Community Institutions Research Articles

Sleep patterns and smartphone use among left-behind children: a latent class analysis and its association with depressive symptoms

BackgroundLeft-behind children in China face challenges in sleep patterns, technology use, and mental health. This study uses an individual-centered approach to derive behavioral profiles associated with depressive symptoms.MethodsData from 131,586 left-behind children aged 8 to 18 years from the Chinese Psychological Health Guard for Children and Adolescents Project were analyzed. Participants were recruited from 569 centers across schools, community institutes, orphanages, and children’s hospitals throughout China. Latent class analysis was conducted using weekday and weekend sleep duration and smartphone use as indicators. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).ResultsFour distinct classes emerged: Sufficient Sleep Low Users (23.6%), Moderate Sleep Medium Users (25.2%), Limited Sleep High Users (22.1%), and Healthy Sleep Low Users (29.2%). Significant differences in CES-D scores were found between classes (F(3, 131579) = 4929, p <.001, η² = 0.101). The Limited Sleep High Users class reported the highest levels of depressive symptoms (M = 11.60, SE = 0.0658), while the Sufficient Sleep Low Users class reported the lowest (M = 3.67, SE = 0.0346). A linear relationship between sleep duration and depressive symptoms was observed. Significant weekday-weekend differences in smartphone use were noted in the unhealthy categories.ConclusionsThis study reveals complex associations between sleep patterns, smartphone use, and depressive symptoms among left-behind children. The identified behavioral profiles provide insights into population heterogeneity and inform targeted intervention strategies. Findings emphasize the importance of addressing both sleep and technology use in mental health initiatives for this vulnerable population.

Scholactivism in the service of counter-populism: The case of constitutional overhaul in Israel

Abstract This article examines the role that legal scholars in Israel played with respect to the constitutional overhaul promoted by Israel’s thirty-seventh government, during the period between November 2022 and September 2023. Members of the legal academia in Israel, including the authors of this article, took an active part in resisting the overhaul, engaging in a wide array of activities that draw on their professional knowledge and status. These activities included collective activism through the publishing of position papers, giving community talks, collaborating with other parts of the protest movement, providing media commentary, writing op-eds, taking part in political negotiations, and engaging in outreach to the international legal community and international institutions. The article examines this activity in the context of the scholarship on “scholactivism,” and addresses the critique that scholactivism may compromise the role of the scholar to disseminate knowledge and seek the truth. After reviewing the constitutional overhaul and the activities undertaken by legal scholars, the article argues that in the context of counter-populism, the activist goal of fighting populism aligns with, rather than contradicts, the scholarly goals of disseminating knowledge and seeking the truth. Furthermore, when constitutional law is the modus operandi of populist leaders, legal scholars have a unique role in identifying manipulations and threats and explaining them to the public. Nonetheless, the article also examines the risks associated with legal scholars’ activism, including potential threats to the integrity of scholarship and the status of scholars. It offers strategies for mitigating these risks and assessing them against the threats at hand.

“No One Is Safe”: Agricultural Burnings, Wildfires and Risk Perception in Two Agropastoral Communities in the Puna of Cusco, Peru

By developing a conceptual framework that integrates the use of fire in agricultural activities, the occurrence of wildfires, and the perception of wildfire risk, this article examines the interplay among these three elements within both wet and dry Puna grasslands. The analysis focuses on two peasant and agropastoral communities, Vilcabamba and Apachaco, both located in the Cusco region—an area with the highest incidence of wildfires in Peru. This study highlights the sociocultural significance and persistence of agricultural burnings within Puna agropastoral communities and the necessity of considering changes in agricultural activity, mutual aid systems, and communal institutions—particularly regarding land ownership—to understand the factors contributing to wildfire occurrence. Furthermore, it reveals the widespread recognition of wildfire risk among community members, who are acutely aware of both the likelihood and potential severity of wildfire events, while governmental policies aimed at addressing this hazard predominantly focus on raising awareness and enforcing bans on agricultural burning, with limited consideration of these complex sociocultural dynamics.

Reconstruction of Regulations on the Role and Duties of the Police in Law Enforcement by the Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies in Indonesia

Illegal levies occur not only in the bureaucratic environment, in the executive, judiciary, and legislative institutions, but also in the private sector, the business world and other community institutions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Regulation of the role and duties of the police in enforcing the Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies law in Indonesia, to find its weaknesses and to reconstruct the Regulation of the role and duties of the police in enforcing the Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies law based on the value of justice. The research method uses the socio-legal research approach method, and the type of research is descriptive. Types and sources of data use secondary materials in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection methods use literature and qualitative analysis methods. The results of the study that the Regulation of the role and duties of the police in enforcing the law on Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies in Indonesia is not based on the value of justice is that the current practice of Extortion has damaged the joints of national and state life and caused unrest in community life; The weaknesses of the Regulation of the role and duties of the police in enforcing the law on Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies currently consist of weaknesses in the legal substance aspect, weaknesses in the legal structure aspect and deficiencies in the legal culture aspect. The weakness of the legal substance aspect is that there is no clear legal umbrella that specifically regulates Extortion, so this is what causes Extortion to continue to be rampant. The weakness of the legal structure aspect is that the synergy between law enforcement officers is still not optimal. Given the Government's efforts, the Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies task force and other law enforcement officers are very much needed in overcoming Extortion through the law enforcement process. The weakness of the legal culture aspect is that the community often allows it, even reluctant, to get involved in eradicating Extortion that is already angry. Reconstruction of Police Role and Duties Regulation in Enforcing Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies Law Based on Justice Values consists of value reconstruction and norm reconstruction. The value reconstruction to be achieved in this study is that the Regulation of the role and duties of the police in enforcing Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies law, which was previously not based on justice, is now based on justice values. Reconstruction of Police Role and Duties Regulation Norm in Enforcing Task Force for Eradicating Illegal Levies Law Based on Justice Values in Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Republic of Indonesia Police Article 13 letter a and Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 87 of 2016 concerning the Clean Sweep Task Force for Illegal Levies Article 2.

Parents’ initiative in community-based support for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The Ahada non-profit model

ABSTRACT Background The birth of a child with an intellectual or developmental disability inherently presents challenges to parents regarding the child’s long-term future. This qualitative study examined the perceptions of parents who are kibbutz members, focusing on the non-profit organisation they established and the socioeconomic model they developed to ensure the future wellbeing of their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Method In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants and used a thematic analysis based on case study methodology. Results The socioeconomic model developed by kibbutz parents helps alleviate their concerns, but also gave rise to challenges related to kibbutz privatisation and the requirement for programs to be tailored to individual needs. The study highlighted how cooperation among families, the community, and government institutions can contribute to individual and collective solutions for people with disabilities. Conclusion These insights expand our understanding of parental social entrepreneurship within intentional communities and other contexts.

Formation of Entrepreneurial Skills in Adolescent Girls Through Family, Community, And Educational Institution Cooperation

The article provides recommendations on the most important components for developing entrepreneurial skills in adolescent girls, which are essential both for themselves and for society. It also presents a general model of the educational environment process for fostering creative entrepreneurial skills and developing entrepreneurial competencies and business activity in adolescent girls.

Model of Multisector And Multidimensional Approaches: An Effort to Stunting Prevention Education in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Indonesia

This study aims to determine how the multisector and multidimensional approach model is in efforts to prevent stunting in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The method used qualitative descriptive approach. The selection of informants using a purposive sample of 5 people : 1 person from the Population Control, Family Planning, Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service (DP2KBP3A), 1 person Health Service, 1 person Health Center, 1 person the Stunting Acceleration Team (TPPS) and 1 person from the head of Posyandu. Data collection used in-depth interviews, participatory observation and documentation studies. Data analysis used qualitative analysis. The results showed that the multisector approach model was integrated from the central level, provincial level, district/city, external to village. Collaborating with the Education, Health, social, economic, agricultural, plantation sectors, etc. involving the central and regional governments, Community Institutions, community leaders and the general public. Multidimensional targets are mothers, toddlers, teenagers, prospective brides, pregnant women, children, and the elderly. The results show that stunting rates are decrease. Supporting factors are government support and an integrated stunting prevention education model with various sectors. Obstacles factors are the quality of human resources, the social culture of the local community and the stigma of stunting as negative

Protecting the Well-Being of Households: Delineating a Social Takāful Fund Initiative for Positive Social Impact

Purpose — This study aims to examine the social takāful fund (STF) initiative, developed by Islamic Business School–Universiti Utara Malaysia (IBS–UUM) in collaboration with FWD Takaful Berhad in Malaysia, as a measure to address economic uncertainties and vulnerabilities by enhancing household well-being. It also analyses the potential impact of the STF on marginalised communities. Design/Methodology/Approach — This study employs a case study method to generate an in-depth understanding of the STF. A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted with the manager of the STF, and the responses were transcribed and examined based on content and thematic analysis. Findings — The STF initiative is being applied for the benefit of the community in the state of Kedah in Malaysia before it can be extended to all other states in the country. It fosters inclusivity and resilience by pooling resources to provide a safety net for disadvantaged households. The model promotes collective responsibility and has the potential to enhance societal well-being and sustainable development. Utilising the fund for four main programmes (notably, community outreach, educational empowerment, the takāful lab, and takāful subsidy programmes), this initiative addresses economic uncertainties and vulnerabilities especially among the unserved and underserved communities through income improvement, empowering financial knowledge and takāful protection. Originality/Value — This study offers an innovative approach to social finance by introducing an STF model. The initiative is unique in its alignment with Islamic finance and community support principles, providing a new perspective on collective social protection and broadening the scope by positioning takāful as a comprehensive community empowerment strategy. Research Limitations/Implications — The implementation of this model requires further investigation into the regulatory framework for such an initiative and the sustainability of funding sources to ensure long-term impact. Practical Implications — The initiative suggests that community, financial, and government institutions can collaborate effectively to implement and sustain social support programmes, contributing to the overall resilience of vulnerable households. Social Implications — The STF initiative has the potential to create a culture of compassion and mutual support within communities, addressing social disparities and fostering a sense of collective responsibility for well-being.

Analisis Keterampilan Berbahasa Inggris di Bidang Industri Pariwisata untuk Pemula

This study explores the importance of English language proficiency in supporting the development of the tourism industry, especially for beginners in the sector. The approach used is qualitative, with data collection through observation and interviews. Various relevant references, including scientific journals and books related to this topic, were collected and analyzed in depth to answer various questions that emerged in the study. The results of this study indicate that good English language skills are essential for tourism industry players to provide a satisfying experience for guests. This certainly contributes positively to increasing revenue and profits for hotels or tourist destinations. In addition, English language skills also affect job opportunities, career promotions, and improving the positive image of employees in the hotel and other tourism sectors. Given the importance of English language proficiency in the tourism industry, it is very important for the community, government, and educational institutions focusing on the tourism sector, such as vocational schools, tourism colleges, and training institutions, to prepare students with adequate English language skills. This effort can be done by providing more focused and quality English education.

Development of a Cooperative Institutional Model in Reducing Poverty in Coastal Communities at KUD Mino Saroyo, Cilacap Regency, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze how the Village Unit Cooperative (KUD) Mino Saroyo in Cilacap Regency, Central Java Province in developing strong institutions to provide solutions for poverty reduction in the Coastal Area of Cilacap Regency. This research uses qualitative research methods, this research challenge Scoot's institutional theory (2008) which reveals that there are three pillars in institutional capacity building, including coastal community institutions, namely the Regulative pillar, Normative pillar and Cultural-Cognitive pillar. The results showed that KUD Mino Saroyo is an independent cooperative with many business units with turnover reaching tens of billions. KUD Mino Saroyo is an example of a cooperative with innovation in managing business units to successfully obtain large profits and help reduce poverty in the coastal region of Cilacap. Suggestions of this study, required the management of business units by personal competent per the field of business units. The theoretical implication is that there needs to be an additional competency factor in Merilee S. Grindle's theory. In determining the leader, the Normative aspect in Scott's theory needs to be differentiated in a society that still tends to choose leaders based on image and not based on competence. The election of the highest leader remains by the voting community per the values and norms believed by the community, but for the lower leaders who need special competence, for example to lead a cooperative business unit. The values and norms are not submitted to the voting community, but are determined by a competent and authorized institution, which is then appointed and appointed by the highest leader.

Implementation of Kanorayang Customary Sanctions Imposed on Village Credit Institution Treasurers Kedewatan Traditional Village Ubud District, Gianyar

Given the increasingly urgent need for capital for rural communities, the local government, especially the Bali Provincial Government, has begun to develop financial institutions in rural communities known as Village Credit Institutions (LPD). The formulation of the problem in this study is: How is the Process of Implementing Kanorayang Sanctions by the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency related to the Misappropriation of Customer Funds of the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency and What steps were taken by the Head of Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency after the Kanorayang Sanction Decision. The type of research used by the author is empirical legal research. The conclusion of this study is as follows: The process of implementing Kanorayang sanctions by the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency related to the Misappropriation of Customer Funds from the Village Credit Institution (LPD) of the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency, which began with the financial report of the Village Credit Institution (LPD) reporting that the funds of the Village Credit Institution (LPD) of the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency that were deposited in the Gianyar BPD were around 10 billion, after being investigated, it turned out that I Nyoman Ribek Adiputra admitted to using the LPD funds personally. The steps taken by the Bendesa of the Kedewatan Traditional Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency, included conducting an internal audit by the LPD, found irregularities and providing solutions to the LPD treasurer but were not implemented and finally at the time of the marriage of his son, I Nyoman Ribek Adiputra, was not given customary facilities and the status of his house was confiscated.

A Qualitative Analysis of Rural Community Vaccination Barriers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Rural communities in the United States experience increased disparity of care for both general healthcare services and access to routine vaccines. Previous research has indicated a 40% lower vaccination rate in rural communities, as compared to urban counterparts. Having a better understanding regarding factors influencing lower vaccination rates in rural areas could help public health officials prepare for future vaccination efforts. This research sought to gather and evaluate the opinions of people who live and work in rural areas regarding barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake. A semi-structured qualitative key informant interview design was utilized by researchers to gather opinions from university Extension staff in Washington State. Interview transcripts were analyzed using the Theory of Planned Behavior (ToPB) framework to evaluate COVID-19 vaccination-related intentions and motivational factors that the Extension staff observed among rural populations in their communities. Twenty-one participants representing 34 out of the 40 Extension offices responded and were interviewed during fall 2023. Using the ToPB constructs, nine barriers were identified. Attitude-related barriers included the following: inherent social distancing in rural location negating vaccine necessity; lack of early vaccine availability in rural locales; concerns regarding ineffectiveness of the vaccine; and inadequate dissemination of vaccine information to non-English language speakers and those with limited access to technology. Subjective norm barriers included the following: perception of exclusion of rural populations' unique needs during design and implementation of vaccine mandates; exertion of social pressures on rural individuals' vaccine uptake decision; and highly visible breakdown in standard trust in core community institutions and leadership. Barriers related to loss of perceived behavioral control included vaccine mandates impacting self-perceived loss of autonomy and limitations in vaccine technology information impacting perception of vaccine safety. By identifying barriers to vaccination in rural communities during the COVID-19 pandemic, future outreach efforts can be designed to improve intention and lead to stronger vaccination uptake.

Գյուղական ինքնակառավարման առօրեականության չափումը XIX դարում (Ելիզավետպոլի նահանգի Ղազախի գավառի հայաբնակ գյուղերի օրինակով) /

The rural community and its daily life were directly and indirectly connected with the imperial social system, and innovations and a wave of transformations, although late, reached the rural community, touched the foundations of the traditional environment, creating conditions for the transformation of the self-government system. The problems of the current experience of the enlargement of rural communities and the contradictory approaches of the public in this matter make it necessary to study the problem relevant, forming an objective requirement to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of previous community self-government reforms. In an effort to comprehensively explore the Eastern Armenian experience of legal regulation of rural self-government, we asked us to study in detail the development of the model of self-government in the XIX century, to identify the role of community institutions and the degree of autonomy within the legislative packages of 1865 and 1866, to consider the attitude of ethnic groups of Transcaucasia to the reform of local self-government, to the system of legal regulation. Under the new legal regulation, the format of the formation of rural societies based on the principles of territorial proportionality, communication, ethnic identity and other principles was justified. Significant legal powers were vested in the village headman, who represented not only the leader and leader of the rural society, but also the district policeman, whose function was to maintain order and the effectiveness of the security system. New changes in the life of rural society have played a certain role, giving activity to the activities of its self-government bodies, as well as contributing to the expansion of rural daily life and greater integration of members of society into it. The clarity of the rights of rural communities to self-government and the organizational foundations established by law contributed to the revitalization of rural daily life, drawing attention to the identification of rural problems.

Collaborative Governance for Inclusive Education: LKIS and The Struggle for The Right to Education for Believers of Indigenous Faiths in Yogyakarta

Education is a fundamental right possessed by every citizen. As a rule-of-law state, Indonesia has established various regulations regarding education to ensure it runs smoothly and inclusively. However, the reality on the ground often contradicts what most people envision today. Many citizens still do not have access to their educational rights, particularly in the case of religious and belief education experienced by students from belief communities in Yogyakarta. LKIS, as one of the NGOs in Yogyakarta, plays a central role in advocating for this issue. This research will further explore a collaborative movement carried out by LKIS, the government, and other community and state institutions. The study employs a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The findings of the research show that, in its struggle, LKIS adopts both top-down and bottom-up approaches, which later form the foundation for cross-sector collaboration. This collaboration marks the beginning of a movement, driven by LKIS and other NGOs, to address and support issues and actions for the belief community.

Pathways to Healing: Forgiveness and Spiritual Growth for Domestic Violence Survivors in Islam

Forgiveness plays a crucial role in the psychological recovery of domestic violence (DV) survivors, and within the framework of Islamic teachings, it is seen as a means of attaining inner peace and spiritual healing. This study explores the role of forgiveness in the psychological and spiritual healing of domestic violence (DV) survivors within an Islamic framework. Employing a qualitative case study approach through in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, and observations with a single female DV survivor in Solo, Indonesia, to gain insights into the complex, non-linear journey of forgiveness. This study investigates the forgiveness process that aligns with Islamic principles of mercy (rahmah), patience (sabr), and divine justice. The findings reveal that the process of forgiveness is complex, non-linear, and influenced by various dynamics, including feedback and feed-forward loops, with survivors revisiting earlier stages. This process is often unpredictable, with survivors revisiting previous stages they thought were overcome, accompanied by changes in attitude. Victims' motivation to forgive is frequently influenced by a desire to accept the situation sincerely, often aligned with religious teachings. Additionally, releasing negative emotions is a significant driving force in the forgiveness process. Social support from family, community, and religious institutions is crucial in encouraging victims to engage in forgiveness, providing the necessary encouragement and understanding to navigate this challenging journey. The study underscores the importance of integrating religious guidance with psychological support, highlighting the significant psychological benefits of forgiveness for DV survivors, including improved emotional well-being and interpersonal relationships.

Pervasive Indigenous and local knowledge of tropical wild species.

The promise of Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) for conservation policy depends on how pervasively ILK is held among local people. In the Peruvian Amazon, we conducted a landscape-scale concordance analysis between (1) ILK for game, timber, and fish species collected by the largest representative ILK survey as yet undertaken in tropical forests, and (2) remotely sensed land cover as proxies for species habitat. From our survey among 4000 households in 235 communities, we find that concordant ILK is highly pervasive across gender, age, place of origin, and social status, irrespective of species and people's indigeneity. Resource users possess more concordant knowledge than nonusers for timber and fish, not game. Concordance between ILK for fish and remote sensing is associated with cooperative forest clearing in shifting cultivation-an informal community institution in which forest peoples engage with nature. Our findings point to the promise of ILK for large-scale tropical conservation.

EFFORTS OF THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN PROTECTION UNIT (PPA) IN RECOVERING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND DEEP TRAUMA IMPACTS ON VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT THE LOMBOK TIMUR POLICE STATION

The Women and Children Protection Unit is one of the institutions responsible for upholding the law. The PPA Unit is required to participate in supporting the realization of protection and overcoming criminal acts of violence against children, therefore the government has passed Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, so that the Women and Children Protection Unit of the East Lombok Resort Police is required to be able to assist in the process of resolving and dealing with criminal acts of violence against women and children. The aim of this research is to analyze and understand the optimization of the services of the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) in recovering from the psychological impacts and deep trauma of victims of sexual violence at the East Lombok Police and to analyze and understand the obstacles to the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of the East Lombok Police in Providing Recovery Services for the Psychological Impact and Deep Trauma of Sexual Violence Victims. The research method used in this research is Empirical Law. The results of this research are that the number of women who experience sexual violence is still very high. The state in its constitution is responsible for the protection, promotion, enforcement and fulfillment of the human rights of every individual as explained in Article 28I of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The state's protection for victims of sexual violence can also be seen from the formation and ratification of the Law. Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crime of Sexual Violence. In handling cases of sexual violence, a Women and Children Protection Unit was formed, this unit is specialized in handling victims, witnesses or suspects involving women and children who require special handling. The efforts that have been made by this unit to deal with cases of violence experienced by women and children are non-penal and penal efforts. The PPA Unit's optimization of victim recovery can also be seen in the case handling process as well as collaboration with community institutions and psychologists. Obstacles to victims' recovery are quite frequent and pervasive in society

Generalizability of consensus regarding standardized letters of evaluation competitiveness: A validity study in a national sample of emergency medicine faculty.

Standardized letters of evaluation (SLOEs) are an important part of residency recruitment, particularly given the limited availability of other discerning factors in residency applications. While consensus regarding SLOE competitiveness has been studied within a small group of academic faculty, it remains unexplored how a more diverse group of letter readers interpret SLOEs in terms of competitiveness. A sample of 50 real SLOEs in the new SLOE format (2022 eSLOE 2.0) were selected to match the national rating distribution and anonymized. These SLOEs were ranked in order of competitiveness by 25 faculty members representing diverse demographics, geographic regions, and practice settings. Consensus levels were assessed using previously defined criteria and compared to prior results using a cutoff of ±10% to define a significant difference in consensus levels. Two models were tested to determine their ability to predict consensus rankings: a point-based system and a linear regression model. Faculty consensus in this diverse cohort was slightly below the level measured among academic emergency medicine faculty in the prior study, though no differences were greater than the ±10% cutoff. Prediction models also performed similarly to a previous study except at the tight level of agreement, where consensus was stronger in this study compared to previous results. There is greater consensus among faculty at academic institutions than at community institutions, and years of experience was not correlated with higher consensus. The degree of consensus regarding competitiveness using real SLOEs was similar in this diverse national sample compared to a prior study in a smaller and more homogenous group ranking mock SLOEs. Consensus ranks were predicted with good accuracy using both the point system and the regression model.

Real-World and Clinical Trial Validation of a Deep Learning Radiomic Biomarker for PD-(L)1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

This study developed and validated a novel deep learning radiomic biomarker to estimate response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using real-world data (RWD) and clinical trial data. Retrospective RWD of 1,829 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with PD-(L)1 ICIs were collected from 10 academic and community institutions in the United States and Europe. The RWD included data sets for discovery (Data Set A-Discovery, n = 1,173) and independent test (Data Set B, n = 458). A radiomic pipeline, containing a deep learning feature extractor and a survival model, generated the computed tomography (CT) response score (CTRS) applied to the pretreatment routine CT/positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan. An enhanced CTRS (eCTRS) also incorporated age, sex, treatment line, and lesion annotations. Performance was evaluated against progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Biomarker generalizability was further evaluated using a secondary analysis of a prospective clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02573259) evaluating the PD-1 inhibitor sasanlimab in second or later line of treatment (Data Set C, n = 54). In RWD Test Data Set B, the CTRS identified patients with a high probability of response to ICI with a PFS hazard ratio (HR) of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.82) and an OS HR of 0.50 (95% CI, 0.28 to 0.92) in the first-line ICI monotherapy cohort, after adjustment for baseline covariates including the PD-L1 tumor proportion score. In Clinical Trial Data Set C, the CTRS demonstrated an adjusted PFS HR of 1.03 (95% CI, 0.43 to 2.47) and an OS HR of 0.33 (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.91). The CTRS and eCTRS outperformed traditional imaging biomarkers of lesion size in PFS and OS for RWD Test Data Set B and in OS for the Clinical Trial Data Set. The study developed and validated a deep learning radiomic biomarker using pretreatment routine CT/PET-CT scans to identify ICI benefit in advanced NSCLC.

A ‘Heinous Offence’: Rural Schoolmasters and Sexual Assault in Victorian Scotland

Through a close examination of two cases in which rural schoolmasters in Victorian Scotland were accused of sexually assaulting their pupils, this article explores the gendered social and power dynamics, attitudes towards teachers and the nature of schools as spaces and institutions in rural communities. The sense of authority that community members felt over schoolmasters made them subject to scrutiny and pressure from the community, especially the mothers of pupils, in ways that allowed the community to assert at least some authority over schoolmasters. However, both rural schoolmasters examined here were able to leverage their professional prestige, gender and the preference many communities had to handle potentially scandalous matters quietly and locally to mitigate substantially the consequences they faced.