Communal Characteristics Research Articles

Fragile Egos and Broken Hearts: Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Traits Predict Reactions to Potential Infidelity

We examined the connections that narcissistic and borderline personality traits had with hypothetical responses to romantic infidelity in a sample of Israeli community members (N = 997). We distinguished between four forms of narcissism: extraverted narcissism (characterized by assertive self-enhancement), antagonistic narcissism (characterized by defensiveness and hostility), neurotic narcissism (characterized by emotional distress), and communal narcissism (characterized by attempts to emphasize superiority over others by exaggerating communal characteristics such as being extraordinarily helpful). We also measured levels of borderline personality traits. Results showed that neurotic narcissism was strongly associated with heightened negative emotional responses, particularly in high-threat infidelity scenarios, aligning with predictions regarding emotional volatility. Antagonistic and communal narcissism showed detrimental effects on relationship evaluations primarily under low-threat conditions, indicating distinct patterns of defensiveness and vulnerability. Extraverted narcissism showed no significant association with emotional responses. Borderline traits were linked to intense emotional reactions across conditions, emphasizing their broad impact on perceived relational threats. These findings suggest that while some personality traits exacerbate reactions in less severe conditions, infidelity trauma can overwhelm these differences, underscoring the potential need for personalized therapeutic approaches. Discussion is focused on the implications for understanding personality traits in relational contexts and future research directions exploring varied threat manipulations.

Ethnographic Study on the Meaning of Cost in the Sasak’s Tradition Wedding

The purpose of this study is to reveal the meaning of cost in the traditional Sasak wedding tradition in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. This research uses an interpretive paradigm with ethnographic methodology. The results showed that cost in the traditional Sasak wedding tradition has a complex and multidimensional meaning. This study provides important insights in the development of accounting science, where costs in traditional marriage traditions, which have communal characteristics, contain a more humanist meaning than the meaning of costs in the modern view which is attached to the individualist character.

Building Bridges of Multifaith Awareness

In the face of religious tensions within the Indonesian context, the East Java Christian Church grapples with the imperative question: "How can the church effectively engage with a multifaith world amidst religious and social tensions?" In response to the question, I contend that the church can build its multifaith awareness by adopting a model derived from Javanese tradition, namely jagongan and patuwen, Jagongan embodies communal characteristics, while patuwen signifies personal and private qualities. These Javanese traditions mirror the twofold movement of Jesus—exitus a Deo and exitus a se—reflecting both exit from Father and of Himself leading to a return and entry to the Divine. The church can engage jagongan as an invitation for people to enter and gather in public space and employ patuwen to reach out and exit from the church space to embrace people's private space. I will demonstrate the practical implementation of jagongan and patuwen as spaces for multifaith learning and social justice awareness within the church, presented under the banner of the Festival of Faith. In conclusion, jagongan and patuwen emerge as powerful models for bridging and enriching the church's multifaith awareness, fostering greater understanding, inclusivity, and social justice in the diverse landscape of faith.

Kepemilikan Common Property Pada Pengetahuan Tradisional

This article discusses the concept of traditional knowledge and examines policy directions related to common property in Indonesia. Protection of traditional knowledge is not only the existence of intellectual works produced by indigenous peoples, but solely due to environmental factors and indigenous peoples which give special characteristics to products produced by an indigenous community. Thus traditional knowledge can provide protection to an object that is part of common property and not part of private property. This research is normative juridical research with a conceptual approach related to copyright and common property. The results of the study show that the concept of collective-communal ownership basically originates from the existence of a community unit that feels a sense of togetherness in owning something with the same interests and refers to the existence of rights that can be enjoyed by many people or groups. Meanwhile, in relation to traditional knowledge as part of common property, it can be interpreted that society as a whole has the same opportunity to enjoy the potential contained in this traditional knowledge. From the study of collective and communal concepts in the realm of customary law, the ownership of traditional knowledge is inherent in collective communal characteristics. The existence of this special characteristic of ownership indicates the need for the development of principles in the realm of copyright. Therefore, Indonesia should have a law specifically related to common property.

Who Wants to (Digitally) Live Forever? The Connections That Narcissism Has with Motives for Digital Immortality and the Desire for Digital Avatars.

We examined the role that death anxiety (for self and others) and motivation for digital immortality played in the associations that narcissistic personality traits had with the desire for digital avatars (of self and others) in a sample of Israeli community members (N = 1041). We distinguished between four forms of narcissism: extraverted narcissism (characterized by assertive self-enhancement), antagonistic narcissism (characterized by defensiveness and hostility), neurotic narcissism (characterized by emotional distress), and communal narcissism (characterized by attempts to emphasize superiority over others by exaggerating communal characteristics such as being extraordinarily helpful). Our sequential parallel mediation analyses showed that narcissistic personality traits were associated with fear of death and the desire for symbolic immortality (having a digital avatar for self and others), with mainly indirect associations via fear of death and the motivation for eternal life and to be there for others. Discussion is focused on the role that fear of death and specific "defensive control" motives for having digital avatars (e.g., motivation for eternal life and to be there for others) may play in the desire for digital immortality reported by individuals with narcissistic personality traits.

Bucking the Trend: South African Jewry and Their Turn Toward Religion

Across the Jewish world religious polarization is gaining momentum. At the secular end of the spectrum people are switching away from religion while at the religious pole fertility levels are high. This trend is evident among South African Jewry; data from the 2019 Jewish Community Survey of South Africa (N = 4193) show that the community is becoming polarized, and the traditional center ground is collapsing. However, unlike many other Jewish communities today, switching toward more religious subgroups than the one in which one was raised is more common in South Africa than switching away from them. This tendency is most pronounced among people born in the 1960s and 1970s. A similar trend characterizes South African non-Jews. We argue that coming of age in a period of profound political and social instability explains the increased likelihood of switching toward religion. The effect is more marked among Jews due to distinct communal characteristics and history that provided the optimal conditions for switching towards a more religious lifestyle. This paper highlights the necessity of examining internal processes that are unique to the Jewish community alongside broader developments to improve our understanding of religious polarization among Jews.

(Un)wanted and (Un)sought Services: Exploring the Funeral Industry Positivity and Rural Funeral Directors’ Destigmatization

ABSTRACT This study explores the positive nature of the funeral industry in rural communities and examines how rural funeral directors perform community services to destigmatize their profession. Analysis of interviews (n = 27) with rural funeral directors revealed that the funeral industry, although it is associated with death and dying, was needed and accepted in the community – a phenomenon the article labels (un)wanted and (un)sought services. This construct challenges the denial of death thesis and supports the contingent and discursive nature of death and dying. Moreover, rural funeral directors offer life enrichment programs, support local businesses, work as partial civic servants, and participate in community governance. This study argues that these supportive performances reflect the communicative mechanism of destigmatization, reinforcing the needed and acceptable nature and diminishing the unwanted and unsought nature of the profession. Lastly, the study advocates that urban funeral homes learn from rural funeral homes regarding communal characteristics to make a more supportive and cohesive urban life.

A home, an institution and a community – frames of social relationships and interaction in assisted living

Assisted living facilities are presented as the older person’s home but, at the same time, defined by institutional and communal characteristics. Using Goffman’s (1974/1986) concept of frame, we aim to find out how home, institution and community frames define social roles and shape social relationships and interaction in assisted living facilities. Directed content analysis was used to analyse the data consisting of observations, one group discussion and ten individual interviews with residents in an assisted living facility. We found that the home frame was characterised by meaningfulness, spontaneousness and informality of social relation­ships and interaction, whereas the institution frame by indifference and formality of them. Acknowledging and tolerating other people was not only central in the community frame but also dissociating oneself from some people. Frames can shed light on how different interpretations of the multifaceted social environment of assisted living affect homeliness of the facility and well-being of the residents.

Women on boards and corporate environmental performance in Italian companies: The importance of nomination background

AbstractThe relationship between women on boards and corporate environmental performance is puzzling because of the inconclusiveness of previous research. We study this association in light of the homophily and self‐construct theories. Based on data on Italian FTSE‐MIB companies from 2008 to 2017, we investigate how the significance of women directors in enhancing environmental performance varies with the nature of their nomination background. To understand the mechanisms behind the role of women on boards in environmental performance, we differentiate women according to their nomination background (family vs. non‐family). Our panel regression results document that, upon reaching a threshold of three women on boards (the so‐called critical mass), family women directors affect negatively corporate environmental performance. Breaking down the environmental performance powered by subsequential companies' actions into (1) firm environmental technology use, (2) firm resource use efficiency, and (3) corporate emission reduction, we also provide evidence for the negative effect of family women directors. This may suggest that family women directors do not reveal their communal characteristics; thus, they are not as sensitive to environmental issues as non‐family women directors.

Dancing in Public Squares – Toward a Socially Synchronous Sense of Place

This study advances how we understand sense of place in leisure research by considering how social interactions lend to ‘lived emplacement’. Taking a behavioral geography perspective, that aligns with Social-Interaction Theory, this paper contributes to how we think about collective forms of dancing in public squares. To develop these understandings, we focus on a popular dancing activity in China, Guang-Chang-Wu 广场舞. Conceptual directions discussed in this paper challenge researchers to consider how socially synchronized dancing connects middle-aged and elderly Chinese women. Perspective and insight into sense of place, influenced by place attachment and place dependence are guided by participant desires to increase socialization and well-being. In-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observations were qualitative methods used to investigate social interactions in urban public squares. Interpretations reinforce interactions, and provide insight into unique communal characteristics and the social meanings associated with dancing in public squares. This research offers new ways of thinking about sense of place in public squares through behavioral reflections of public dancing aligned with how participants transcend space and place meanings. Considerations are also positioned alongside social and cultural change in China, which are important to the story of leisure practices in public squares.

Fear of Backlash Moderates Female Senior Executives' Communion (but Not Agency) as Compared to Female Lecturers.

Today, many women work in occupational roles that had once been dominated by men (e.g., senior business executives). However, expectations on senior executives to be agentic (e.g., assertive, dominant) may conflict with prescriptive stereotypes about women to be communal (e.g., helpful, warm). According to this double-bind dilemma, female senior executives get criticized for lacking either agency or communion as both dimensions can be perceived as posing a tradeoff. We hypothesize that female senior executives report higher levels of agency and lower levels of communion than women in a more neutral role (e.g., lecturers) due to the perceived requirements of these occupational roles. In Study 1, N = 212 students rated adjectives on their desirability for men vs. women in Chinese society. They rated agentic characteristics as more desirable for men and communal characteristics as more desirable for women. Studies 2 and 3 used this material. Study 2 randomly assigned N = 207 female students to the role of a senior executive vs. lecturer. Study 3 was conducted with N = 202 female role occupants (96 senior executives, 106 lecturers). As expected, female senior executives reported higher levels of agency and lower levels of communion than female lecturers in both studies. Some women may be particularly aware of the above-mentioned double-bind dilemma and may be more worried about the potential backlash than others. They may attempt to reconcile occupational demands (i.e., higher agency, lower communion) with prescriptive gender stereotypes (i.e., lower agency, higher communion). We, therefore, explored whether fear of backlash attenuates the effect of the type of role of women (senior executives vs. lecturers) on agency and communion. Indeed, we found that senior executives who were particularly worried about backlash reported almost as much communion as lecturers did. In contrast, senior executives consistently reported higher levels of agency than lecturers regardless of their fear of backlash. The present study documents prescriptive gender stereotypes in China, how women differ as a function of their occupational roles, and how fear of backlash may motivate female senior executives to reconcile having high levels of both agency and communion.

Gender Differences in Language of Standardized Letter of Evaluation Narratives in Osteopathic Emergency Medicine Residency Applicants.

BackgroundThe standardized letter of evaluation (SLOE) is used by emergency medicine (EM) faculty during the interview and match process. Data has shown that female allopathic applicants score higher in communal characteristics and have a greater number of ability words in the narrative portion of the SLOE as compared to their male counterparts. ObjectiveTo determine if there is a difference in the language used to describe male and female osteopathic applicants within the SLOE. MethodsAll applicants to a three-year EM residency within a single application cycle were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included allopathic applicants, applicants without a SLOE, or applicants with a SLOE only from the interviewing program. Data collected included applicant demographics and SLOE narratives. The previously validated Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker Conglomerates, Inc., Austin, TX) product was used to analyze word counts from the narrative portion of each SLOE. Descriptive statistics and t-tests for continuous data were used. ResultsOf the 577 applicants to the residency program, 318 met inclusion criteria and 33% were female. Females had a higher COMLEX-2 (590 vs 559; p=0.05) as compared to males but no difference was found for the remainder of the baseline demographics. No difference was found for the number of words in the narrative portion of the SLOE between males and females (males = 122 words; females = 127 words; p=0.53). Words within the social (p=0.006), achievement (p=0.007), and standout (p<0.001) categories were more frequent in osteopathic female applicants as compared to males. No statistical differences were detected for the other 13 categories analyzed. ConclusionIn this sample of osteopathic applicants, little linguistic difference was noted for the narrative portion of the SLOE. SLOE authors did, however, use more social, achievement, and standout words to describe females as compared to male applicants.

Gender and Counterstereotypical Facial Expressions of Emotion in Crowdfunded Microlending

Crowdfunded microlending research implies that both communal and agentic characteristics are valued. These characteristics, however, are often viewed as being at odds with one another due to their association with gender stereotypes. Drawing upon expectancy violation theory and research on gender stereotypes, we theorize that gender-counterstereotypical facial expressions of emotion provide a means for entrepreneurs to project “missing” agentic or communal characteristics. Leveraging computer-aided facial expression analysis to analyze entrepreneur photographs from 43,210 microloan appeals, we show that women benefit from stereotypically masculine facial expressions of anger and disgust, whereas men benefit from stereotypically feminine facial expressions of sadness and happiness.

HAK ATAS KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL, HAK MEREK, RAHASIA DAGANG, DAN PELANGGARAN HAK MEREK DAN RAHASIA DAGANG SERTA HAK PATENT (LITERATUR REVIEW ARTIKEL

Indonesia as a developing country that is rich in natural, artistic and cultural resources has a variety of traditional knowledge that requires legal recognition and protection that is able to maintain the ownership of traditional knowledge as the nation's internationally recognized work. Regulations in the case of intellectual property rights, particularly the patent law, aim to provide legal protection for the invention of intellectual works to the inventors and provide economic benefits for the results of their inventions. However, the patent law which adopts IPR in developed countries in its implementation, has not been able to provide recognition and protection to traditional knowledge optimally. This is due to differences in the concept of intellectual property rights that are exclusive, and individuals with traditional knowledge that have traditional, communal and open characteristics. The lack of public understanding of IPRs as well as inadequate mastery of technology and minimal budget are also obstacles to traditional patenting of knowledge. Pemerintah RI mengundangkan UU No.21 Tahun 1961 tentang merek perusahaan dan merek perniagaan ( UU merek 1961 ) untuk menggantikan UU merek kolonial Belanda. UU merek 1961 merupakan undang-undang indonesia pertama di bidang HAKI. Berdasarkan pasal 24, UU No.21 Tahun 1961 , yang berbunyi “ Undang-undang ini dapat disebut undang-undang merek 1961 dan mulai berlaku satu bulan setelah undang-undang ini diundangkan “. Undang-undang tersebut mulai berlaku tanggal 11 November 1961. Penetapan UU merek 1961 dimaksudkan untuk melindungi masyarakat dari barang-barang tiruan/bajakan.

Gender stereotypes and self‐characterizations in Germany and Nigeria: A cross‐cultural comparison

AbstractStudies on the content of gender stereotypes have been conducted primarily in the United States, while research in other, particularly non‐Western, countries is scarce. In this research, we assessed and compared the content of gender stereotypes and self‐characterizations in Germany—a Western European country—and Nigeria—a West African country. We asked 403 Germans and Nigerians to rate three target groups (either men in general, women in general, or themselves) on 74 agentic and communal characteristics. We found that Nigerian women were rated as more agentic and more communal than German women, while German men were rated as more communal than Nigerian men, but similarly on agency. On self‐characterizations, Nigerian men rated themselves as more communal than German men, but again similarly on agency; Nigerian women rated themselves as more agentic and more communal than German women. Within‐country comparisons showed that in Germany, men compared to women were perceived as more agentic but similarly communal when rated by others (and similarly agentic and communal when rating themselves). In Nigeria, men and women were perceived as similarly agentic, but women were perceived as more communal than men (by both others and when rating themselves). Further analysis on individual agentic and communal characteristics, however, showed important differences in stereotypes and self‐characterizations of men and women in both countries that were obscured when looking at overall agency and communion. Our results show that gender stereotyping of oneself and others is complex and highlights the impact of culture on people's perceptions of gender.

Gendered Differences in Teaching Performance Evaluations of Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents

Teaching performance evaluations are commonly used for career development and advancement. Due to possible gendered expectations, implicit or explicit bias may emerge in evaluations completed by learners. This study investigated how third-year medical students evaluated teaching performance of obstetrics and gynecology resident physicians based on resident gender. This study was conducted at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This retrospective mixed methods study examined teaching performance evaluations of obstetrics and gynecology resident physicians from 2010 to 2018, completed by third-year medical students. A two-sample, two-sided t-test was used to compare numerical scores. Deductive content analysis of written comments focused on specific categories: positive or negative agentic or communal demeanors and characteristics, teaching skills, character and professionalism, leadership abilities, clinical skills and knowledge, and frequency of words and phrases used to describe residents. This study was conducted at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Of 83 residents (71 females, 12 males), there was no statistical significance in the teaching performance evaluation scores between male and female residents (n = 10,753 total completed evaluations). Female residents had lower scores than male residents; males tended not to score below 4 (5-point response scale; 5 = outstanding). Of 3,813 written comments, male residents had more positive comments, with statistical significance in communal characteristics (71.4% male, 53.9% female, p = 0.01). Female residents received more negative comments, with statistical significance in communal characteristics (7.5% female, 2.8% male, p = 0.01). Frequency of words presented that male residents had more "standout" traits ("outstanding," "excellent," "exemplary"), "ability" terms ("intelligent," "bright," "talented," "smart"), and were often considered "fun," "funny," and "humorous." Female residents were described by "compassion" terms ("kind," "compassionate"). Student-completed teaching performance evaluations are a valuable assessment of teaching skills and influence department recognition, award distribution, fellowship and employment opportunities. This study found that medical students did evaluate female residents differently than male residents. Understanding gendered expectations may assist in findings ways to address discrepancies between male and female physician evaluations.

WEDDING STAGES AND RITUALS AMONG THE INDIGENOUS ITAWES IN ISABELA, PHILIPPINES

The Itawes of Isabela have a unique culture which defines them as a people. Their marriage manifests their cosmology. This study was conducted to document the different wedding rituals of the Itawes and analyze their cultural significance. Data were gathered through observation, community immersion and non-formal interview among the elders. These were interpreted and presented to the elders for validation, after which, a revision was made to include their feedback. The study revealed that the Itawes have several marriage rituals and stages like tubad, mangatatawa, gumina or landay, entrega, boda (wedding ceremony), gala-gala, and dallut. However, tubad and mangatatawa are no longer practiced due to some practical reasons. The study further revealed that these wedding rituals manifest the communal characteristics of the Itawes as a group of people. All members of the community are encouraged to participate in the conduct of the rituals. Further, it was also found out that female Itawes are given high regard specially in preparing them for married life. The parents of the female ensures that their daughter will be given a better life after the wedding by their soon to be husband. It is the reason why the parents are testing the determination of their suitors through the conduct of mangatatawa and other related rituals. It is highly recommended that the Local Government Unit (LGU), the Department of Education (DepEd) and the academe must have an intervention for the promotion, conservation and preservation of these rituals for better understanding the Itawes unique culture.

Always negotiate, sometimes cooperate: an agent-based model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use agent-based modeling to simulate the negotiation and cooperation between agents working on tasks in an organization and to study the effects that gender differences might have on the outcome of the process. Design/methodology/approach The model used herein allows for idiosyncratic differences in terms of the propensity to negotiate/cooperate. The model also allows for multi-round negotiations/cooperation and incorporates subjective value into the negotiation process. The model is implemented in NetLogo. Findings The results clearly show that it is always beneficial to negotiate, even when backlash might result from the request. The study then extends this analysis by allowing for gender differences in both negotiation and cooperation. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis that agentic characteristics are beneficial for negotiators, while communal characteristics can be detrimental. Research limitations/implications Like all models, the model used herein made some simplifying assumptions about the negotiation and cooperation processes. In addition, the utilized model assumes that agents work individually on tasks and that negotiation takes place between two individual agents, even though negotiation can be a team-based endeavor in many cases. Practical implications The results of this study indicate that individuals need to adopt characteristics that are more agentic; this finding is particularly true for females who aim to be on a level playing field with their male counterparts. The results also indicate that negotiation is beneficial whether there is an abundance of resources or not, while cooperation is only beneficial when resources are abundant. Originality/value While past negotiation research has used simple choice games, laboratory studies and field studies, this study provides computational support for the hypothesis that higher levels of negotiation are beneficial to individuals. Additionally, unlike recent agent-based studies that have studied negotiation as a taken-for-granted automated computational process that is done by software on behalf of individuals, the present study simulates agents that have yet to decide whether they will engage in negotiation or not.

The Mirror and the Window: Making Implicit Perceptions of Leadership Explicit

Images of leadership serve as mirrors reflecting assumptions and as windows revealing possibilities. We take a visual and less common methodological approach and highlight particular images by way of a linguistic and stylistic analysis. The foundation of this study—an archive of 8,283 images and essays—is noteworthy, since it represents nearly the entire population of undergraduates at an elite business school over the past 16 years. Our analysis reveals the salient commonalities and subtle differences in male and female perceptions. On one hand, the most frequently posted male and female images of leadership are assertive and concerned about the welfare of others and combine stereotypical and archetypal masculine and feminine characteristics. The act of leadership is also transformational and empowering rather than transactional and directive. On the other hand, the qualities of leadership are value-centric for both male and female students; but males are more inclined to see hierarchy and agentic qualities, while females are more likely to see communal characteristics. Moreover, the vast majority of images is male, but female students put a greater emphasis on gender nonspecified subjects and are twice as likely as male students to identify the subject of leadership as “ she.”

The consequences of humility for leaders: A double-edged sword

Though previous research finds that followers, teams, and organizations benefit when leaders express humility, drawing on leader categorization theory reveals negative consequences for the leader. We posit that displays of humility signal certain prototypical leader characteristics, such that expressed humility increases communal, but reduces agentic characteristics; given that both are positively associated with leadership, displays of humility differentially impact important leader outcomes such as leader effectiveness and undermining (e.g., punishments, rewards). Across five studies, we generally find support for mutual suppression such that expressed humility impacts leader effectiveness and undermining by simultaneously decreasing perceptions of agentic while increasing perceptions of communal characteristics. Our work provides a more balanced perspective on the consequences of leader humility by demonstrating that, seemingly under ideal circumstances, humility can lead to both benefits and costs for the leader. Given the potential downsides to humility, our work has important, practical implications for leader development.