Community Norms Research Articles

“There are no secrets here”: Sex and Scandal in the Streets of Curaçao

This article challenges the assumptions about what spaces were actually private in the late early modern colonial world. Centered on a case of adultery amongst the Sephardic Jewish community of Curaçao in the late eighteenth century, this piece looks at the entangled lives of enslaved people, Dutch colonial officials, free people of color, Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. Gossip, private information transition, and the architecture and town planning of Willemstad, Curaçao, are integral to this story of community norms, legal systems, and colonial spaces.

Integration or Re-mobility: Exploring the Typology of Academic Returnees’ Post-return Experiences in Chinese Universities from the Cultural Assimilation Perspective

Abstract In this century, Chinese overseas-educated academics have been attracted to return to their homeland to reverse the brain drain trend in China. However, many studies have found that these academic returnees may face difficulty reintegrating upon returning. This study examines the complexity of academic returnees’ post-return integration process in Chinese universities via the cultural assimilation theory perspective. Twenty-nine in-depth semi-structured interviews with academic returnees from eight top universities in Shanghai and Guangzhou were conducted. In our analysis, academic returnees perceived two obstacles to their cultural integration after returning: the mismatch in valuing research outputs and the barriers to forming a trustworthy local research community. According to their reactions to perceived challenges and given rationales, we categorized returnees’ post-return integration processes into three patterns: integration, enclavement, and self-separation. We suggest that institutionalized practices to cultivate mutual understandings between returnees and local academia regarding overseas-developed academic culture and its distinction with dominant values and norms in the local academic community are imperative to facilitate academic returnees’ post-return integration.

The social and psychological effects of publicly violating a social norm: a field experiment in the Satmar Jewish community

How are ordinary people affected by the experience of stepping out against conventions that are central to their community? We conducted a field experiment in New York City to study Satmar Hasidic women's personal reactions to deviating from their community's high-end clothing norm by wearing an inexpensive plain dress (treatment) vs. carrying a prayer book (normative placebo) for one day. We find that women's experience of deviation from their community norm of high-end dressing was strongly uncomfortable, but was not internalized as new attitudes or self-perceptions. Instead, we find that the experience with deviance mostly affected women's perceptions of their community, in terms of their closeness to the community and to some of its central tenets, and the community norm of high end dressing. In this setting, the experience of individual deviation seems to change perceptions of the context—its norms and our relationship to our community—over perceptions of the self and of deviant action. The results of this study help to map out a theory of community and social change that accounts for individuals' anticipation of deviance and social experiences alone, together, and over time that affect their decisions about whether to participate in change.

Supplemental Material for Following Community Norms or an Internal Compass? The Role of Prospective Leaders’ Social Category Membership in the Differential Effects of Authentic and Ethical Leadership on Stereotype Threat

Supplemental Material for Following Community Norms or an Internal Compass? The Role of Prospective Leaders’ Social Category Membership in the Differential Effects of Authentic and Ethical Leadership on Stereotype Threat

Sex Sells Terrorism: How Sexual Appeals in Fringe Online Communities Contribute to Self-Radicalization

The past several years have seen rising hate crimes, terrorist attacks, and broader extremist movements, with news reports often noting that these movements can be traced back to fringe online communities. Yet the question remains why such online groups appear more likely to foster radicalization than those in other contexts. This netnographic case study demonstrates how sexual appeals in fringe online communities facilitate the development of extremist ideologies. Specifically, the cognitive effects of sexual arousal combined with the social norms of such communities contribute to the acceptance of hate speech and fringe ideologies while reducing the extent to which audiences evaluate rational arguments and competing points of view. Thus, sexual appeals paired with messaging or imagery that promotes fringe points of view, which can be more freely expressed in small online groups than in other contexts, are more likely to result in intended attitudinal and behavioral changes—in other words, extremism.

Effects of negativity type and active involvement on the likelihood of responding to negativity in live stream chats

This study explores whether chat negativity and the degree to which live chat rule sets encourage active (vs. passive) involvement influence participants' willingness to react to negative behavior within video game live streams. Using the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) and an experimental design, this study examines chat participants' likelihood of calling out and reporting negative behaviors. A 2x3 experimental design manipulated type of negativity (i.e., clear/ambiguous) and framing of community-specific rules of users' role in responding to norm violations (i.e., active involvement/passive involvement/control). Results suggest clear negativity was associated with a higher likelihood of calling out/reporting. Active involvement interacted with degree of negativity: when live chat rule sets encouraged active (vs. passive) involvement, participants were more likely to call out clear negativity and less likely to call out ambiguous negativity. Furthermore, there was support for the hypothesis that social identification moderated the relationship between type of negativity and likelihood of response, whereby participants with higher social identification were more likely to respond to clear negativity and less likely to respond to ambiguous negativity. Finally, participants’ perceptions of group norms in the hypothetical communities were affected by prior experience and chat activeness, but not by type of negativity or active (vs. passive) involvement.

Counter-Hegemonic Gender Discourse in Jukun Proverbs

Proverbs have long functioned as repositories of cultural wisdom, reflecting the values, beliefs, and social norms of diverse communities. The domain of gender discourse remains a dynamic arena for the negotiation of societal norms, power dynamics, and resistance to prevailing ideologies. Grounded in the theoretical framework of standpoint feminism, this study adopts a lens that acknowledges the complex interplay of gender dynamics within the Jukun community. This framework provides a nuanced perspective for understanding how counter-hegemonic gender discourse emerges within the broad context of Jukun proverbs. Employing a qualitative research approach, this project conducts a comprehensive analysis of a diverse range of Jukun proverbs, exploring the cultural, historical and social contexts that have nurtured counter-hegemonic expressions among the Jukun. The proverbs are examined not only as linguistic artifacts but also as reflections of lived experiences and resistance to dominant narratives. Within this rich linguistic framework, the work uncovers the subtle yet potent expressions that challenge, subvert or redefine traditional gender norms and ideologies. Ultimately, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between language, culture and gender, shedding light on the evolving dynamics of gender discourse within this diverse and vibrant community. It reaffirms the importance of linguistic and cultural analysis in the pursuit of gender equity and social change.

Impact of Reddit Community Culture on User Attitude Expression and Social Interaction

This study delves into the intricate relationship between Reddit’s community culture, user attitude expression, and social interaction. Reddit, a prominent online platform, offers a diverse ecosystem of communities where users express their attitudes, opinions, and beliefs. The research provides insights into how user attitudes influence and are influenced by community norms, how they contribute to the formation of community culture, and the consequences of culture clashes and echo chambers. By examining both qualitative and quantitative aspects, the study seeks to enhance our understanding of online community dynamics and lays the foundation for creating more inclusive and constructive digital spaces.

The Girl in the Hijab

The image of a young girl wearing a hijab can be seen to be an iconic representation of the complex intersection between feminism on the one hand, and religion and culture on the other. While the hijab is a visible marker of traditional gender norms in some Islamic communities, many modern Muslim women and girls have reclaimed it as a symbol of faith, identity, and choice. In keeping with contemporary feminist dialogue, we seek to understand and respect these nuanced perspectives.

Abstract A045: Adhering to a culturally responsive framework: Integrating kinship into a multilevel community-based intervention for American Indian adults with comorbid type 2 diabetes and cancer

Abstract The prolific disparities of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer in tribal communities is well documented. American Indian (AI) adults living with T2D are at greater risk of not only developing cancer, but also dying from it, with cooccurrence becoming increasingly prevalent. On rural tribal reservations, common environmental diabetogenic factors (e.g., obesity, lack of physical activity, poor diet, and stress) are considered as sources of elevated risk for both T2D and cancer. Critically important in improving both diabetes and cancer-related health behaviors and outcomes, particularly for AI people, is psychosocial support from family and community ties (e.g., kinship). Despite supporting evidence, few interventions include kinship as a key factor to promote best outcomes for T2D management among AI adults with a dual diagnosis of cancer. To address this growing issue, there is an urgent need for culturally and contextually adapted interventions aiming to address the cooccurrence of T2D and cancer that are, ideally, led by tribal communities. In this session, healthcare professional Early-Stage Investigators (ESIs), some of whom also identify as AI, will present community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles used to develop a multilevel Tribally tailored intervention, with kinship as a moderating factor, for AI adults living with both T2D and cancer. The ESIs represent a unique pool of providers invested in the community within which they work by co-creating an intervention which utilizes pre-existing strong community and familial norms. The ESIs further look to break away from the common trend in research to overgeneralize interventions and findings to all AI Tribal communities by tailoring the intervention to each specific Tribal Community engaged in the research intervention. To foster innovative research methods by emphasizing important historic and socio-cultural influences relevant to understanding the holistic context of health disparities in tribal communities, the guiding framework is the NIMHD Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework adapted for AI and Alaska Native Nations. In this research, individuals are viewed within the context of the broader social system where they function daily, while families and community are key stakeholders and leaders in the successful management of T2D and cancer. The approach focuses on diabetes-related barriers by providing family and social units with skills for successful T2D and cancer management, healthy communication, and shared commitment. In addition to these domains of influence, involving community systems is critical for a sustainable intervention that effectively addresses health disparities for T2D and cancer. Citation Format: Sheila L. Hammer, Timian M. Godfrey. Adhering to a culturally responsive framework: Integrating kinship into a multilevel community-based intervention for American Indian adults with comorbid type 2 diabetes and cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A045.

Deception aversion, communal norm violation and consumer responses to prosocial initiatives

Abstract Companies face increasing pressure to adopt social responsibility initiatives while simultaneously providing shareholder value. However, consumers may respond negatively to ‘win-win’ initiatives that benefit society while bringing financial gain to the corporation, producing a backlash effect. Previous researchers have attributed this backlash effect to the violation of a communal relationship norm that companies trigger in consumers when communicating their win-win initiatives. We propose the alternative hypothesis that the backlash derives from people's deception aversion. We find evidence supporting deception aversion in three preregistered studies showing that companies are evaluated negatively when their actions differ from those implied by their stated prosocial policy and not, as predicted by the communal norm violation hypothesis, when they merely earn a profit. Our results suggest that companies should not fear that earning a profit from prosocial activities will carry reputational risk, so long as they are transparent.

Rights consciousness, sense of constraint and the reproduction of inequalities: perceptions of rights among pupils of low socioeconomic status who completed a human rights education unit

ABSTRACT This study explores the intersection of rights consciousness, rights mobilisation and cultural capital among high school pupils of low socioeconomic status. The research design comprised interviews with Israeli pupils who completed a human rights education (HRE) unit in civic studies. The findings indicated that the vast majority of pupils demonstrated a developed rights consciousness and noted that the HRE studies assisted them in naming rights violations. However, pupils articulated various reasons for their reluctance to mobilise rights, including communal norms, lack of trust in adults and institutional systems, apprehension of the implications, and considering the process unfeasible. We conceptualise pupils’ perceptions of their rights as reflecting a sense of constraint, which frames rights mobilisation as privileged and distanced. This sense of constraint sheds light on the crucial role of cultural capital in pupils’ rights consciousness and rights mobilisation, thus extending our understanding of how social location should shape HRE pedagogies.

Evaluation of 'Normal' Cognitive Functions and Correlation With MRI Volumetry: Towards a Definition of Vascular Cognitive Impairment.

Introduction It is important to establish criteria to define vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in India as VCI is an image-based diagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes resulting from age with prevalent vascular risk factors may confound MRI interpretation. The objective of this study was to establish normative community data for MRI volumetryincluding white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), correlated with age-stratified cognitive scores and vascular risk factors (VRFs), in adults aged 40 years and above. Methods We screened 2651 individuals without known neurological morbidity, living in Mumbai and nearby rural areas, using validated Marathi translations of Kolkata Cognitive Battery (KCB) and geriatric depression score (GDS). We stratified 1961 persons with GDS ≤9 by age and cognitive score, and randomly selected 10% from each subgroup for MRI brain volumetry. Crude volumes were standardized to reflect percentage of intracranial volume. Results MRI volumetry studies were done in 199 individuals (F/M = 90/109; 73 with body mass index (BMI) ≥25; 44 hypertensives; 29 diabetics; mean cognitive score 76.3). Both grey and white matter volumes decreased with increasing age. WMHV increased with age and hypertension. Grey matter volume (GMV) decreased with increasing WMHV. Positive predictors of cognition included standardized hippocampal volume (HCV), urban living, education, and BMI, while WMHV and age were negative predictors. Urban dwellers had higher cognitive scores than rural, and, paradoxically, smaller HCV. Conclusion In this study of MRI volumetry correlated with age, cognitive scores and VRFs, increasing age and WMHV predicted lower cognitive scores, whereas urban living and hippocampal volume predicted higher scores. Age and WMHV also correlated with decreasing GMV. Further study is warranted into sociodemographic and biological factors that mutually influence cognition and brain volumes, including nutritional and endocrine factors, especially at lower cognitive score bands. In this study, at the lower KCB score bins, the lack of laboratory data pertaining to nutritional and endocrine deficiencies is a drawback that reflects the logistical limitations of screening large populations at the community level.Our volumetric data which is age and cognition stratified, and takes into account the vascular risk factors associated, nevertheless constitutesimportant baseline data for the Indian population. Our findings couldpossibly contribute to the formulation of baseline criteria for defining VCI inIndia and could help in early diagnosis and control of cognitive decline and its key risk factors.

Price Increases and Their Financial Consequences in International Business-to-Business Selling

Although price increases are common in business-to-consumer and business-to-business (B2B) markets, research examining the consequences of price increases on financial performance outcomes in B2B contexts is scarce. This study takes a relationship perspective on price increases and examines how a portfolio price increase affects the financial performance of the customer relationship and whether and how this effect varies between international business customers from different cultures. Based on objective data from 966 international B2B customers of a chemical goods company, this study examines a large-scale field intervention. Results show that higher portfolio price increases, although rooted in an increase of upstream costs, bring more severe harm to B2B customers’ sales revenue than lower portfolio price increases. These consequences vary with customers’ cultures as B2B customers with culture-specific communal norms are more susceptible to the magnitude of portfolio price increases than customers without such norms. International B2B companies, therefore, need to refrain from implementing uniform price increases and should consider their business customers’ cultural origin when designing and implementing price increases.

Norm contestation in EU foreign policy: understanding the effects of opposition and dissidence

The EU is as a liberal normative community, where liberal norms play a central role. While contestation is considered essential within a normative community to establish the legitimacy of norms, within the EU, contestation can also challenge the validity of its foundational norms. This raises the question of how this type of contestation affects EU foreign policy. This study examines two radical forms of contestation: opposition and dissidence. Through the analysis of two case studies, namely the Global Compact for Migration and Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, it becomes evident that the EU’s foreign policy system can sustain opposition, but dissidence has the potential to challenge or undermine those norms.

Rebels with a cause? How norm violations shape dominance, prestige, and influence granting.

Norms play an important role in upholding orderly and well-functioning societies. Indeed, violations of norms can undermine social coordination and stability. Much is known about the antecedents of norm violations, but their social consequences are poorly understood. In particular, it remains unclear when and how norm violators gain or lose influence in groups. Some studies found that norm violators elicit negative responses that curtail their influence in groups, whereas other studies documented positive consequences that enhance violators' influence. We propose that the complex relationship between norm violation and influence can be understood by considering that norm violations differentially shape perceptions of dominance and prestige, which tend to have opposite effects on voluntary influence granting, depending on the type of norm that is violated. We first provide correlational (Study 1) and causal (Study 2) evidence that norm violations are associated with dominance, and norm abidance with prestige. We then examine how dominance, prestige, and resultant influence granting are shaped by whether local group norms and/or global community norms are violated. In Study 3, protagonists who violated global (university) norms but followed local (sorority/fraternity) norms were more strongly endorsed as leaders than protagonists who followed global norms but violated local norms, because the former were perceived not only as high on dominance but also on prestige. In Study 4, popular high-school students were remembered as violating global (school) norms while abiding by local (peer) norms. In Study 5, individuals who violated global (organizational) norms while abiding by local (team) norms were assigned more leadership tasks when global and local norms conflicted (making violators "rebels with a cause") than when norms did not conflict, because the former situation inspired greater prestige. We discuss implications for the social dynamics of norms, hierarchy development, and leader emergence.

Associative cultural landscape approach to interpreting traditional ecological wisdom: A case of Inuit habitat

Global climate change and the accelerated melting of glaciers have raised concerns about the ability to manage ice-snow environments. Historically, human ancestors have mastered the ecological wisdom of working with ice-snow environments, but the phenomenon has not yet been articulated in cultural landscape methodologies that emphasize “nature-culture relevance”. The challenging living environment often compels indigenous people to form a strong bond with their surroundings, leading to the creation of long-term ecological wisdom through synergistic relationships with the environment. This ecological environment is conceptualized as a cognitive space in the form of the landscape, with which the aboriginal community norms and individual spirits continually interact. Such interactions generate numerous non-material cultural evidences, such as culture, art, religion, and other ideological aspects of the nation. These evidences symbolize the intellectual outcome of the relationship between humans and the landscape, and they create the “spiritual relevance” through personification and contextualization. The aim of the study is to explore the traditional ecological wisdom of the Inuit people who live in the harsh Arctic, and analyze the Inuit's interaction with the landscape through the lens of “associative cultural landscape”, and decode the survival experience that the Inuit have accumulated through their long-term synergy with the Arctic environment. The findings focus on the synergy between the Inuit and the ice-snow landscape, examining the knowledge and ecological wisdom that the Inuit acquire from the ice-snow landscape. Our goal is to develop a perspective of the ecological environment from the viewpoint of aboriginal people and establish a methodology, model, and framework for “associative cultural landscape” that incorporates ethnic non-material cultural evidences. From the results, a total of nine models for interpreting traditional Inuit ecological wisdom are generated based on the “diamond model” of “associative cultural landscape”, covering the transition from the physical landscape to a spiritual one and demonstrating the associative role of the landscape in stimulating potential spiritual cognitive abilities in humans.

OA book usage data exchange

Conceived in 2015 at the Scholarly Communications Institute, the Open Access Book Usage Data Trust (OAEBUDT) has grown into an international effort to develop and pilot a global data trust for OA monograph usage data. It progressed through three stages:• Project 1 (2018-2019): This project documented the challenges and opportunities facing the aggregation, analysis, and communication of OA book usage.• Project 2 (2020-2022): This project documented the data supply chain (Clarke and Ricci, 2021) and use cases related to OA book usage data (Drummond and Hawkins, 2021), developed infrastructure for usage data aggregation and provision, and identified community-based governance models to support a diverse, global data trust for OA monographs usage data.• Project 3 (2022-forward): In partnership with OPERAS and OpenAIRE, this project is developing the Governance Building Blocks for its Industrial Data Space (IDS) infrastructure, with an eye towards how such infrastructure can be extensible to usage and impact data for other scholarly outputs.Since 2015, with support from the Mellon Foundation, stakeholders have worked through the global OAEBUDT effort to foster the secure, multi-party exchange, aggregation and benchmarking of book usage-related data. This work aims to increase trust in usage metrics, improve data quality, and reduce reporting and compliance resource-burdens related to OA usage data. Prior work, such as facilitated stakeholder interviews and virtual design workshops, revealed diverse use-cases and staff roles interested in OA book usage data across libraries, publishers, and publishing platforms and services (Drummond and Hawkins, 2021). It also indicated a shared system-wide need for simplifying usage data curation, aggregation and management given the time and costs individual institutions allocate when combining COUNTER-compliant reporting alongside other usage data dashboards, and non-COUNTER compliant web- analytics. This reinforced the hypothesis that a “Data Trust” model could benefit those working with usage data by facilitating the aggregation and processing of data upstream according to shared, transparent community norms, thereby generating economies of scale (O’Leary and Hawkins, 2019), for example, reducing costs and resources used when aggregating and curating such data.Creating a data exchange ecosystem to unlock public/private usage data sharing would help minimise the time and resources used, plus provide more transparency to all the organisations involved in the data exchange process. While the term “usage data” is often used today to refer to web analytic reports that tally page visits and file downloads, the OABUDT works towards a future where linked usage data analytics regularly inform book publishing and scholarly communications operations. Clear ethical norms, privacy andsecurity guardrails are required to unlock such data exchange for granular analytics.After researching and documenting the challenges, use cases and supply chain for OA book usage data from 2015 to 2021, the current effort is focused on developing governance building blocks for a sustainable infrastructure. These blocks are modelled on a certifiable European IDS that will help ensure that organisations wanting to participate in data sharing meet the highest security standards. In April 2023, an OA Book Usage Data Exchange Use Guidelines and Principles meeting gathered publishers, libraries, standards, and service representatives to draft principles and identify trust mechanisms for such an IDS infrastructure.The aim is to ensure that usage data exchange would be both trusted and support ethical, non-harmful data use.The principles and trust requirements drafted in this meeting are now being shared with the global open science community for consultation to ensure that they meet the needs of diverse OA book stakeholders and the research community at large. This poster will provide background to the OAEBUDT and a preview of emerging participation and ethical data exchange and use guidelines for the data trust.

64 Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Pediatric Patients with Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: Moderating Role of Depression on Functional Impairment

Objective:Children with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) often report fatigue, attention problems, anxiety, and low mood. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a constellation of behavioral symptoms (e.g., drowsiness, moving slowly, mental fogginess, daydreaming, confusion, or inattention) often associated with but distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), executive function deficits and depressive symptoms. Given the apparent overlapping symptoms of PASC and SCT, this retrospective chart review aimed to 1) characterize SCT symptoms among pediatric patients with PASC relative to published normative and clinically referred samples, and 2) examine associations between subscales of SCT with ADHD symptoms, depression, anxiety, and functional impairment in this clinical sample.Participants and Methods:This study included retrospective data from 25 patients with PASC (17 females; Mean age=13.73 years, SD=2.07, range=8-19) who were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation following a multidisciplinary visit at a post-COVID-19 rehabilitation clinic within an academic medical center. Patients’ caregivers completed the SCT Scale, ADHD Rating Scale 5 (ADHD-RS-V),Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale (CBRS), and Impairment Rating Scale (IRS). Higher scores on the SCT, CBRS, and IRS total reflect more problems in the specified area. Welch’s t-tests were utilized to compare SCT scores from our cohort of pediatric patients with PASC relative to a normative community sample (Penny et al., 2009) and a heterogeneous clinically-referred sample (Koriakin et al., 2015). Bivariate correlations were computed to examine associations between SCT (Daydreamy, Low Initiation, Sluggish/Sleepy), ADHD (Inattention and Hyperactivity subscales from the ADHD-RS-V), affective symptoms (Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scales from the CBRS), and functional impairment (average score from IRS). Multiple linear regressions were used to determine whether SCT factors independently contribute to variance in functional deficits after accounting for age of evaluation, low mood, and anxiety.Results:Sluggish/Sleepy and Low Initiation were elevated in our cohort with PASC as compared to normative and mixed clinical samples from Penny et al. and Koriakin et al. (t>4.36, p<0.001). Patients with PASC had lower scores on the Daydreamy SCT scale than the clinically referred cohort (t=2.06, p=0.049), but similar to the normative sample (t=1.48, p=0.15). After controlling for age of testing, of the SCT subscales, only Low Initiation was associated with MDE (r=0.62, p=0.005), GAD (r=0.56, p=0.01) and overall Functional Impairment (r=0.48, p=0.04). Low Initiation was not correlated with Inattention or Hyperactivity. Notably, multiple regressions revealed Low Initiation scores were not associated with functional impairment when accounting for depression and anxiety symptoms(Low Initiation: ß=0.48, p=0.04; Low Initiation when depression and anxiety are included in independent regression models: ßs=0.13 and 0.29, ps=0.58 and 0.27 respectively).Conclusions:Children and adolescents with PASC demonstrate more sluggish/sleepy presentation and difficulties with initiating activities or directing effort, as compared to normative and mixed clinically referred samples. Low initiation was associated with symptoms of MDE and GAD and functional impairment, but not with symptoms of ADHD. Depression and anxiety may moderate the association between poor initiation with functional impairment, highlighting the importance of psychological interventions to address mental health among youth with PASC and behavioral/cognitive concerns.

Navigating The Storm: ASEAN's Strategy Amidst Two Major Powers

This study aims to analyze ASEAN's stance and approach, particularly in managing confrontational politics amidst major power competition, this article will also demonstrate ASEAN's attitudes and policies in navigating confrontational politics, including how ASEAN leverages its regional community norms to respond to such competition. Through this exploration, the author seeks to delve into the role and theoretical implications of ASEAN as a regional actor grappling with the management of political competition in the rapidly evolving East Asian and Indo-Pacific regionalism. The author used an impartial enmeshment concept and a descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the intense geostrategic competition between China and the United States has placed ASEAN in a dilemma. ASEAN strives to maintain its centrality in the region by fostering fair, impartial, and neutral cooperation relationships. ASEAN bases its approach on the norms and principles of the organization, such as transparency, openness, inclusivity, good conflict management, and the importance of sovereignty and non-intervention (ASEAN Way). The ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) is one policy that reflects ASEAN's efforts to build a new framework of cooperation based on its own rule in the region. However, this Southeast Asia organization faces several challenges that can threaten its position.
 Keywords— ASEAN, Indo-Pacific, Impartial, Enmeshment, Geostrategies