Communal Behavior Research Articles

Factual power loss reduction by augmented monkey optimization algorithm

This paper presents Augmented Monkey Optimization Algorithm (AMOA) applied to solve optimal reactive power problem. Communal behaviour of monkeys has been utilized to model the algorithm. Normally, group monkeys assess the distance from the source to food for foraging behaviour. Local leader renews its most excellent location inside the group, when the food source is not rationalized then the group will start probing in different directions for the food sources. Two most important control parameters are Global Leader Limit (GLlimit) and Local Leader Limit (LLlimit) which give appropriate way to global and local leaders correspondingly. Levy flight has been intermingled in the algorithm to enhance the search ability. Proposed AMOA accelerates the exploitation ability that has been tested in standard IEEE 14, 30, 57,118,300 bus test systems. The simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss comprehensively.

3:09 PM Abstract No. 73 Evaluating the impact of communal traits and gender-based perceptions on Press-Ganey scores

Communal traits, like empathy, warmth and consensus-building, are not highly valued in the medical hierarchy. Yet data suggests that patients prefer these very traits, that female physicians are more likely to display. We analyze if patient ascribed communal traits have a gendered prevalence and its impact on physician Press-Ganey scores. 22,431 Press Ganey outpatient surveys assessing 480 physicians collected at a large tertiary hospital from 2016-2017 were analyzed. Patients provided qualitative comments and quantitative ratings assessing physician effectiveness. Patient comments were coded for whether they described the physician with communal language using a word scale derived from previous work (Madera and Hebl, 2009). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess a) whether female physicians were more likely to be described using communal language and b) whether communal language correlated with higher quantitative ratings, when controlling for physician characteristics (age, rank, medical specialty, and ethnicity); patient characteristics (gender, age, and race); and comment characteristics (length and which qualitative survey questions were being answered). Even after controlling for physician and patient characteristics, patients were more likely to describe female physicians with communal language (OR = 1.15, P < 0.002). Physicians described with communal language were also more likely to receive a 5/5 score across all quantitative dimensions (P < 0.001), including “shared-decision making” (OR = 2.52), “concern for your questions” (OR = 2.39) and “likelihood to recommend” (OR = 2.77). There were no significant differences between surgical and non-surgical specialties. Patients are more likely to perceive female physicians as communal and give higher quantitative ratings to physicians they perceive as communal. These results imply a need to reevaluate what types of behavior academic hospitals reward in their physicians: devaluing communal behavior may both penalize female physicians, widening gender disparities, and undervalue the very behavior patients appreciate.

Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

OPERA ON THE FOND COURTYARD: REPRESENTATION OF THE CITY IN ODESSA PAINTING

The article is devoted to the study of the city with the help of representative approaches, in particular, the presentation of the three types of city representations in Odessa paintings of the 1950s–2010s, the clarification of the relationship between the models of the city’s mental familiarization and representative artifacts. Artifacts act as markers of a specific local identity, which in turn represent certain culturally significant infrastructural complexes of local communication. The purpose of the analysis is to establish a correlation between the object and subject of artistic creation and various mythologies of the city as the basis of representation. The Opera is presented in the article as a marker of the European type of urban infrastructure, which localizes special lifestyles, types of communication, special visuals that form the historical type of Odessa identity. Representation of the courtyard reflects another type of mythology and urban communication – a reduced, close to the grassroots culture of the urban outskirts and communal social behavior. The inability to capture the Whole of city leads to the appropriation of details – a crystallized detailing of architectural and infrastructure elements.

The role prioritization model: How communal men and agentic women can (sometimes) have it all

AbstractMen and women are persistently associated with breadwinning and caregiving roles and related stereotypes. A role prioritization model (RPM) is presented that accounts for the conditions under which penalties and benefits arise due to perceived fulfillment or neglect of communal/caregiving roles (typically associated with women) and agentic/breadwinning roles (typically associated with men). Our model makes unique contributions to understanding gender stereotyping and negative evaluations for stereotype violation (i.e., backlash). First, behaviors suggesting low prioritization of one's traditional gender role—when women appear to neglect caregiving and men neglect breadwinning—produce particularly harsh judgments. Second, behaviors indicating successful balancing of role prioritization (e.g., men who augment breadwinning with communal behavior and women who augment childrearing with agentic behavior) allow avoidance of backlash. The RPM is useful for organizing existing research on gendered perceptions and for understanding perceptions of men and women who violate gender norms to create greater gender equality.

Do State and Trait Measures Measure States and Traits? The Case of Community-Dwelling Caregivers of Older Adults.

Spielberger's state and trait anxiety and anger scales are widely used and documented, but there is little or no direct evidence that they actually measure their respective state and trait aspects as was intended. We conducted latent state-trait analyses on data collected from 310 community-dwelling caregivers of older adult care recipients and found that (a) both state and trait scales reflected a mixture of state and trait aspects of their latent constructs, (b) state scales reflected more state-like variance than did corresponding trait scales, but (c) both state and trait scales were dominated by stable trait-like variance. Follow-up bivariate latent state-trait analyses indicated that correlations between trait components of anger and anxiety correlated more strongly with trait components of caregiver-care recipient mutually communal behavior and care recipient problem behavior than did state-state component correlations. Implications for the measurement of state and trait components of psychological constructs are discussed.

How to Foster Male Engagement in Traditionally Female Communal Roles and Occupations: Insights from Research on Gender Norms and Precarious Manhood

AbstractWhile women are increasingly entering traditionally masculine, agentic occupations and roles, there has been less of a shift in the opposite direction: men moving into traditionally feminine, communal occupations and roles. This paper outlines the negative consequences of men's low communal engagement, and how this inhibits various benefits for men themselves, for the women and children around them, and for society as a whole. We review how sociopsychological processes driven by gender norms and precarious manhood keep men from engaging in communal roles and behaviors. Moreover, we outline how insights into these contextual barriers to men's communal engagement may also be used to facilitate change such that men are freed to pursue both agentic and communal roles. We discuss (the effectiveness of) different interventions at the societal, organizational, social, and relational level that may enable men to pursue communal interests.

NosP Modulates Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling in Legionella pneumophila.

Biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and secrete an extracellular polymeric substance. Bacteria embedded within a biofilm benefit from increased resistance to antibiotics, host immune responses, and harsh environmental factors. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that can modulate communal behavior, including biofilm formation, in many bacteria. In many cases, NO-induced biofilm dispersal is accomplished through signal transduction pathways that ultimately lead to a decrease in intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. H-NOX (heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding domain) proteins are the best characterized bacterial NO sensors and have been implicated in NO-mediated cyclic-di-GMP signaling, but we have recently discovered a second family of NO-sensitive proteins in bacteria named NosP (NO sensing protein); to date, a clear link between NosP signaling and cyclic-di-GMP metabolism has not been established. Here we present evidence that NosP (Lpg0279) binds to NO and directly affects cyclic-di-GMP production from two-component signaling proteins Lpg0278 and Lpg0277 encoded within the NosP operon. Lpg0278 and Lpg0277 are a histidine kinase and cyclic-di-GMP synthase/phosphodiesterase, respectively, that have already been established as being important in regulating Legionella pneumophila cyclic-di-GMP levels; NosP is thus implicated in regulating cyclic-di-GMP in L. pneumophila.

The Evolution of a Neolithic Tell on the Great Hungarian Plain: Site Formation and Use at Szeghalom-Kovácshalom

ABSTRACTThis article explores the development and evolution of a Neolithic tell on the Great Hungarian Plain, with a particular focus on the depositional and functional changes over time. Recent, multi-disciplinary research in conjunction with the reassessment of old excavation records allows us to identify three major phases in the morphological and functional development of the Szeghalom-Kovácshalom tell. The original primary use of the tell was residential in nature. After several generations, as the settlement expanded into the surrounding landscape, the tell was used for more communal behaviors until, during the latest phase, it was used primarily for burials. This evolution of the tell—from a residential space to a cemetery—underscores the complexity of social processes that unfolded at prehistoric tell sites in southeastern Europe. The method we employ demonstrates how information from old and new research projects can be integrated successfully to model the development of complex, multi-period settlements.

Autonomy Development: Gender and Age Differences from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood

The development of autonomy during the transition to adulthood may present itself in different forms, depending on age, gender and cultural variations. Grounded in developmental psychology, this study examined gender and age differences in autonomy in Brazilian youth. Participants were 154 Brazilian adolescents and emerging adults (14-33 years old, M= 20.87, SD= 3.74, 50% female) from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro. Our findings indicate a positive association between age and autonomy scores in the Kağitçibaşi’s Autonomous, Related and Related-autonomous Self scales. Correlation results showed gender specific results in such associations, such as that for men, age was positively associated with autonomy, whereas for women, it was associated with related-autonomy. These results suggest that, in Brazil, traditional views continue to reinforce gender roles towards men’s agentic behavior and women’s communal behavior. These findings highlight the importance of elucidating gender differences in the development of autonomy in different sociocultural contexts.

Synthetic Methane-Consuming Communities from a Natural Lake Sediment.

The factors and processes that influence the behavior and functionality of ecosystems inhabited by complex microbiomes are still far from being clearly understood. Synthetic microbial communities provide reduced-complexity models that allow an examination of ecological theories under defined and controlled conditions. In this study, we applied a multiphasic approach to study synthetic methane-oxidizing communities and species interactions as proxies to the natural communities. Our results confirm that, under selective pressures, natural-sediment communities of high complexity simplify rapidly, selecting for several major functional guilds, the major partners in methane oxidation being the Methylococcaceae methanotrophs and the Methylophilaceae methylotrophs, along with minor but persistent partners, members of Burkholderiales and Flavobacteriales As a proof of concept, we established minimalist synthetic communities that were representative of the four functional guilds to demonstrate the dependency of the non-methane-utilizing species on the methanotrophs as the primary carbon-providing species. We observed that in communities consisting of multiple representatives of the key guilds, members of the same guild appeared to compete for resources. For example, when two methanotrophs of the same family were present, the two expressed similar key methanotrophy pathways and responded similarly to changing environmental conditions, suggesting that they perform a similar keystone function in situ Similar observations were made for the Methylophilaceae However, differences were noted in the expression of auxiliary and unique genes among strains of the same functional guild, reflecting differential adaptation and suggesting mechanisms for competition. At the same time, differences were also noted in the performances of partners with specific metabolic schemes. For example, a mutant of Methylotenera mobilis impaired in nitrate utilization behaved as a more efficient cooperator in methane consumption, suggesting that the loss of function may lead to changes in communal behavior. Overall, we demonstrate the robust nature of synthetic communities built of native lake sediment strains and their utility in addressing important ecological questions while using a simplified model.IMPORTANCE The metabolism of methane is an important part of the global carbon cycle. While deciphering the community function and the potential role of the different functional guilds is very difficult when considering native complex communities, synthetic communities, built of species originating from a study site in question, present a simplified model and allow specific questions to be addressed as to carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrient transfer among species in a controlled system. This study applies an ecophysiological approach, as a proof of principle, to an already well-studied model system, contributing to a better understanding of microbial community function and microbial ecosystem processes.

Variation in the CD38 gene predicts communal behavior, partner perceptions, felt security and adjustment in romantic relationships in daily life

Variation in the CD38 gene predicts communal behavior, partner perceptions, felt security and adjustment in romantic relationships in daily life

“Forgetting” and “Re membering”: The Language of Stuttering and the Notion of “Home” in Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Experimental Writings

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Dictee (1982) explores what it really means to “forget” and “re member” historical memories and how this process of unlearning relocates the first- and second-generation Asian American speakers in the realm of language. Cha’s act of forgetting and re membering is not so much a psychological process as it is a physical and affective process of becoming. Through the intimacy between Cha’s half-autobiographical speaker’s sense of nation, body, and innovative language, Dictee examines how her Korean mother tongue, which once shaped the former generation’s presumed homogeneous historical/national memories, comes to enunciate alternative values and meanings in her more specific and concrete cultural realities. I first consider how the nation’s postcolonial situation after the Korean War engendered such a rigid and exclusionary form of national identity. The strict nationalist policies enacted in the 1960s and onward became another repressive ideology of dominance in which the voices of Cha’s in-between subjects could not be heard. In the second half of the article, I analyze how Dictee actively incorporates ideas of nationality, history, and identity into the Korean American speaker’s physical and innovative linguistic experimentations. Although the meanings that emerge from Cha’s affect-driven language appear to be personal and not shared or attributed to any kind of communal behavior, Dictee not only undermines essentialized cultural and national identities but cultivates more specific Korean or Korean American voices, histories, and perspectives. In particular, this essay focuses on Cha’s politics of language in Dictee. Following the theoretical leads of Juliana Spahr, Deborah M. Mix, Lisa Lowe, and Gilles Deleuze, I explore how Dictee’s experimental language becomes a form of survival for her in-between subjects and allows them to have more active voices and find new meanings of home, history, and family in the daily acts of forgetting and re membering.

English

This study determined the bacteriological quality of water from the Opa River and assessed the impact of human behaviour on the quality of water along the river course. Twenty five water samples were collected over a period of five weeks at five selected points based on population clusters along the river. A hundred questionnaire items were administered to randomly selected residents to elicit information about the water body and predominant communal behaviours. Water samples were analyzed by standard microbial techniques and isolates were identified. The isolates obtained were tested for their resistance to antibiotics via standard methods. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to obtain the minimum and maximum values of Total Heterotrophic Bacterial (THB) count and Total Coliform Bacterial (TCB) count. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the means. Heterotrophic bacteria load at the five sampling points ranged between 2 x 106 and 13 x106 cfu/ml while the most probable number of coliforms in 100 ml of samples was between 34 and 1600. The organisms isolated from the samples included those of the Genera Citrobacter Enterobacter Escherichia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Serratia, Yersinia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Vibrio. Escherichia coli had the highest percentage frequency of occurrence (23.73%) and was isolated at all sampling points. In all areas, communal behaviour towards the river was generally poor. Some respondents reported symptoms associated with water borne illnesses which included vomiting (28.5%), passing out of watery stool (57.2%) and headache and dizziness (14.3%). The Opa River was found to be mostly contaminated by multiple antibiotic resistant organisms. Opa River could be a source of potential pathogens associated with water borne diseases and could consequently; serve as a pathway for human contamination, most especially of dwellers located along its banks that depend on Opa River water. Key words: Pathogens, waterborne disease, contamination, communal behaviours, antibiotic resistance.

Nest initiation by multiple females in an aerial-nesting orchid bee, Euglossa cybelia (Apidae: Euglossini)

Among orchid bees that have been observed, nest initiation by multiple females is rare, and has never been reported from an aerial-nesting species. Here, we document nest initiation by multiple females in the aerial-nesting Euglossa cybelia. Observations were carried out on five nests, which were found on the undersides of understory palm leaves in Costa Rica. Female bees collaborated in constructing the envelope, but when this was finished each bee built and provisioned its own cells. This species therefore shows communal behavior. In one of the nests, individual foraging trips and interactions between female bees were quantified. Although, there were no overall differences between individuals with respect to initiating or receiving aggression, this changed over time.

Uncovering Pluralistic Ignorance to Change Men's Communal Self-descriptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions.

Gender norms can lead men to shy away from traditionally female roles and occupations in communal HEED domains (Healthcare, Early Education, Domestic sphere) that do not fit within the social construct of masculinity. But to what extent do men underestimate the degree to which other men are accepting of men in these domains? Building on research related to social norms and pluralistic ignorance, the current work investigated whether men exhibit increased communal orientations when presented with the true norms regarding men’s communal traits and behaviors vs. their perceived faulty norms. Study 1 (N = 64) revealed that young Belgian men indeed perceive their peers to hold more traditional norms regarding communal and agentic traits than their peers actually hold. Study 2 (N = 319) presented young Belgian men with altered norms to manipulate exposure to men’s actual normative beliefs (i.e., what men truly think), their perceived norms (i.e., what men believe other men think), or a no information control. When men were presented with actual rather than perceived norms, they altered their own self-descriptions, future behavioral intentions, and broader gender-related social attitudes in a more communal direction. In particular, men who were presented with information about men’s actual beliefs regarding the compatibility between communal and agentic traits exhibited the strongest movement toward a more communal orientation. The findings show that participants in conditions that uncover pluralistic ignorance adapted their attitudes and behaviors to be more in line with the actual norm: adopting a more communal self-concept, having lower intentions to hide future communal engagement, and supporting more progressive gender-related social change. The results are discussed in terms of influences of norms on men’s communal orientations and broader attitudes toward gender-related social change, and the down-stream implications for increased gender-equality in HEED domains where men remain highly underrepresented.

Are women business owners authentic servant leaders?

PurposeThe study of women business founders provides an opportunity to determine their unique leadership characteristics. Starting a business may be a way for women business owners to be authentic and create more people-centered businesses. Servant leadership’s gender integrative attributes where both agentic and communal behaviors are valued may be more congruent and reflective of the leadership behaviors of women entrepreneurs. Recently, the motivation of compassionate love was theorized to be an antecedent to servant leadership and, it is argued, exists in conjunction with authenticity. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate compassionate love, authenticity and servant leadership and determine whether they exist in the behaviors of founding female business owners.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative research study used summative content analysis of telephone interviews conducted with 12 women business owners of professional service firms in four US states to determine whether these women’s motivations, traits and behaviors were consistent with the compassionate love servant leadership model and whether authenticity was the cornerstone of servant leadership.FindingsThe analyses found that these women revealed a strong authenticity orientation as they enacted a compassionate love servant leadership style within their businesses. Themes that emerged from the study were agency, calling, humility, trust and respect, self-development, stewardship, authenticity and providing direction. The study revealed support for some of the characteristics associated with compassionate love servant leadership and two characteristics which were unique to this study.Research limitations/implicationsAs a qualitative study of 12 individuals, these findings may not be generalizable beyond the four US states of professional service enterprises of women business founders. Future research should test the full servant leadership model of women business owners on a larger group of business founders and the sub-themes where little support exists.Practical implicationsThe more gender integrative style of compassionate love servant leadership may be beneficial for women owners to employ as business leaders.Originality/valueThis research revealed support for a variation of compassionate love servant leadership model. The resulting servant leadership model herein was a mixture of agentic and communal leadership motivations, traits and behaviors useful to women business founders. Behaviors of authenticity were found to complement compassionate love. These women were able to extend the boundaries of what it means to be a leader and incorporate behaviors associated with both their gender and leadership roles, thus expanding their ability to successfully empower and equip themselves to navigate barriers unique to women leaders.

Predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera : Dytiscidae) may affect the success of amphibian conservation efforts

The role of invertebrate predation in shaping vertebrate communities is often overlooked. This is evident with predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), which are often the top predator in many aquatic freshwater habitats. During weekly monitoring of a reintroduction for an endangered frog, a group of a dozen adult diving beetles were encountered attacking and quickly dismembering and consuming a tadpole. A single adult diving beetle was also discovered burrowing its head inside and consuming a tadpole approximately 3–4 times its size by seemingly piercing its prey to suck out its liquefied remains. This is in contrast with the well known behaviour of adult dytiscids, which involves tearing prey into small pieces with their chewing mouthparts. Although dytiscids are known to occasionally consume vertebrates such as tadpoles, adults are typically considered scavengers, and this communal predatory behaviour and feeding method have not previously been documented. Moreover, over 80% of the tadpoles in the monitored site were found in ponds with no beetles and despite representing only a quarter of all ponds, half of the tadpoles across the landscape were in ponds free of diving beetles, demonstrating a possible influence of diving beetles on tadpoles. These observations may have implications for amphibian conservation since management efforts are not typically concerned with naturally occurring ubiquitous threats such as those from small invertebrate predators, as it has rarely been observed in nature. Although amphibian conservation plans expect some losses from natural predation, diving beetles may affect conservation efforts such as captive breeding and reintroductions with populations where every individual is critical to success.

Ecology and protection of a flagship species, the Siberian flying squirrel

Having clear ecological knowledge of protected species is essential for being able to successfully take actions towards conservation, but this knowledge is also crucial for managing and preventing conservation conflicts. For example, the Siberian flying squirrel, Pteromys volans , listed in the EU Habitats Directive and inhabiting mature forests that are also the target for logging, has had a major role in political discussions regarding conservation in Finland. This species has also been well-researched during recent decades, providing knowledge on the ecology and management of the animal. Herein, we review knowledge on habitats, demography, community interactions and spatial ecology of this flagship species. We compare the ecology of flying squirrels with that of other arboreal squirrels, and summarize conservation management and policy related to flying squirrels. Reviewed research on the Siberian flying squirrel shows that the species has many similarities in behaviour to other arboreal squirrels. For instance, arboreal squirrels deviate from the general pattern of male-biased sexual size dimorphism in mammals, which perhaps relates to the mating system of arboreal squirrels. Important differences are found in the response of Siberian flying squirrels to tree mast, i.e. pulsed food resource, compared to that of red squirrels, and in communal nesting behaviour compared to that of North American flying squirrels. The extensive knowledge on dispersal behaviour of the flying squirrel, well-studied habitat associations and the proved need for evidence-based conservation may guide researchers and managers working with other similar species. For conservation, the case of the Siberian flying squirrel demonstrates that habitat protection becomes both ineffective and uneconomical if ecological knowledge is not applied in the conservation planning process. The cost-effective conservation of the species requires both landscape-level conservation planning and flexible conservation options to increase the motivation of land owners for conservation.

The communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders – leadership style, gender, and promotability

ABSTRACTWomen have made considerable inroads into the workforce but remain underrepresented in leadership positions. Even though studies show that men and women hardly differ in their leadership behaviours, we argue that male and female leaders are evaluated differentially contingent on the gender-congruence of their leadership style. Drawing arguments from expectancy violation theory, we investigate evaluations of men and women who show transformational leadership (a style consisting of communal behaviours in line with stereotypes about women) and autocratic leadership (a style consisting of agentic behaviours in line with stereotypes about men). We employed a three-study research design combining two experimental studies and a two-wave field study with business leaders (overall N = 344). Overall transformational leadership resulted in higher evaluations of promotability due to higher perceptions of leaders’ communality and leadership effectiveness. Importantly, these effects were stronger for men, and men showing transformational leadership were evaluated to be more promotable than women. This implies a communality-bonus effect for male transformational leaders. There was no difference in promotability evaluations for women versus men showing autocratic leadership. This effect was mediated by agency and effectiveness perceptions for women but not for men. Implications are discussed.