Common Values Research Articles

Legal framework for national identity policy: purpose, legal basis, main tasks and principles

The purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative framework of national identity policy as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic Principles of State Policy in the Field of Affirming Ukrainian National and Civil Identity» (hereinafter referred to as “the Law”). The results of the study show that unity around common national values, overcoming socio-cultural, linguistic and regional contradictions, declared in the Law as its purposes, are urgently important and currently feasible in Ukraine. A significant number of Ukrainian citizens who had been loyal to the ideas of the «russian world», have now realized that in practice, for the russian federation, the destruction of Ukrainian identity means the elimination of the Ukrainian people or their voluntary renunciation of their national identity and their own individuality with all the consequences that follow (the main consequence, according to the russian plan, should be the cessation of the very existence of the Ukrainian State). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study of the legislative framework of the national identity policy. Based on the analysis of the Law, the author systematizes the principles of state national and civil identity policy, identifies its basic principles and urgent tasks, and studies the legal definitions of the concepts of «Ukrainian national identity» and «Ukrainian civil identity» in the context of an inclusive national identity doctrine. Conclusions. The author analyzes the legal basis of the national identity policy, as defined by the Law, the fundamentals of the public national and civil identity policy, its basic principles and urgent tasks, as well as outlines the ways of implementating the said policy in the public administration field. It is substantiated that unity in all its collective manifestations is of utmost importance for the Ukrainian society. It should be ensured by removing contradictions within the society (of sociocultural, linguistic, regional, etc., character) and by effectively implementing Ukraine's European and Euro-Atlantic integration policy.

What a sportsmed physician needs to know about sport haematology and sport laboratory

In addition to the medical history and clinical examination, laboratory analyses of the blood are also an important pillar of sports medicine care. With the small sports laboratory with blood count, Ec indices, CRP and ferritin, iron deficiency can be recognised in all its stages and the iron supply can be monitored over the course of the year with two to three additional measurements. Possible treatment modalities for the various stages of iron deficiency are discussed using specific examples. Intermittent iron administration is a very interesting form, especially for maintenance therapy, as it bypasses the inhibition of iron absorption in the small intestine and iron utilisation in the organism by hepcidin. Sport, from simple training to ultra-events, can alter common laboratory values. The typical changes must be recognised and interpreted. Hyponatraemia during marathon events is discussed in detail.

НЕОБХІДНІСТЬ УНІФІКАЦІЇ ПІДХОДІВ ДО ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЇ АДВОКАТІВ, ПРОКУРОРІВ, СУДДІВ: ЕТИЧНІ ТА ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

The purpose and tasks of the activities of lawyers, prosecutors, judges in the field of professional development are outlined, as well as the main approaches to ensuring the process of professional development in various legal professions. The development of established approaches to improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges, taking into account current practice, was evaluated. The prospects for the development of a unified approach to improving the qualifications of lawyers, its advantages and disadvantages have been determined. The common principles of improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges were analyzed. Some problems that may arise in connection with the development of a unified approach to improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges and its possible advantages are outlined. A number of general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition are applied, such as: analysis, synthesis, dialectical, formal-logical, normative-dogmatic methods. A review of case studies and experience of foreign, in particular European, states in the field of professional development of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges was carried out. The requirements for the organizational and legal provision of a unified approach to improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors and judges were considered. Intermediate conclusions have been made about the extreme difficulty of implementing a unified approach to improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges due to the different organizational and legal forms and legal status of the Bar of Ukraine, the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, and the judicial system of Ukraine. The need to develop general principles for improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges in connection with the commonality of ideas and directions of their professional activity, as well as in the conditions of multi-vector interaction of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges in the process of justice is emphasized. It has been proven that a unified approach to improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges should be started in the field of professional ethics with the help of joint training events with the aim of minimizing professional conflicts. It has been established that the use of unified ideas for improving the qualifications of lawyers, prosecutors, and judges corresponds to common law values.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПСИХИЧЕСКОЙ РАБОТОСПОСОБНОСТИ И ГРУППОВОЙ ДИНАМИКИ В АВТОНОМНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ЗИМОВКИ НА СТАНЦИИ «ВОСТОК»

The paper deals with the investigation of psychic performance and group dynamics during Russian Antarctic expedition RAE66. Eight winterers were tested 7 times with the use of the cognitive Master-Test. Group dynamics was assessed by sociometry and cohesion diagnostics on the basis of common goals and values. Psychophysiological status was assessed weekly using the actigraphy and HR data, and questionnaires. At the end of the polar day and in early autumn, it was the mood that went down first (autumn and winter), then accuracy of sensorimotor reactions degraded (winter) and mistakes in a simple math test became more frequent (winter and spring). On the contrary, performance of short-term memory tests improved in winter and spring. Motor activity reduced during the first half of the expedition and started increasing gradually at the beginning of the polar night. Though the sleeping time was normally from 7 to 8.5 hours, sleep quality subjectively changed during the wintering it correlated with physical activity and consequent changes of heart rate variability (stress) and blood oxygen saturation. The latter remained low throughout the period of life on station Vostok in comparison to measurements made on the ship. Cohesion was high but for some slackening by the third quarter of wintering; at the end of wintering cohesion grew strong again. The sociometric status of winterers varied with intensity of negative emotions.

On the Importance of Communicationsin the Field of Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism as a Social and Communication Institution

Pilgrimage is a social communication institution that plays a vital role in forming and strengthening social ties and communication among people. This form of travel has deep roots in religious traditions and reflects the human need for spirituality and the search for meaning in life. Pilgrimage involves traveling with the specific purpose of visiting a holy place or shrine to seek spiritual refreshment, appeal to higher powers, and perform religious rites or penance. This creates favorable conditions for interaction among people who share common beliefs and values. As a social communication institution, pilgrimage contributes to the formation of group identity and community, as people engaged in pilgrimage feel part of a larger community that unites their faith and goals. They communicate, share experiences, meet new people, and interact with residents and other pilgrims, which promotes the exchange of ideas, views, and mutual understanding. Additionally, pilgrimage creates opportunities for the development of social and communication skills. By interacting with different people, pilgrims learn to show tolerance, mutual respect, empathy, and understanding of other cultures and traditions. They acquire the skills of effective communication, the ability to listen and understand others, as well as identify themselves as part of the community. Therefore, pilgrimage, as a social and communication institution, promotes interaction between people, the formation of communities, and the development of social and communication skills. It creates a unique opportunity for communication, exchange of experience and knowledge, as well as deepening of spiritual development and enrichment of the life experience of each pilgrim.

Frequency and prescription patterns of laboratory investigations in evaluating physical morbidity among psychiatric inpatients – A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: Comorbid physical illnesses worsen the morbidity and mortality in patients with mental illness. There is inadequate consensus regarding the optimal level of laboratory investigations and there is a need to know regarding the assessment of physical morbidity. Our study was conducted to study the frequency of prescription of laboratory investigation in evaluating psychiatric inpatients in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the inpatient psychiatry unit of a tertiary care hospital for one and a half years. Patients diagnosed with any mental illness and required hospitalization were included in the study. Sociodemographic data, illness details, and data regarding frequency and indications of laboratory investigations were recorded using a semistructured pro forma. For inferential analysis, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred and sixty-two participants were included in the study. “Endocrine, nutritional, or metabolic diseases” were the most common preexisting and newly diagnosed group of physical illness. A total of 705 additional tests were ordered for the study sample. Blood biochemistry was the most frequently ordered investigation. The most frequent blood biochemistry test, hematological test, and imaging were the estimation of glycemic indices, complete blood count, and ultrasound abdomen, respectively. One in two additional laboratory tests had abnormal or out-of-reference range (ORR) values in the results. Hematological tests were the most common, with abnormal or ORR values, followed by imaging and blood biochemistry. Clinician judgment was the most frequent reason for ordering an additional investigation. Conclusion: The study revealed that age, gender, the type of psychiatric illness, and the illness course-related characteristics significantly influenced the prescribing frequency of additional investigations and the proportion of abnormal/outside reference range results.

ПАТРИОТИЗМ КАК ОСНОВА ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОЙ МОЛОДЕЖИ

The purpose of the work is to conduct an empirical sociological analysis of patriotism as the basis of the civic identity of modern student youth. Patriotism illustrates the emotional connection of a person with his homeland and a sense of social and cultural connection with his fellow citizens. It is based on universal human values, including openness to other people, care and responsibility for society, respect for history and national culture. The ongoing political, social and cultural changes open up new facets of love for the Motherland, which actualizes the need for patriotic education of new generations. This concept is a socio-cultural factor in the integration of people, ensuring their unification on the basis of common values and love for the Motherland. Patriotism finds its manifestation in citizenship, spiritual unity and conscious activity of the individual in society, confirming the inseparability of man with the state. The empirical basis of the study is based on the results of a sociological survey of students of universities and colleges in Orel (652 respondents were interviewed), conducted by the questionnaire method on the stated issues in October 2022 using the Yandex.Forms platform. The representativeness of the sample is ensured according to the gender and the form of education (student youth). Due to the nature of the sample, the authors were able to summarize the results of the study with a reliability level of 97%. The obtained research material allows us to formulate the following conclusions and generalizations: with a certain reservation, patriotism for modern youth is meaningfully associated with a special historical and cultural heritage, deeply connected with love for the Motherland, readiness to defend it with arms in hand and even give one's life for the freedom of the nation (romantic perception of the fatherland) and attachment to the state (from a positivist point of view).

At the EU Borders – Between the Use of Information Systems in Migration Procedures and Refusal of Entry into The Country

The reason for writing this article is the fact that the migration crisis that has been ongoing in Europe since 2015 is one of the greatest challenges that the European Union (EU) has faced since its establishment. It requires Member States to fulfill their obligation to ensure the security of the EU’s external and internal borders, while respecting common values, which include solidarity and human rights. The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the currently functioning migration policy, especially in the context of the use of EU IT systems in the face of the phenomenon of refusal of entry into the territory of the receiving country. This combination of two research areas fills a certain gap in the current literature on the subject. De lege lata comments and de lege ferenda demands will be presented, focusing primarily on criticism of the current system. The research used two research methods typical of legal sciences: the formal-dogmatic method and the comparative method. As a summary of the findings, it can be noted that investments are actually being made in new IT systems, the potential of which is still unused, and on the other hand, it is clear that basic human rights are not fully respected in the form of allowing applications for international protection. There is a need to reform migration management at the national level of Member States to be as consistent as possible with EU law and, in particular, its fundamental values.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ І США У ВІДНОСИНАХ ІЗ РОСІЙСЬКОЮ ФЕДЕРАЦІЄЮ (КІН. ХХ – ПОЧ. ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ)

This research is devoted to identifying the causes of the crisis in the global security system, triggered by the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February 2022. The foundational concept underlying the strategy of the European Union and the United States in developing relations with the Russian Federation post-Cold War is analyzed in the article. Specifically, contemporary approaches of the EU and the US towards Russia bear the hallmarks of the concept known as Wilsonianism, which became the bedrock of the foreign policy strategy of the US and European countries towards post-Soviet states. The study presents a critique of this concept and analyzes its weaknesses. It also attempts to explain the logic behind the decisions of Western politicians regarding Russia from the end of the Cold War to its large-scale invasion of Ukraine. Through historical examples, the author demonstrates why it is currently impossible to apply the principles of Wilsonianism in developing a strategy for relations with the Russian Federation. Specifically, this is related to the lack of a common value foundation on which this concept is based. At the same time, the feasibility and appropriateness of the United States and European Union countries returning to the so-called principle of Realpolitik in relations with the Russian Federation is analyzed, as such proposals are also being discussed in the contemporary Western intellectual community. According to the author, this concept is also incapable of ensuring lasting peace and stability in Europe, as demonstrated by the historical example of its dominance in the strategies of Old-World states in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Accordingly, its application under current conditions also does not seem beneficial for restoring stability in the international system. The research analyzes the most effective systems of international relations that have prevailed in the world over the last 200 years and explains why, under current conditions of a global security crisis, only one strategic concept of containment appears most attractive in terms of maintaining peace and stability.

Enhancing National Cohesion through Cultural Diversity in African Education Context

Africans and the world at large share common values of humanity. Lessons learnt from the recent COVID 19 pandemic, electoral differences in Kenya ongoing war in Ukraine and natural disasters like drought show that people in the world share such problems as one person. Education has have been used to reach mankind before and after these experiences. The weight of social pandemics, economical and psychological feelings among Kenyans and other Africans call for national cohesion and healing. Cohesion has been misconstrued with democracy, cultural diversity and human rights in Kenya and other African countries. Along the same vein educational curriculum has been blamed and teachers held to task on failing to address cultural diversity and cohesion in schools. The practicability of such a curriculum still hangs on the socio-economic balances of many African counties. This paper attempts to address National Cohesion in the higher Education context using cultural diversity as a tool for strengthening school governance, community partnership. The paper also attempts to identify Challenges and workable solutions of enhancing national cohesion. The paper concludes by observing lessons learnt in social skills and national cohesion in different forums. The paper recommends in-depth studies on social skill education and pedagogy, Continuous training of African professionals on social change and improvement of education and community partnership campaigns on cohesion.

Художественный мир философской сказки: реалии в творчестве Г. М. Цыферова и С. Г. Козлова

The article is devoted to the study of the types and functions of realia presented in the philosophical fairy tales written by G. M. Tsyferov and S. G. Kozlov. Their works, focusing on moral issues, depict the world through contrasting the existential and the everyday, which necessitates the study of the authors’ ways of representing the signs of their epoch. A motive analysis carried out in the paper takes into account the cultural and historical situation and shows that S. Kozlov’s cycle of fairy tales represents the home space and the corresponding household realia, gaining a cosmic scale and thereby affirming the idea of the universe as a common home, while G. Tsyferov’s works depict similar objects in connection with the problem of growing up and becoming a socially active person, prioritizing the study of modern city realia which convey the idea of striving for goodness and beauty as the basis of historical transformations. Both writers turn to the sphere of culture, but there is a distinction: G. Tsyferov appeals to the life experience of the addressee, encourages them to rethink familiar objects, building associative chains and actualizing the didactic function of humor, while S. Kozlov attracts the reader’s attention to absolutely new information, noting the specifics of the realia of different cultures, thereby stimulating interest in a different type of worldview and explaining the possibility of contacting this worldview on the basis of common values. The paper concludes that the characteristics of realia introduced into the artistic world of a philosophical fairy tale change depending on the psychological and age characteristics of the addressee and the ideological and aesthetic views of the author, but in any case, the establishment of such a connection with reality makes it possible to reveal the ideological component of works devoted to existential problems.

Швейцария – новое прочтение нейтралитета

The evolution of the key principle of Swiss foreign policy – “armed neutrality” – is analyzed in the context of radical changes in the world community associated with the emergence of new threats and challenges. The confrontation between Russia and the United States, which entered an acute phase in Ukraine, led to the transformation of the positions of traditional European neutrals – Finland and Sweden. Switzerland did not stand aside. Having found itself under double pressure – external and internal – the Swiss leadership supported all the packages of anti-Russian sanctions adopted by the European Union, which led to a forced adjustment of the policy of neutrality. In order to maintain a balance between expressing solidarity with the position of the Western countries and maintaining neutrality, the strategy of “cooperative neutrality” was adopted in Bern. It proposes, taking into account new challenges, to move from “passive” to “active” neutrality, namely, to expand cooperation, including military, “with like-minded states on the basis of common values.” But at the same time, maintain a dialogue with other countries in order, on the one hand, to show solidarity with partners, and on the other, to continue interaction and act as mediators in resolving conflicts. However, Russia believes that having joined the anti-Russian sanctions, Switzerland has already lost its neutrality status, which means it cannot mediate in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, including providing its platform for negotiations between the parties. Therefore in August 2022, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs refused Berne’s offer to represent Ukraine’s diplomatic interests in Russia.

Rządy prawa jako straszak: spory o tzw. mechanizm warunkowości

The rule of law principle is one of the pillars of contemporary liberal democracies. It is also a common value shared by the individual member states and the European Union. A vital element of the rule of law is to ensure access to effective legal protection carried out by independent, impartial and independent courts.Despite nominally existing axiological unity, as well as formally adopted high standards of justice in Poland and the EU, a dispute over the understanding of the rule of law begin in late 2015. The main focus of the conflict has been the profound changes to the Polish judicial system. One of the unveils of the crisis came to light with the work on the EU budget for 2021-2027, complemented by the Next Generation EU recovery programme and conditionality mechanism. The latter allows the EU to take special measures in cases when breaches of the rule of law principles affect or seriously risk affecting the EU budget or the EU’s financial interests. The conflict between the European Union and the Republic of Poland is primarily ideological and politically driven. The discrepancies with regard to the shape, meaning and principles of the third power seem to stem from the adoption of different paradigms –liberal and populist –in approaching the role of the judiciary in a democratic state.

Information Asymmetry and Bidding Behavior in Common Value English Auction

Information Asymmetry and Bidding Behavior in Common Value English Auction

«Эпоха турбулентности» мирового порядка: преодоление вызовов и поиск ценностных ориентиров

The purpose of this article is to consider the features of the international political situation in the modern conditions of the changing world order and the new role of the Russian Federation in it. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to look at the established model of international relations existing in the modern geopolitical space, highlight the problems of the modern world order, focus on the destructive nature of the interactions of existing military and political actors, analyze the systemic problems of the concept of globalization, from the point of view of the formation of foreign policy blocs. The article examines the main challenges faced by the modern world and ways to overcome them, as well as the search for new value orientations to ensure stability and progress, the impact of measures taken by Russia to protect its vital interests in the context of military-political confrontation with the collective West on the international system based on the hegemony of the United States and its allies. The idea of dismantling the current international order and deforming the model of international relations based on globalization is actualized, the need to search for common values that bring states closer together is analyzed against the background of the search for value determinants of the content of foreign policy. The aspects of a specific axiological complex of societies and countries that can become barriers to the development of constructive dialogue are highlighted. The conclusion is made about the need to preserve and strengthen the basic traditional national values in order to ensure the unity of society and the successful activity of the state both in domestic political activity and in the international arena. Periodical materials are used, as well as special literature on the problem.

ЖАВЛОН ЖОВЛИЕВТІҢ «ҚОРЫҚПА» РОМАНЫНДАҒЫ ТҮРКІСТАН АЙМАҒЫ ЖАСТАРЫ МЕН ТӘУЕЛСІЗДІК КЕЗЕҢ ҚОҒАМЫНЫҢ ОБРАЗЫ

For the past thirty years, writers of post-Soviet Central Asia, in addition to touching on various topics in fiction, have paid particular attention to presenting historical topics, thereby trying to show the causal relationships of traumas caused by (post)colonialism. Even though states have declared farewell to colonial power, the traumas preserved in society’s memory, remaining from the colonial trace, cause post-colonialism syndrome in various spheres of society. As its apparent signs can be highlighted, the facts that to this day, the Russian language dominates in society, representatives of the people have separated from their inherent national and historical identity, as globalization has grown, mixed identity, cultural and intellectual backwardness in sections of society, weakening of common values due to divisions of language and religion and that members of the society initiated to seek happiness in other parts of the world. Apart from colonialism, it has also been greatly affected by the causes and factors of globalization. Similarly, some writers, with the aim of decolonizing colonial thinking, present victorious events of history through their literary products as role models. In the twentieth century, to “awaken” the Turkestan region - the contemporary Central Asian region - representatives of the Jadidist direction made great efforts to promote sectors of society. Some contemporary writers interpret the reform activities of the Jadids through the novel to decolonize people’s minds by addressing the social problems of modern society. In the twentieth century, the Jadids raised funds to strengthen national potential and decided to train seventy students from the Turkestan region in Berlin. The students wanted to use the knowledge gained in the West in their homeland. The Jadids sought to develop Central Asia by supplying it with educational resources. The efforts of the patriotic Jadids on the path to enlightenment influenced the Uzbek writer Javlon Jovliev to write the novel “Not Afraid.” The novel depicts seventy students from the Turkestan region who were subjected to Stalinist violence for studying in Berlin and serving their country, and parallel scenes of a society consisting of “people who have been exposed to liver disease” describe images of students in an independent state in the 21st century. Since the novel is multifaceted, the context of the text points to different meanings. When the novel was published, many readers, the literary area, and the research community paid attention, but the novel’s discourse was not considered from a postcolonial perspective. This article examines the novel “Not Afraid” from the perspective of postcolonial criticism, receptive aesthetics, and new criticism.

Wilāyah and Ethical Excellence in Islam

Muslims across interpretations have in common ethical values and principles stemming from the Qur’ān. The first and foremost principle is to emulate the pattern of the Prophetic character as an ideal exemplar. The Qur’ān presents the character and nature of Prophet Muḥammad (peace be on him) as the best. On this Qur’ānic foundation, ethical excellence is sought, ethical issues are conceptualized, and frameworks are developed by Muslim scholars and religious authorities. With this common heritage, Muslim communities, however, expounded a variety of interpretations, particularly regarding the authority to interpret and determine the best emulation of the character and nature of the Prophet. Drawing on the Qur’ān and the life of the Prophet, this research seeks to investigate Islamic ethics from the shī‘ī and specifically the Ismā‘īlī perspective. The method applied in this article is an Islamic hermeneutic known as ta’wīl, which is interpreting the apparent words of the revelation (tanzīl) and seeking their inner meanings. Through this approach, the author shows how the ẓāhir (exoteric) symbolizes the bāṭin (esoteric) while inextricably being linked together.

Changes of the language identity of Ukrainians at the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion in Ukraine (based on the materials from social networks and online publications of the end of February – beginning of April 2022)

Background. The military aggression of Russia against Ukraine affected the mass consciousness and made Ukrainians to review and reconsider the common values system. The language situation in the country as well as the language identity of the population have significantly changed. As for the latter, its study is an extremely topical issue.Contribution to the research field. Previous research of the language identity concept did not cover all its aspects, both theoretical and practical. In particular, the language issue, its state and quality of the language identity in Ukraine in the war conditions require a deep and comprehensive investigation. In this study, we assume that the language self-identification processes at the beginning of the war, provoked by the shock of the full-scale invasion, are a projection of further linguistic, cultural and value-based development of Ukrainian society.Purpose. To unveil the peculiarities of the language identity in the Ukrainian realities and to characterise the dynamics of the language self-identification of Ukrainians during the first weeks of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine.Methods. The main research methods are discourse analysis and content analysis as well as description of factual material such as the texts from the social networks “Facebook”, “Telegram”, “Instagram” and online publications for the selected period which are testifying changes in the Ukrainians’ language identity. The comparative method and the context analysis methods are also used.Results. The language situation in Ukraine several years before the fullscale Russia’s invasion was unstable. There was a significant difference between the attitude to the Ukrainian language and choice of the communication language in various situations. A confrontation between Ukrainian-speaking and Russian-speaking identities existed. Study of the discourse of social networks and online publications during the first weeks of the Russian invasion in Ukraine has revealed significant changes in the language identity of Ukrainians. Since the first days of the war, the position of the Ukrainian language was strengthened because of the deliberate transition of many people (both famous and regular ones) to it. At that time, the language received а unifying, “friend or foe” marker, self-preservation and resistance to the enemy functionalities. Numerous social networks posts contained argumentation concerning the importance of the mother language, appeals to support it as well as arguments, including historical facts, explaining why one should start speaking Ukrainian language. Genocide of Ukrainians on the occupied territories made them more principled regarding the language and national culture, intensified de-Russification processes and rejection of Russian cultural products.Discussion. The study revealed the unity of the Ukrainian society around protection of the Ukrainian language and culture. The changes in the language identity found at the beginning of the war set the directions of the linguistic, cultural and value-based development of Ukrainian society, in particular regarding decolonization and de-Russification in various spheres. We see the prospects for further research in the study of the changes in the value-based attitude of Ukrainians to their language and the issue of choosing Ukrainian language in various communication situations in the conditions of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war using quantitative and qualitative methods.

무력충돌시 문화재 파괴 행위에 대한 국제형사책임의 과제

Since the 1990s, situations in which culturally significant heritage sites serve as symbolic targets for intentional attacks, leading to the 'destruction of enemy communities,' have frequently occurred. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), established to prosecute serious violations of international humanitarian law within the former Yugoslav territories, addresses prominent cases of intentional attacks and destruction of cultural property during the armed conflict, specifically targeting the annihilation of ethnic identity. This article examines the implications and limitations of international legal norms regarding the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflicts, focusing on the Dubrovnik Old Town shelling incident, a representative case of cultural property destruction prosecuted by the ICTY. Firstly, the intentional destruction of cultural heritage is undeniably a significant violation of values that the international community must protect. The pursuit of individual criminal responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage within the international criminal tribunal signifies a substantial advancement in international efforts to protect cultural heritage during armed conflicts. The negative impact of the intentional destruction of cultural property on human dignity and universal human values is undeniable. However, ensuring effective protection of cultural property in the current normative context, where attacks on cultural property for military purposes may be justified, remains challenging. Secondly, military necessity, rooted in customary international law, limits attacks on enemy forces to military objectives, focusing on the centralization of enemy forces, balancing the military necessity of concentrated attacks on enemy forces with humanitarian considerations to protect civilian objects. However, determining what qualifies as a military objective can be challenging, as it depends on the circumstances of combat and operations. Regardless of whether the principle of proportionality is applicable, evaluating the military necessity from the perspective of cultural heritage protection is crucial. ICTY recognizes that even when military necessity justifies attacks on civilian objects, the intentional destruction of cultural heritage can have a significant impact on the psychological well-being of civilians and may upset the balance with military superiority. Thus, careful consideration is necessary when assessing the military necessity in cases where the protection of cultural property, with a higher need for protection than general civilian objects, is involved. Moreover, even if a target has dual-use, being considered a military objective, evaluating proportionality in the attack is essential to prevent harm to civilians, in accordance with the principle of proportionality. In conclusion, the intentional destruction of cultural heritage should be treated as a threat to the common values of the international community, necessitating appropriate legal and policy responses in line with the actual circumstances of the armed coflict. Military commanders should not only view attacks on cultural heritage as inevitable collateral damage but also recognize the gravity of such acts as war crimes and consider them strategically within military operations.

El operador discursivo eso sí en español y sus correspondencias en portugués

"The discourse marker eso sí in Spanish and its correspondences in Portuguese. This paper analyzes the correspondences of eso sí in Portuguese. In the first part, the predominant values of this discursive marker in Spanish are studied and its evolution from the 16th century to the present is determined. Then, the most common values as a discourse marker of isso sim are analyzed (the literal correspondence of eso sí) in current Portuguese, also establishing its evolution in the history of Portuguese until its grammaticalization as a discourse marker in the 19th century. In the second part of the paper, a contrastive analysis is carried out between these two discourse markers, establishing the convergences and divergences, according to three parameters: i) the values; ii) the position in the statement; iii) the explicitation of the negation in the sentence before the one in which the discourse marker is integrated. In the final part of the article, the correspondences of eso sí in fourteen Portuguese translations of narrative works in Spanish are presented, and their acceptability is analyzed according to the predominant value of eso sí. Keywords: discourse markers, eso sí, isso sim, contrastive analysis, translation"