Common Travel Research Articles

The Cognitive Loads and Usability of Target-based and Steering-based Travel Techniques.

Target and steering-based techniques are two common approaches to travel in consumer VR applications. In this paper, we present two within-subject studies that employ a prior dual-task methodology to evaluate and compare the cognitive loads, travel performances, and simulator sickness of three common target-based travel techniques and three common steering-based travel techniques. We also present visual meta-analyses comparing our results to prior results using the same dual-task methodology. Based on our results and meta-analyses, we present several design suggestions for travel techniques based on various aspects of user experiences.

Adherence to antimalarial chemoprophylaxis among Israeli travelers visiting malaria-endemic areas

BackgroundTravelers are recommended to take antimalarial chemoprophylaxis (AMC) when traveling to endemic areas. MethodsThis prospective comparative cohort study included 400 Israeli travelers to malaria-endemic areas, recruited in pre-travel clinics. They were contacted within one month following their return and asked about their actual adherence and the reasons for non-adherence. ResultsOf 400 travelers with a mean age of 24.6 [SD = 4] years, 201 (50.2%) were men and 328 (82%) were singles. The majority (N = 185, 46.3%) traveled with friends, and the most common travel destination was southeast Asia (N = 267, 66.8%). Most travelers (N = 340, 85%) did not adhere to the AMC. In the multivariate analysis, non-adherence was found to be significantly associated with traveling solo or with friends, traveling to southeast Asia and longer travel duration. The most common reason for non-adherence among travelers was the perception that the risk of contracting malaria is low (N = 251, 73.8%). ConclusionIn this study, 85% of the Israeli travelers did not adhere to the AMC, especially those traveling solo or with friends, visiting southeast Asia and for a long period. Counselors at the pre-travel clinics should stress the importance of AMC in highly endemic countries and consider alternative treatment strategies, especially in low risk areas or long duration travel, such as short-term schedule or reserve AMC for field trips.

Research on Night Tourism Recommendation Based on Intelligent Image Processing Technology

The rapid development of the tourism industry and the Internet era has led to an increasingly severe problem of travel information overload, and travel recommendation methods are essential to solving the information overload problem. Traditional recommendation algorithms only target common travel scenarios during the daytime, combining the ratings and necessary attributes between users and items to calculate similarity for a recommendation. Still, the research on night travel recommendations is one of the few scenarios that needs to be explored urgently. This paper, based on histogram equalization, achieves better experimental results on image enhancement, combines convolutional neural network technology with night image and text comment feature extraction technology, and evaluates the resulting error with mean absolute error (MAE). This paper presents the first night travel recommendation system. It compares it with the traditional collaborative filtering method, and the model proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the prediction error.

With or Without EU? The Common Travel Area After Brexit – ERRATUM

With or Without EU? The Common Travel Area After Brexit – ERRATUM

Beyond Ticking Boxes: Holistic Assessment of Travel Award Programs Is Essential for Inclusivity

Beyond Ticking Boxes: Holistic Assessment of Travel Award Programs Is Essential for Inclusivity

Brexit and the Irish Border

The Irish border proved one of the most difficult issues in the negotiations on the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. A persistent point of contention since the partition of Ireland a hundred years ago, it had been put into abeyance by a combination of the historic Common Travel Area, the peace settlement in Northern Ireland and the EU Single Market, which had allowed the disappearance of physical structures. The final agreement leaves important areas of ambiguity but does represent a breach in the UK’s vision of Brexit and a single settlement for the whole of the United Kingdom. It represents the first time that the EU has permitted partial integration in the EU for a region of a non-Member State but the circumstances are such that it does not provide a precedent.

Travelers' vaccines and their adverse events in Nara, Japan.

Background:It is important to analyze the types of vaccines in travel clinics to determine the focus points in future practice.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients who visited the travel clinic of Nara Medical University between June 2013 and December 2019 to determine their background and the vaccines administered. The information regarding adverse events of the unapproved vaccines in Japan (Havrix®, Verorab®, Boostrix®, Priorix®, Typhim Vi®, and Mencevax®) was also collected.ResultsOf 645 patients, 58.6% were men and the median age was 31 years. Business was the most common travel purpose (34.9%), and Southeast Asia was the most common destination (40.2%). More than 80% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries were vaccinated against hepatitis A, while the rabies vaccination rate was approximately 50%. Typhoid vaccination coverage among travelers to South Asia was approximately 50%. The incidence of adverse events requiring medical consultation, telephonic consultation, or prolonged stay in the examination room was less than 5% for all unapproved vaccines in Japan.ConclusionMore patient education is needed to increase the vaccination rate of rabies and typhoid vaccines. Adverse events to unapproved vaccines in Japan were not high and were well-tolerated.

Activity-travel scheduling in stochastic multi-state supernetworks with spatial and temporal correlations

Multi-state supernetworks are capable of representing activity-travel patterns at a high level of detail and thus are a powerful tool for activity-travel scheduling (ATS) of multidimensional choice facets. To alleviate the limitations of the common deterministic network representation, travel time and activity duration uncertainty has been incorporated in multi-state supernetworks. However, the extension unrealistically assumed that all uncertain components are independent. This study suggests an approach of ATS considering spatially and temporally correlated travel times and activity durations in stochastic time-dependent (STD) multi-state supernetworks. Support points are used as a representation of the stochasticity of the STD multi-state supernetwork. ATS is formulated as a pathfinding problem subject to space–time constraints based on recursive formulations. A series of numerical experiments is implemented to demonstrate the applicability of the suggested approach.

A Common Travel Area? Brexit and the New (Northern) Irish

The Common Travel Area (CTA) gives British and Irish citizens certain rights and privileges each other’s state. Its constitutes a central plank of the policy behind the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, whose overall purpose is to keep the border on the island of Ireland open and free from physical infrastructure. While the Protocol itself makes checks on good crossing that border unnecessary, its guarantee of the CTA ensures that routine checks on persons crossing the border need not be carried out. However, the CTA has only ever been a ‘common’ travel area for British and Irish citizens. The ‘New (Northern) Irish’, i.e. persons resident on the island of Ireland who are not Irish or British citizens, are excluded from its benefits. Many New (Northern) Irish enjoy EU citizenship rights either as EU citizens or derived rights as family members of EU citizens, which meant that until the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020 they were in a largely equivalent position to Irish and British citizens. This paper argues that their ability to travel freely throughout the island of Ireland has been affected negatively by Brexit. The legacy of the UK’s EU membership means that there is now a Byzantine web of rules determining who is entitled to cross the invisible and purportedly open border on the island and for what purpose and who is not. The paper shows that the situation has changed for the worse for EU citizens and their third country family members resident in both Ireland and Northern Ireland. Since the end of the Brexit transition period, many of these New (Northern) Irish are encountering new hurdles when crossing the border on the island of Ireland. This suggests that current CTA arrangements are unfit for the practical realities of life on the island of Ireland, where short term visits to the other jurisdiction – social or work-related, to receive services or buy goods or to simply transit through the other jurisdiction in a car or on a public bus – are a daily occurrence for many and an occasional occurrence for most.

Super-tailoring: Using self-persuasion to reduce drivers’ car use

Car use is a common travel mode in many societies but it has negative impacts on the environment and public health. There have been various interventions to reduce car use but self-persuasion has not been tested as a potential intervention. Self-persuasion involves asking people to generate arguments in favour of a specific issue. Our goal was to investigate the effectiveness of self-persuasion in changing drivers’ car use attitudes and behaviours. A sample of New Zealand drivers (n = 183) completed two online questionnaires; one immediately after and one at least 2 weeks after the intervention. We randomly assigned the drivers to one of three conditions: self-persuasion (generating arguments on the benefits of reducing car use), direct-persuasion (reading arguments on the benefits of reducing car use), and control (completing a different travel-related task). There were no significant differences between the three groups of drivers on car use intentions for commuting trips, weekly car use for commuting and non-commuting trips, or attitudes towards reducing car use. We attributed the ineffectiveness of self-persuasion to the average quality of arguments generated, the effortful nature of reducing car use, and the COVID-19 situation in New Zealand. Although self-persuasion may not be an appropriate intervention in the travel behaviour domain, future research needs to continue identifying new ways to reduce car use to reduce its detrimental effects.

Understanding the EU Customs Union, Free Movement of Goods, and Enforcement Mechanisms in the Protocol on Northern Ireland: A Legal Appraisal

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) had the immediate impact of drawing an external border of the EU on the island of Ireland. With this, two issues related to Northern Ireland came into sharp focus, both of which related to the absence of a physical border, along the border, on the island of Ireland. Firstly, there was the movement of British and Irish citizens within the UK and Ireland, within what is known as the Common Travel (CTA), ensuring, amongst other things, no physical restrictions on the movement of persons on the island of Ireland, amongst other related matters. Secondly, but equally as important, was the issue of a potential border having to be constructed on the island of Ireland between Ireland and Northern Ireland, in the name of preserving the integrity of the EU customs union and the EU internal market. This would have been, because, if Brexit was to mean Brexit, Northern Ireland would no longer be a part of such arrangements, and physical infrastructure, along the legal border, as an external frontier of the EU, would have to be put in place. Sense prevailed however, and a legal solution was found between the EU and the UK to ensure nothing of such a drastic nature occurred. The EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement (WA) that entered into force in February 2020 sealed the fate of Northern Ireland as regards the legal regime governing the absence of a physical border, along the border, between Northern Ireland and Ireland. The WA contained a specific Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (NI Protocol or NIP), which claimed to have the magic formula to ensure the pursued objective. The provisions of the NI Protocol, which is the focus of this chapter, makes up the substantial bulk of the applicable law that governs the special place of Northern Ireland within the EU legal order, for the near future. As a legal text, the NI Protocol is intricate and technical, and not designed to be read by a layman. What the NI Protocol does and does not do has been grossly misconstrued amongst various forms of commentary from political actors and the media alike. Accordingly, this chapter will focus solely on the legal aspects of the NI Protocol, and put it in appropriate legal context. With this in mind, clarification is necessary from the outset. The issues concerning Northern Ireland and EU law are numerous, and this chapter is not to serve as an endlessly exhaustive answer to the full range of legal issues arising from Brexit to Northern Ireland, and nor analyzing all the nuances of the NI Protocol. Nor does this chapter see every eventuality with regard to the matters that it does analyze. Rather, its aim is to position Brexit, and determine the legal aspects of the process and result of the NI Protocol, with the effect that it has had on Northern Ireland, with principle focus on the EU customs union, the free movement of goods, and the enforcement mechanisms. The analysis will not focus, unless otherwise stated, on prior drafts of the parties, or the so-called ‘backstop’ that was initially floated as a solution. Instead, the chapter will focus on the WA and NI Protocol that was ratified by the parties, which is currently in force. The chapter is structured as follows Section 2 examines the initial features of the WA and NI Protocol, taking into account the situation of Northern Ireland, and how its status ran into difficulties as regards the EU customs union. Section 3 analyzed the intricate position of the NI Protocol as regards trade in goods in the form of how the EU customs area is extended to Northern Ireland, and the implications this has on different types of trade in goods with Northern Ireland, as well as the type of regulatory alignment envisaged by the NI Protocol. Section 4 scrutinizes implementation, supervision, and enforcement mechanisms that are foreseen in the NI Protocol, and Section 5 looks at how the NI Protocol can eventually be replaced, or alternatively, seeing it being removed following a procedure involving the political establishment in Northern Ireland. Section 6 analyses the initial implementation of the NI Protocol, whilst Section 7, conclusively, draws some remarks about the future of Northern Ireland and the EU legal order.

Parasitic dermatoses from abroad

Increased migration, the omnipresent desire to travel, climate change and aglobally more mobile population enhance the risk of spreading infectious, tropical pathogens across international borders. In addition to diarrhea and fever, skin diseases present one of the most common reasons for amedical consultation upon return among travelers. These diseases are often caused by parasites. Detailed data on infectious travel diseases is scarce. However, demographic, endemic and travel-related information represent the basic requirements for physicians to choose appropriate diagnostics and adequate treatment for affected patients. This article gives an overview of common parasitic travel dermatoses, their specific diagnostic workup, treatment and preventive measures.

The Common Travel Area: The Limits of Codification

The Common Travel Area: The Limits of Codification

207. Travel Related Risk Behaviors and Antibiotic Use among Older Travelers

BackgroundOlder travelers (≥ 60 years) are a unique risk population for travel related infections and adverse events from antibiotics. We evaluated the differences in travel characteristics, exposures, illnesses and antibiotic use among older travelers and those between 18 – 59 y using a prospective, observational cohort of US Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries traveling outside the US for ≤ 6.5 months (TravMil).MethodsAdult DoD beneficiaries were enrolled pre-travel. Itineraries limited to Western/Northern Europe, Canada, or New Zealand and active duty personnel on military travel were excluded. Demographics, itineraries and prescriptions were abstracted. A post-travel survey collected information on exposures and illnesses (travelers’ diarrhea (TD), influenza-like illness (ILI) or febrile illness). Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square or Fishers exact test and the Mann-U Whitney test was used for continuous variables.ResultsOf the 1468 travelers, 755 were ≥ 60y and 719 were < 60y. Asia (35%) and South/Central America (28%) were the most common travel regions. Older travelers were more likely to be Caucasian (80% vs. 67%), male (52% vs. 39%) and travel for tourism (84% vs. 51%) (p< 0.05). Younger travelers were more likely engage in risk behaviors (e.g. consume poorly cooked meat or seafood (16% vs 9%) or street vendor food (26% vs 8.6%), wade in fresh water (24% vs. 18%), and non-compliance with malaria prophylaxis (22% vs 12%) (p< 0.05). Older travelers had a lower incidence of TD (18% vs 24%), and a higher proportion of cases with loose stool or mild TD that did not interfere with daily activities (63% vs. 51%) (p< 0.05). Inappropriate antibiotic use for loose stool or mild TD were similar among the two age groups (67% vs 59%). Non-significant trends of lower incidence and mild infections were observed for ILI and febrile illness in older travelers.ConclusionOlder travelers were less likely to engage in risk behaviors, had a lower TD incidence and reported mild diarrheal symptoms. Inappropriate antibiotic use for loose stool or mild TD was common in both age groups. Enhancing antibiotic stewardship is important for older travelers to prevent potential side effects, drug interactions and antibiotic resistance.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Prisoner Transfer Within the Irish-UK Common Travel Area (CTA) After Brexit: Human Rights Between Politics and Penal Reform

The UK Government proposed in February 2020 that sentenced prisoner transfers with EU member states should continue after Brexit, but using a more ‘effective’ process than the existing CoE convention. The article analyses, with a particular focus on the Irish-UK CTA, the significance of continued UK human rights compliance for the achievement of this objective and the interrelationship of this issue with extradition/surrender (including the surrender of fugitive prisoners). It is concluded that Brexit has most probably raised the level of formal and institutional human rights compliance (including legal aid/assistance and the direct enforcement of prisoners’ rights in domestic courts) required from the UK for criminal justice cooperation with EU member states. Entering into such undertakings would not assist criminal impunity or the evasion of lawfully imposed penalties. Such undertakings, however, cannot help to resolve many problems inherent in prisoner transfer within the EU. The creation of a truly effective and rehabilitative transfer system would require (a) constructive UK Government participation in inter-governmental (including the UK devolved governments)/EU arrangements capable of incrementally resolving or effectively mitigating criminal justice cooperation problems and (b) acceptance at Westminster that this aspect of post-Brexit readjustment is likely to be intermittent and of long-duration.

Facilitating Cross-Border Criminal Justice Cooperation Between the UK and Ireland After Brexit: ‘Keeping the Lights On’ to Ensure the Safety of the Common Travel Area

Much of the cooperation on criminal justice matters between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is based on EU level instruments. While there has been consideration of the broader impact of Brexit on the Good Friday Agreement and consensus on the need to avoid a return to a hard border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, more detailed consideration has not been given to the effect that Brexit may have on continued criminal justice cooperation across the border. This article highlights the combined risks that Brexit presents for Northern Ireland in the form of increased criminality at a time when the loss of EU police cooperation mechanisms may result in a reduction of operational capacity and the removal of the legal architecture underpinning informal cooperation. Part 1 seeks to highlight the historical context of UK-Irish cooperation in policing matters. Part 2 explores the risk that post Brexit the Irish border may become a focus for criminal activity. The risks relating to increased immigration crime, smuggling of commodities and potential rise in terrorist activities are explored. Part 3 considers how the risks of increased criminal threats are exacerbated by the loss of EU criminal justice cooperation mechanisms and how this will affect UK-Irish cooperation specifically. Consideration is particularly given to the loss of information sharing systems. Part 4 considers how loss of EU level cooperation mechanisms could be mitigated. The viability of bilateral agreements between the UK and Ireland is considered alongside ways which police cooperation can be formalised to compensate for the potential loss of EU criminal justice information sharing systems. Nordic police cooperation is considered as a potential blueprint for the UK and Ireland.

Travel Motives and Golf Tourists: An Exploratory Study

Over the past 25 years the concept of sport tourism has taken on numerous forms and broadened tourism and sport research tremendously. Hui, Wan, and Ho (2007) indicated that the global tourism industry has become increasingly competitive, and golf tourism, as a subcategory of sport tourism, has received more recent attention within the tourism industry. Thus, it is becoming more important for golf courses and golf destinations to identify the variables which attract and retain their golfing clientele. The identification of common characteristics and travel motivations among golf tourists could provide useful information to golf destination marketers in targeting their marketing efforts. Therefore, the aim of this paper is twofold, first, to provide a general overview of the golfing tourists, second, to determine the travel motives of golf tourists who travel and play golf.

Partition by Degrees: Routine Exceptions in Border and Immigration Practice between the UK and Ireland, 1921–1972

AbstractUsing archival materials, we reflect on the legal process of creating (and mitigating) a border in Ireland after partition in 1922 and interactions between those laws and the people whom they affected. After 1922, superficially durable exceptions developed to the territorial state's distinctions between citizens and foreign nationals under the aegis of the Common Travel Area. They survived the 1930s UK–Ireland ‘Economic War’, were sustained (if in a restricted form) during the Second World War and were rebuilt in its aftermath. These arrangements proved beneficial for both countries, providing an outlet for surplus labour for Ireland and a resource for the UK economy. We nonetheless explore how far practice reflected this overarching cooperative framework, particularly given the complications introduced by the policies of Northern Ireland's institutions.

With or Without EU? The Common Travel Area After Brexit

AbstractThe Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) concluded between the UK and Ireland in May 2019 provides one of the few clear legacies of Theresa May’s premiership. The Common Travel Area (CTA) between Ireland, the UK, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man provides the basis for domestic immigration and nationality laws which permit Irish citizens to reside in the UK and for them to be treated as “not foreign” in the context of UK domestic laws concerning access to healthcare, employment, social security, political participation, and education. Yet it has long lacked legal definition. The UK and Ireland reciprocate, to a rough extent, these rights for each other’s citizens. The MoU and related developments mark the first steps towards clarifying the CTA’s scope. The rush to conclude this MoU and alter parts of both countries’ domestic law relating to the CTA nonetheless illustrate the fragile state of Ireland–UK relations with Brexit looming. This Article explores whether these reforms will enable people who rely upon the CTA as a foundation of life outside their home country to protect their interests through litigation, and reflects upon the relationship between these arrangements and the protections for EU citizens proposed under the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement.

Development of the formulas for estimating the travel time of rainwater slope runoff and channel flow for the anthropogenic territories of small catchment basins

The article presents developed formulas for estimating the travel time of rainwater slope runoff and channel flow based on a unified schematization of mixed catchment basins with wide anthropogenic territories together with diversion channels. The estimation of common travel time for the rainwater overland flow on the adjacent watershed and further along the diversion channel is derived by modeling the catchment basins preserving their natural configurations. The necessary hydrological and hydraulic equations for describing the unsteady rainwater slope runoff and channel flow formation are chosen and proposed taking into consideration the proper factors affecting the flow. When developing a general formula for calculating the preliminary total travel time of the slope and channel flow have been taken into consideration the proper patterns of rainwater runoff on the inclined surfaces and stepped sectors applicable for estimation of the unsteady slope runoff and channel discharge (flow rate) in case of using the differential equations of one-dimensional hydraulics. The developed formula can be used for determining the travel time in predicting rainwater runoff for designing the system of road surface drainage and culverts facilities in mixed catchment basins with terraced paddy fields and other slope areas. Authors have proposed some recommendations and drawn the relevant conclusions.