosure in groups governed by four models of human sociality (Communal Sharing, Equality Matching, Authority Ranking, Market Pricing; Fiske). In Studies 1a and 1b, participants indicated their willingness to disclose secrets in hypothetical groups governed by the models. In Studies 2a and 2b, participants rated how much a group in which they disclosed secrets or nonsecrets is governed by the models. In Study 3, participants indicated their disclosure of various types of secrets in Communal Sharing and Equality Matching groups to which they belonged. Across studies, disclosure was most strongly associated with Communal Sharing, followed by Equality Matching. Study 3 further showed that identity fusion predicted disclosure in these two kinds of groups. Implications for understanding disclosure of personal secrets in group contexts were discussed.

Commensality constitutes communalism: Producing emergent bonds in experimental small groups by sharing food and drink

AbstractRelational models theory provides an alternative framework to study group and intergroup processes. One of four models people use to constitute groups is communal sharing (CS). Ethnographic and experimental evidence suggests that CS is produced by concrete and symbolic enactments of connections between bodies (cuddling, touching, synchronicity, commensality). We tested the effect of commensality on CS and ingroup favouritism in four Experiments with 3‐person groups (total n = 330) and found that commensality enhances emergent group communal sharing but does not enhance ingroup favouritism. In Experiment 1, sharing food enhanced ingroup communal sharing but in Experiment 2 this effect was not significant. In Experiments 3 and 4, sharing water enhanced communal sharing, but only when served from the same bottle, implying consubstantial assimilation. Ingroup favouritism was not enhanced by commensality in any experiment, even when explicitly presented as exclusively ingroup (Experiment 2), suggesting non‐comparative group formation through ingroup commensality.

Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations.

In this article, we review the conceptions of Collective Effervescence (CE) –a state of intense shared emotional activation and sense of unison that emerges during instances of collective behavior, like demonstrations, rituals, ceremonies, celebrations, and others– and empirical approaches oriented at measuring it. The first section starts examining Émile Durkheim's classical conception on CE, and then, the integrative one proposed by the sociologist Randall Collins, leading to a multi-faceted experience of synchronization. Then, we analyze the construct as a process emerging in collective encounters when individuals contact with social ideal and values, referring to the classical work of Serge Moscovici as well as those more recent empirical approaches. Third, we consider CE as a set of intense positive emotions linked to processes of group identification, as proposed by authors of the Social Identity Theory tradition. Finally, we describe CE from the perspective of self-transcendence (e.g., emotions, experiences), and propose a unified description of this construct. The second section shows the results of a meta-analytical integration (k = 50, N = 182,738) aimed at analyzing CE's proximal effects or construct validity (i.e., Individual Emotions and Communal Sharing) as well as its association with more distal variables, such as Collective Emotions, Social Integration, Social Values and Beliefs and Empowerment. Results indicate that CE strongly associates with Individual Emotions –in particular, Self-Transcendent Emotions– and Communal Sharing constructs (e.g., Group Identity, Fusion of Identity), providing construct validity. Among the distal effects of CE, it is associated with Collective Positive Emotions, long-term Social Integration (e.g., Ingroup Commitment), Social Values and Beliefs and Empowerment-related variables (e.g., Wellbeing, Collective Efficacy, Collective Self-Esteem). Among the moderation analyses carried out (e.g., study design, CE scale, type of collective gathering), the effects of CE in demonstrations are noticeable, where this variable is a factor that favors other variables that make collective action possible, such as Group Identity (rpooled = 0.52), Collective Efficacy (rpooled = 0.37), Negative and Self-Transcendent Emotions (rpooled = 0.14 and 0.58), and Morality-related beliefs (rpooled = 0.43).

A Domain Model for Moral Legitimacy of Business-Like Practices

Legitimacy is pivotal in nonprofit organizations’ success. The trend that nonprofit organizations are hybridized increasingly with business-like practices and social nonprofit missions raises a debate on whether and how people grant business-like practices legitimacy. This study addressed these problems from a moral legitimacy perspective, and proposed a domain model that argues that people make moral legitimacy judgments on business-like practices based upon their normative preferences for whether the organization should focus on principles in one of two fundamental human relational domains, Market Pricing (MP) and Communal Sharing (CS). Such normative judgments can be determined by organizational contexts, including the service field and the organization’s sector. The findings of an online experiment supported the model in general, and also showed important heterogeneity across service fields and business-like practices.

The Description of Communal Sharing on Working Wives with Work-family Conflicts (Javanese Family): Indigenous Psychology Approach

This study aims to explore the form of communal sharing in social relations between working wives who experience work-family conflicts with husbands in Javanese families based on the indigenous psychology approach. This research was conducted in the Special Region of Yogyakarta as one of the centers of Javanese culture. The characteristics of the research respondents were the wife, who identified herself as a Javanese woman having children under the age of 12 who lived with her husband and worked as professionals. Data were collected using the exploratory method in the form of a survey with open-ended questions. The data analysis shows an overview of social relations communal sharing between working wives who experience work-family conflicts with husbands in Javanese families, which is based on the indigenous psychology approach. The forms of social relationship communal sharing between wife and husband include: husband fulfilling physical and psychological needs of the wife, husband protecting wife, husband willing to help wife, husband understanding wife, wife serving husband and children, wife managing house, educating children, supporting husband works, open and maintain family communication between husbands and wives. These findings illustrate that the nature of the relationship between husband and wife can take different forms. Providing needs, protecting or guiding the wife becomes the responsibility of the husband, while serving the husband, managing household work, and educating the child to become the responsibility of the wife. Thus, this finding describes the nature of communal sharing.

Consumers' choice among peer‐to‐peer sharing platforms: The other side of the coin

AbstractMany peer‐to‐peer sharing platforms are transforming their business model from sharing for free to renting with or without in‐person interactions. How will these changes affect consumers’ participation in peer‐to‐peer sharing of personal items? The work studies consumers’ choice among three business models that vary on two dimensions: “free versus renting” and “with or without in‐person interactions.” The novelty is to consider that consumers’ choice can be driven by their perceptions of relationships among peers, which are shaped by the business models of sharing platforms. Perceptions of communal sharing (CS) relationships among peers are found to differ across business models and to predict consumers’ choice among the platforms above and beyond the economic and social benefits that consumers seek. Interestingly, perceptions of CS are not only found to explain the choice of a sharing for the free business model over the two others, but also the choice of renting with in‐person interactions over renting without in‐person interactions. For managers of peer‐to‐peer sharing platforms, this means that renting does not make sharing completely similar to traditional market exchanges as long as in‐person interactions are involved. For scholars, this calls for more work on the factors that bring about perceptions of CS.

Too Cute for Words: Cuteness Evokes the Heartwarming Emotion of Kama Muta.

A configuration of infantile attributes including a large head, large eyes, with a small nose and mouth low on the head comprise the visual baby schema or Kindchenschema that English speakers call “cute.” In contrast to the stimulus gestalt that evokes it, the evoked emotional response to cuteness has been little studied, perhaps because the emotion has no specific name in English, Norwegian, or German. We hypothesize that cuteness typically evokes kama muta, a social-relational emotion that in other contexts is often labeled in English as being moved or touched, heartwarming, nostalgia, patriotic feeling, being touched by the Spirit, the feels, etcetera. What evokes kama muta is sudden intensification of a communal sharing (CS) relationship, either CS between the person and another, or CS between observed others. In accord with kama muta theory, we hypothesize that a kama muta response to cuteness results from a sudden feeling of CS with the cute target. In colloquial terms, the perceiver adores the cute kittens and their heart goes out to them. When a person perceives cute targets interacting affectionately – that is, intensifying CS between them – this should strengthen a kama muta response. We experimentally investigated these predictions in two studies (N = 356). Study 1 revealed that videos of cute targets evoked significantly more kama muta than videos of targets that were not particularly cute. Study 2, pre-registered, found that, as hypothesized, when cute targets interacted affectionately they evoked more kama muta and were humanized more than when they were not interacting. We measured the level of kama muta by self-reports of sensations and signs and of feelings labeled heartwarming, being moved, and being touched. Participants’ ratings of kama muta were positively correlated with reported cuteness. In addition, as in our previous research on kama muta elicited by other types of stimuli, trait empathic concern predicted kama muta responses and perceived cuteness. The studies thus provide first evidence that cute stimuli evoke the heartwarming emotion of kama muta.

Anger, social power, and cognitive appraisal: application of octonionic sociocognitive emotion theory

ABSTRACTOctonionic Sociocognitive Relational-Models Theory combines an information-processing model of perception (P), thought (T), and action-potential (A), and a sociorelational model of communal-sharing (CS), equality-matching (EM), hierarchical-ranking (HR), and market-pricing (MP). These seven dimensions are ordered P, T, A, CS, EM, HR, MP, and their pairwise interactions deduced using split-octonion algebra. HR-based social events trigger sociocognitive appraisal processes P × MP, CS × T, and EM × A, which in turn stimulate anger. Lexical-level content-analytic methodology is applied to a corpus of 564 life-historical interviews with Euro-Australians and Australian Aborigines. The structural-equations model fit the data, and results were sustained following disaggregation by culture and sex.

Mental Health Conceptualization and Resilience Factors in the Kalasha Youth: An Indigenous Ethnic and Religious Minority Community in Pakistan

The Kalasha are a religious, ethnic, and linguistic minority community in Pakistan. They are indigenous people living in remote valleys of the Hindu Kush Mountains in northern Pakistan, neighboring Afghanistan. The Kalasha are pastoral, as well as agricultural people to some extent, although they are increasingly facing pressures from globalization and social change, which may be influencing youth and community development. Their traditional world view dichotomizes and emphasizes on the division of the pure (Onjeshta) and the impure (Pragata). There remains a scarcity of literature on mental health and resilience of indigenous communities in South Asia and Pakistan generally, and the polytheistic Kalasha community specifically. Thus, the current study was conducted with the aim to explore the cultural protective factors (resilience) of the Kalasha youth (adolescents and emerging adults) and to explore their perceived etiological understandings and preferred interventions for mental health support systems. The theoretical framework of Bronfenbrenner's (1, 2) ecological systems model was used. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was conducted, considering the advantage of its idiographic approach and the “double hermeneutic” analytic process. This methodology was consistent with the aim to understand and make sense of mental health and resilience from the Kalasha indigenous perspective. A total of 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescents and emerging adults (5 males, 7 females), along with ethnographic observations. The analysis revealed 3 superordinate themes of mental health perceptions and interventions, each with more specific emergent themes: (1) Psychological Resilience/Cultural Protective Factors Buffering Against Mental Health Problems (Intra-Communal Bonding & Sharing; Kalasha Festivals & Traditions; Purity Concept; Behavioral Practice of Happiness and Cognitive Patterns); (2) Perceived Causes of Mental Health Issues (Biological & Psychosocial; Supernatural & Spiritual; Environmental); and (3) Preferred Interventions [Shamanic Treatment; Ta'awiz (Amulets); Communal Sharing & Problem Solving; Medical Treatment; Herbal Methods]. The overall findings point to the need for developing culturally-sensitive and indigenous measures and therapeutic interventions. The findings highlighted the Kalasha cultural practices which may promote resilience. The findings also call for indigenous sources of knowledge to be considered when collaboratively designing public health programs.

Probing culture in the head: the neural correlates of relational models

ABSTRACTRelational Models Theory or RMT proposes that there are four universal ways in which socio-economic relations can be organized. According to the RMT, each of its four relational models (Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market Pricing) is associated with a distinct cognitive representation, with a cumulative pattern in which each relational model is a superset of the next lower model. This report for the first time uses a combination of cognitive and the social neuroscience to put this model to the test.RMT proposes that members of every culture use all four relational models, just in different proportions. It should therefore be possible to study their neural correlates in a mono-cultural sample. In this study, thirty-nine European-American students were imaged in a 3T Siemens Trio with a 24-channel head coil while rating the extent to which each relational model organized relationships with each of thirty-two acquaintances/friend/relatives in a boxcar design. FreeSurfer Functional Analysis Stream (FS-FAST) analyses revealed distinct patterns of activation for each of the relational models. The activations did not follow a cumulative hierarchical pattern, suggestive that this aspect of the RMT model should be revised.

Dimensional Structures of Human Societies: An Alternative Interpretation of Agoramétrie-Type Survey Results

Surveys of social and political issues using Agorametrie methodology drawn from widely different social environments have revealed consistent two-dimensional, factor-analytic solutions. Rukavishnikov and van Meter refer to the first dimension as “modern-radical/traditional-conservative” and “openness/closedness”; the second, as “frustration/satisfaction” and “emotional/non-emotional”. These distinctions are critically evaluated and an alternative interpretation is proposed. Two sociorelational dimensions are drawn from Douglas’s Grid-Group Theory, interpreted as two pairs of opposite social-relations models of Fiske-Haslam-Bolender Relational Models Theory. Accordingly, the Group emphasizes communal-sharing (CS) as opposed to market-pricing (MP); the Grid, authority-ranking (AR) as opposed to equality-matching (EM). Affect-Spectrum Theory links valenced, secondary-level emotions to quadrants of the Grid-Group space, with quadrants characterized by sets of secondary-level emotions. Van Meter’s hypothesis that the two-dimensional survey results suggest two kinds of human societies, the “cooperative” and the “hierarchical” is reasonable, but it is proposed that the sociorelational bases of these societal types are the complementarities between CS and EM, and between AR and MP. Neurosociological implications of the data and theorizing are discussed.

Relational Models in Organizations: Communal Sharing Schemas and Creativity

Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we draw on Relational Models Theory to propose that communal sharing supervisor-employee relationships will influence employee creativity processes and outcomes. Study 1 was a field interview study that established through real accounts that people construe of their relationships with their supervisors in a way consistent with Relational Models Theory. Study 2 was a survey study that used dyad-data from employees and their supervisors. Results show that supervisor-employee relationships that were mentally framed as communal sharing (but not equality matching, authority ranking, or market pricing), were positively associated with employee creative process engagement, which in turn had a positive influence on employee creativity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.

An Intersubjective Perspective on the Role of Communal Sharing in Synergistic Co‐mentoring: Implications for Human Resource Development

The present qualitative research provides an in‐depth study of synergistic co‐mentoring (SCoM) to understand its features and implications for HRM. We examine dyadic synergistic qualities and processes, and dyadic co‐mentoring developmental qualities and processes that complement each other to make possible the emergence of SCoM. Using NVivo qualitative software, we analyzed interviews from a diversified sample of 26 matched mentoring dyads. Results demonstrate that communal sharing in the endeavor toward combinative outcomes complemented by co‐mentoring supports intra‐relational conditions for the emergence of SCoM.

Communal Sharing and the Provision of Low-Volume High-Cost Health Services: Results of a Survey.

IntroductionThis paper suggests and tests a reason why the public might support the funding of services for rare diseases (SRDs) when the services are effective but not cost effective, i.e. when more health could be produced by allocating funds to other services. It is postulated that the fairness of funding a service is influenced by a comparison of the average patient benefit with the average cost to those who share the cost.MethodsSurvey respondents were asked to allocate a budget between cost-effective services that had a small effect upon a large number of relatively well patients and SRDs that benefited a small number of severely ill patients but were not cost effective because of their high cost.ResultsPart of the budget was always allocated to the SRDs. The budget share rose with the number sharing the cost.DiscussionSharing per se appears to characterise preferences. This has been obscured in studies that focus upon cost per patient rather than cost per person sharing the cost.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s41669-016-0002-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A generic model of dyadic social relationships.

We introduce a model of dyadic social interactions and establish its correspondence with relational models theory (RMT), a theory of human social relationships. RMT posits four elementary models of relationships governing human interactions, singly or in combination: Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market Pricing. To these are added the limiting cases of asocial and null interactions, whereby people do not coordinate with reference to any shared principle. Our model is rooted in the observation that each individual in a dyadic interaction can do either the same thing as the other individual, a different thing or nothing at all. To represent these three possibilities, we consider two individuals that can each act in one out of three ways toward the other: perform a social action X or Y, or alternatively do nothing. We demonstrate that the relationships generated by this model aggregate into six exhaustive and disjoint categories. We propose that four of these categories match the four relational models, while the remaining two correspond to the asocial and null interactions defined in RMT. We generalize our results to the presence of N social actions. We infer that the four relational models form an exhaustive set of all possible dyadic relationships based on social coordination. Hence, we contribute to RMT by offering an answer to the question of why there could exist just four relational models. In addition, we discuss how to use our representation to analyze data sets of dyadic social interactions, and how social actions may be valued and matched by the agents.

Different relational models underlie prototypical left and right positions on social issues

AbstractSocial issues are important dividing lines in the “culture wars” between the political left and right. Despite much research into social issue stance and ideology, little research has explored these with Relational Models Theory (RMT). RMT proposes four distinct models that people use to construe social relations, each entailing distinct moral considerations. In two studies, participants read summaries of the models, rated how relevant each was to their positions on several social issues (e.g., capital punishment), and expressed issue positions. In Study 1, Communal Sharing and Equality Matching construals predicted prototypical liberal positions across a range of issues; Authority Ranking and Market Pricing construals predicted prototypical conservative positions. By using multilevel modelling in Study 2, individual differences in average Communal Sharing and Authority Ranking construals predicted prototypical liberal and conservative positions, respectively, independent of several factors known to predict social issue stance. In issue‐specific analyses (e.g., focusing on euthanasia), all models showed effects independent of self‐reported ideology, while for certain issues (same‐sex marriage, animal testing, gun control, and flag burning), issue construal using different models predicted opposing positions, implicating relational models in moral disagreement. This paper provides novel tests of Relationship Regulation Theory and suggests that RMT is relevant in understanding political ideology, social issue stance, and moral judgement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gratitude Depends on the Relational Model of Communal Sharing

We studied the relation between benefits, perception of social relationships and gratitude. Across three studies, we provide evidence that benefits increase gratitude to the extent to which one applies a mental model of a communal relationship. In Study 1, the communal sharing relational model, and no other relational models, predicted the amount of gratitude participants felt after imagining receiving a benefit from a new acquaintance. In Study 2, participants recalled a large benefit they had received. Applying a communal sharing relational model increased feelings of gratitude for the benefit. In Study 3, we manipulated whether the participant or another person received a benefit from an unknown other. Again, we found that the extent of communal sharing perceived in the relationship with the stranger predicted gratitude. An additional finding of Study 2 was that communal sharing predicted future gratitude regarding the relational partner in a longitudinal design. To conclude, applying a communal sharing model predicts gratitude regarding concrete benefits and regarding the relational partner, presumably because one perceives the communal partner as motivated to meet one's needs. Finally, in Study 3, we found in addition that being the recipient of a benefit without opportunity to repay directly increased communal sharing, and indirectly increased gratitude. These circumstances thus seem to favor the attribution of communal norms, leading to a communal sharing representation and in turn to gratitude. We discuss the importance of relational models as mental representations of relationships for feelings of gratitude.

Embodied Social Relationship: Based on the Relational Models Frame

Embodied cognition has gained more and more attention, Social psychologists have come to realize embodied cognition is not only appropriate for individual-level cognitions but also extend to social relations. The most directly relevant framework for addressing this topic is the relational models theory developed by Fiske(Smith, 2008). Fiske holds that there are four fundamental types of social relationships: Communal Sharing(CS); Authority Ranking(AR); Equality Matching(EM) and Market Pricing(MP); CS, AR and EM relations are embodied in a distinctive modality. This present paper reviewed empirical researches of embodied clues, and examined shortcomings in researching embodied social relations. In addition, future researches should focus on the development study of infancy and so on.

Strategies of police cooperation: comparing the Southern Chinese seaboard with the European Union

A number of police cooperation strategies have developed around the Southern Chinese seaboard, which encompasses the coastal provinces of Mainland China, Taiwan, and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau. Cooperation mechanisms in the region encompass intelligence sharing strategies and establishment of the Electronic Communal Information Sharing Platform (ECISP), common investigations, regular meetings, practitioner exchanges, and training. Although conducted on a regular basis, these cooperation strategies mostly lack a formally binding legal basis, relying purely on informal practitioner efforts at best supported by Memoranda of Understanding. Due to their historical independence all police forces involved in cooperation at the Southern Chinese seaboard have had to establish strategies to overcome legal, organisational and cultural differences. This region could therefore be compared to cooperation networks between sovereign nation-states in other regions. The historical development of Greater China’s highly informal, practitioner driven approach to cooperation is reminiscent of early forms of cooperation between the police agencies of states that are now members of the European Union (EU). This paper explores the development of both informal and formal strategies established among police agencies around the Southern Chinese seaboard and compares them with the EU to enhance the historical, political and legal understanding of the two regions.