Common Trajectory Research Articles

Common evolutionary trajectory of short life-cycle in Brassicaceae ruderal weeds

Weed species are detrimental to crop yield. An understanding of how weeds originate and adapt to field environments is needed for successful crop management and reduction of herbicide use. Although early flowering is one of the weed trait syndromes that enable ruderal weeds to overcome frequent disturbances, the underlying genetic basis is poorly understood. Here, we establish Cardamine occulta as a model to study weed ruderality. By genome assembly and QTL mapping, we identify impairment of the vernalization response regulator gene FLC and a subsequent dominant mutation in the blue-light receptor gene CRY2 as genetic drivers for the establishment of short life cycle in ruderal weeds. Population genomics study further suggests that the mutations in these two genes enable individuals to overcome human disturbances through early deposition of seeds into the soil seed bank and quickly dominate local populations, thereby facilitating their spread in East China. Notably, functionally equivalent dominant mutations in CRY2 are shared by another weed species, Rorippa palustris, suggesting a common evolutionary trajectory of early flowering in ruderal weeds in Brassicaceae.

Integrated single-cell profiling dissects cell-state-specific enhancer landscapes of human tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells

Despite extensive studies on the chromatin landscape of exhausted Tcells, the transcriptional wiring underlying the heterogeneous functional and dysfunctional states of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is incompletely understood. Here, we identify gene-regulatory landscapes in a wide breadth of functional and dysfunctional CD8+ TIL states covering four cancer entities using single-cell chromatin profiling. We map enhancer-promoter interactions in human TILs by integrating single-cell chromatin accessibility with single-cell RNA-seq data from tumor-entity-matching samples and prioritize cell-state-specific genes by super-enhancer analysis. Besides revealing entity-specific chromatin remodeling in exhausted TILs, our analyses identify a common chromatin trajectory to TIL dysfunction and determine key enhancers, transcriptional regulators, and deregulated genes involved in this process. Finally, we validate enhancer regulation at immunotherapeutically relevant loci by targeting non-coding regulatory elements with potent CRISPR activators and repressors. In summary, our study provides a framework for understanding and manipulating cell-state-specific gene-regulatory cues from human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Calculation Method of Driving Behavior Indices for Risk Assessment of Right Turns at Intersections Considering Common Vehicle Trajectory

Calculation Method of Driving Behavior Indices for Risk Assessment of Right Turns at Intersections Considering Common Vehicle Trajectory

COVID-19-related anxiety trajectories in children, young people and adults with rheumatic diseases.

Uncertainty regarding the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its complications and the safety of immunosuppressive therapies may drive anxiety among adults and parents of children and young people (CYP) with rheumatic diseases. This study explored trajectories of COVID-related anxiety in adults and parents of CYP with rheumatic diseases. Adults and parents of CYP participating in the international COVID-19 European Patient Registry were included in the current study if they had enrolled in the 4 weeks following 24 March 2020. COVID-related anxiety scores (0-10) were collected weekly for up to 28 weeks.Group-based trajectory models explored COVID-related anxiety clusters in adult and parent populations, with optimal models chosen based on model fit, parsimony and clinical plausibility. Demographic, clinical and COVID-19 mitigation behaviours were compared between identified clusters using univariable statistics. In 498 parents of CYP and 2640 adults, four common trajectory groups of COVID-related anxiety were identified in each cohort: persistent extreme anxiety (32% and 17%), persistent high anxiety (43% and 41%), improving high anxiety (25% and 32%) and improving moderate anxiety (11% and 10%), respectively. Few characteristics distinguished the clusters in the parent cohort. Higher and more persistent anxiety clusters in the adult cohort were associated with higher levels of respiratory comorbidities, use of immunosuppressive therapies, older age and greater self-isolation. COVID-19-related anxiety in the rheumatic disease community was high and persistent during the COVID-19 pandemic, with four common patterns identified. In the adult cohort, higher COVID-related anxiety was related to perceived risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Patterns of Compliance and Noncompliance During Probation: Identifying Pathways to Probation Revocation

Prior research has explored factors associated with probation outcomes, but few studies have examined pathways of noncompliance leading to probation failure. We conducted social sequence analysis to identify trajectories of compliance and noncompliance in a sample of 4,389 probationers in Monroe County, Indiana. Our findings showed full compliance was the most common probation trajectory and a single failure to appear (FTA) the most common pattern of noncompliance. In addition to a new offense during probation, repeated patterns of FTA and substance use noncompliance were associated with higher revocation rates. Recurrent patterns of technical violations, particularly for substance use, may function as an important pathway to revocation. Supervision strategies that intervene to address recurrent noncompliance may help agencies reduce revocation rates.

Cardiovascular health trajectories and subsequent cardiovascular disease and mortality: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

ObjectiveLongitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular health (CVH) may reflect vascular risk burden due to prolonged cumulative exposure to non-ideal CVH levels. Identifying individuals who have a higher risk CVH trajectory may facilitate treatment, screening, and prevention. We aimed to characterize 10-year trajectories of CVH and examine the associations between CVH trajectories and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. MethodsWe analyzed 3674 MESA participants who completed four exams and remained CVD-free from 2000 to 2011. A 12-point CVH score was calculated based on physical activity, smoking status, body mass index, cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose. Ideal CVH was defined as a score ≥ 9. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify trajectories of ideal CVH. Cox models were used to examine the association of CVH trajectories with incident CVD and death from 2011 to 2018, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, and marital status. ResultsThree trajectories were identified based on the probability of achieving ideal CVH: high (n = 1251), medium (n = 760), and persistently low (n = 1663). Almost half (45.3%) of the participants had a persistently low trajectory. During a median of 7.7 years follow-up, 392 incident CVD events and 459 deaths occurred. Compared with the high CVH group, participants in the persistently low CVH trajectory group had elevated risks for CVD (adjusted hazard ratios 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.15–1.93) and mortality (1.34, 1.06–1.70), and participants in the medium group had moderate risks for CVD (1.17, 0.86–1.59) and mortality (1.15, 0.87–1.53) (p-value for trend 0.002 for CVD, 0.014 for mortality). ConclusionPersistently nonideal CVH is a common trajectory. Targeted prevention programs might benefit individuals with persistently nonideal CVH given their elevated risk of subsequent CVD and mortality.

Human capital as an effective resource contributing to the region's entry into the trajectory of balanced development

This study is devoted to the problem of ensuring a balanced innovative development of the region in the current conditions of digitalization based on the development of the most important resource of the economy human capital. The subject of the study is the quality of human capital on the example of the selected region, as well as organizational and economic relations in terms of human capital management, aimed at achieving a balance in the development of the region. The balanced economic development of the region largely depends on the factors of interest of the economic entities themselves, both moral and material, in achieving an effective result. The main component of economic growth aimed at achieving balanced development is the human resource. Achieving a balanced development in the production, economic and environmental spheres is impossible without achieving a balance in the social aspect, where human capital occupies a key place. Considering a person as the most important factor in achieving a balanced regional development, it is necessary to identify indicators of the balanced development of human capital itself. This study assessed the quality of human capital on the example of the Russian region, the Orenburg region, from the standpoint of balance. The assessment is based on a study of three components: standard of living, education and length of years. Based on the results of the assessment, imbalances in the development of the constituent parts of the human potential of the Orenburg region were revealed: high indicators of income and education indices and a low index of longevity. The low index of longevity is explained by the presence of an imbalance in the level of development of medicine and the unhealthy lifestyle of the population of the region, which is influenced by economic and environmental components, due to the fact that the Orenburg region is an export raw material region. The study analyzed the human development indices of the Orenburg region in comparison with other regions of the Volga Federal District of Russia, established a downward trend in this indicator, which negatively affects economic development indicators and which, of course, was affected by the situation with the Covid-19 pandemic, noted the role of the influence of digital and virtual space on the level of development of human capital in the region under study, the following problems are highlighted: digital inequality, departmental nature of the introduction of information and communication technologies, insufficient development of telecommunications infrastructure in rural areas, which indicates a lack of balance in the development of information literacy of society in a digital economy. Theresults of the study are of theoretical and practical significance for the regional authorities in terms of developing strategic and policy documents in the field of economics, education, healthcare, aimed at improving the welfare of the population, which will create the necessary prerequisites for the formation of high-quality human capital in the region and the effective use of this resource. In the context of digital integration, when a person serves as a leading link, we consider it necessary to develop a mechanism for regulating a balanced system of health and education indicators by the regional authorities, which, in general, will help the region to reach a common trajectory of balanced innovative development.

Single-Cell Analysis of Human Clonal Hematopoiesis Identifies Distinct Impact of DNMT3A and TET2 mutations on Hematopoietic Differentiation

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) increases the risk of hematological malignancies and other adverse outcomes. The most common driver mutations occur in DNMT3A and TET2. However, it is still unclear how mutant DNMT3A and TET2 perturb human stem/progenitor cell homeostasis allowing mutant clones to expand. Studies of human CH have been limited by availability of samples from subjects without co-existing malignancy and high-precision methods for comparing mutant and wild-type (WT) cells in the same individual. To address this gap, we screened 195 bone marrow (BM) samples collected from subjects undergoing hip replacement surgery for CH by targeted DNA sequencing. As DNMT3A and TET2 regulate DNA methylation and gene expression, we employed multiomic single-cell analysis with TARGET-seq to combine single-cell genotyping with transcriptome sequencing on FACS index sorted cells. We developed an improved method, TARGET-seq+, which provides greater sensitivity transcript detection, resulting in a median of 4500 genes/cell with high-sensitivity genotyping (95% of cells genotyped; 7-11% allele dropout rate). We performed TARGET-seq+ on 12,942 BM stem, progenitor and mature cells from 9 CH samples with predicted loss-of-function mutations (4 single mutation cases & 5 multiple mutation cases) and 3 normal controls (Fig. 1). Of these, 87% of cells passed quality controls and were successfully genotyped. Integrated transcriptomic and genotyping analysis showed DNMT3Amut and TET2mut cells occupy a common differentiation trajectory with WT cells. Within DNMT3A-mutant samples, the mutant clone constituted 5-70% of transcriptomic and immunophenotypic long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC). There was a further 1.5 to 1.7-fold expansion of DNMT3Amut cells in early erythro-megakaryocytic multipotent progenitors and lympho-myeloid multipotent progenitors (LMPP) compared to LT-HSC. Across most samples, clone size was maintained throughout differentiation with no evidence of differentiation delay or lineage bias. Differential expression analysis revealed subtle cell type-specific differences between WT and mutant cells, with upregulation of megakaryocytic lineage markers in mutant LMPP and downregulation of erythroid lineage markers in mutant erythroid progenitors. TET2mut clones were also identified in LT-HSCs at a clone size of 1-21% but expanded further in multiple downstream progenitors. Maximal expansion (2-12 fold) was seen in the myeloid lineage, but clones also expanded in the erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lineages (mean clone size 2 to 5-fold larger than in LT-HSC). Comparison of mutant and WT granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMP) identified upregulation of myeloid lineage-affiliated transcription factors, (e.g. CEBPD and IRF8) in TET2mut cells. Increased expression of myeloid gene signatures was also seen within TET2mut HSC and LMPP, suggesting myeloid lineage bias arises early in differentiation. Concordantly, TET2mut HSC were shifted towards a more differentiated state in pseudotime and downregulated LT-HSC signatures. In one sample with biallelic TET2 mutations, the TET2 single and double mutant clones were each detected in only 1 out of 109 (0.9%) CD90+CD49f+ LT-HSCs. However, the double mutant clone expanded dramatically in the myeloid lineage, contributing to >50% of cells within GMP, dendritic cell progenitor and neutrophil/monocyte precursor compartments, consistent with frequent detection of biallelic TET2 mutations in myeloid leukemias. Comparison of gene expression between differentiation stage-matched WT cells in CH samples and in age-matched normal controls allowed us to identify the impact of CH clones on WT cells, co-existing within the same BM micro-environment. WT HSCs in DNMT3A and TET2 mutant samples showed enhanced expression of inflammatory, quiescence and chemokine gene signatures compared to WT HSCs in non-CH samples. In summary, we present the first detailed analysis of the impact of DNMT3A and TET2 mutations on hematopoiesis in humans with unperturbed CH. The selective advantage of DNMT3A-mutant clones occurs primarily at the level of HSC and early progenitors, whereas TET2-mutant clones expand not only in HSC but also further throughout differentiation (Fig. 2). There is a non-cell autonomous impact on WT HSCs in CH. Our work provides a foundation for understanding the mechanistic basis of pre-leukemic clonal expansion. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Predictors of beverage-specific, alcohol consumption trajectories: A Swedish population-based cohort study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine whether changes in alcohol consumption over time differ according to beverage types, and to what extent socioeconomic, lifestyle and health-related factors predict beverage-specific trajectories in Sweden. Study design: We included participants from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort who were surveyed repeatedly in 2002, 2010 and 2014. Alcohol consumption trajectories were constructed for 13,152 individuals with valid information on amount and frequency of drinking. Preferred beverage types (i.e., beer, wine or spirits) were defined based on the most consumed beverages. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify individual predictors of different trajectories, overall and by beverage type. Results: Overall 56.9% of respondents were women, the mean age was 49.2 years, SD (13.1). Wine was cited as the preferred beverage for 72.4% of participants, and stable moderate drinking was the most common trajectory regardless of beverage type (68.2%, 54.9% and 54.2% in individuals with wine, beer and spirits as preferred beverages, respectively). Associations between drinking trajectories and baseline lifestyle factors did not differ by beverage type. Lower socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with unstable moderate wine drinking (for unskilled manual SEP: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 1.93), unstable heavy beer drinking (for skilled manual SEP: aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.14, 3.52; and unskilled manual SEP: aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05, 2.82), and former beer drinking trajectory (for skilled manual SEP: aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.21, 2.72; and unskilled manual SEP: aOR 1.66; 95% CI 1.17, 2.37). Conclusion: Lower SEP was associated with unstable heavy drinking of beer, former beer drinking, and unstable moderate wine drinking trajectories indicating that targeted alcohol prevention programmes need to focus on these groups.

Lymph Node Metastasis Spread Patterns and the Effectiveness of Prophylactic Neck Irradiation in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SNSCC)

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> To analyze the incidence and spread of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and the effectiveness of prophylactic neck irradiation in patients with SNSCC. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> A total of 255 patients with SNSCC were retrospectively reviewed. The LNM spread pattern was revealed. The clinical parameters related to LNM and the prognostic value of elective neck irradiation (ENI) were assessed. <h3>Results</h3> The initial LNM rate was 20.8%, and the regional recurrence (RR) rate was 7.5%. Lymphatic spreading in SNSCC followed the common trajectories: a. level Ib ◊ level II ◊ level Va/level III/IV lymph nodes (LNs); b. retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLNs) ◊ level II LNs. The most frequently involved site was level II LNs (16.1%), followed by level Ib LNs (10.2%), RPLNs (4.7%), level III LNs (3.2%), level Va LNs (1.6%), level IVa LNs (1.4%) and level VIII LNs (0.8%). The median follow-up time was 105 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 55.7% for N0 patients and 38.5% for patients with initial N+ or N- relapse (p = 0.009). ENI (p = 0.013) and absence of nasopharynx involvement (p = 0.026) were associated with a significantly lower RR rate. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Patients with LNM had poorer survival than those who never experienced LNM. Lymphatic spread in SNSCC followed predictable patterns. ENI effectively reduced the RR rate in patients at high risk.

Association between distinct body mass index trajectories according to the group‐based trajectory modeling and the risk of incident diabetes: A systematic review

We aimed to determine the association between distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectories, using group-based trajectory modeling, and the subsequent risk of incident diabetes. Five databases were systematically searched. Fourteen population-based cohort studies that summarized the association between different BMI trajectories and subsequent diabetes, with the four most common BMI trajectories including the "stable," "increasing," "decreasing," and "turning" groups, were included. The rapid increase and stable high-level BMI groups showed the strongest association with the subsequent risk of diabetes compared with the stable normal BMI group. Increased baseline BMI levels resulted in a steeper slope and greater risk of subsequent diabetes. In the decreasing BMI group, one study reported that those aged &gt;50 years showed the highest incidence of subsequent diabetes, whereas the other two studies reported no association between these two variables. In the turning group, an increase followed by a decrease in BMI levels from adolescence to late adulthood could reduce the risk of developing diabetes, although the residual risk remained. By contrast, the incidence of subsequent diabetes remained high in the middle-aged BMI-turning group. This study can provide further insights for identifying populations at high risk of diabetes and for developing targeted prevention strategies.

Kidney-Function Trajectories From Young Adulthood to Midlife: Identifying Risk Strata and Opportunities for Intervention

Understanding normative patterns of change in kidney function over the life course may allow targeting of early interventions to slow or prevent the onset of kidney disease, but knowledge about kidney functional change before middle age is limited. This study used prospective longitudinal data from a representative birth cohort to examine common patterns of change from young to midadulthood and to identify risk factors and outcomes associated with poorer trajectories. We used group-based trajectory modeling in the Dunedin study birth cohort (n= 857) to identify the following: (i) common kidney function trajectories between the ages 32 and 45 years, (ii) early-life factors associated with those trajectories, (iii) modifiable physical and psychosocial factors across adulthood associated with differences in trajectory slope, and (iv) links between trajectories and kidney-related outcomes at age 45 years. Three trajectory groups were identified and could be differentiated by age 32 years as follows: normal (58% of participants), low-normal (36%), and high-risk (6%) groups. Those from low socioeconomic backgrounds had higher odds of following a high-risk (vs. normal) trajectory. Modifiable factors (blood pressure, body mass index, inflammation, glycated hemoglobin, smoking, and socioeconomic status) across adulthood were associated with steeper age-related declines in kidney function, particularly among those in the low-normal and high-risk groups. Those in the low-normal and high-risk groups also had more adverse kidney-related outcomes at age 45 years. The current findings could be used to inform the development of early interventions and point to socioeconomic conditions across the life course and health-related risk factors and behaviors in adulthood as kidney health promotion targets.

Longitudinal deep learning clustering of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus trajectories using routinely collected health records

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly heterogeneous chronic disease with different pathophysiological and genetic characteristics affecting its progression, associated complications and response to therapies. The advances in deep learning (DL) techniques and the availability of a large amount of healthcare data allow us to investigate T2DM characteristics and evolution with a completely new approach, studying common disease trajectories rather than cross sectional values. We used an Kernelized-AutoEncoder algorithm to map 5 years of data of 11,028 subjects diagnosed with T2DM in a latent space that embedded similarities and differences between patients in terms of the evolution of the disease. Once we obtained the latent space, we used classical clustering algorithms to create longitudinal clusters representing different evolutions of the diabetic disease. Our unsupervised DL clustering algorithm suggested seven different longitudinal clusters. Different mean ages were observed among the clusters (ranging from 65.3±11.6 to 72.8±9.4). Subjects in clusters B (Hypercholesteraemic) and E (Hypertensive) had shorter diabetes duration (9.2±3.9 and 9.5±3.9 years respectively). Subjects in Cluster G (Metabolic) had the poorest glycaemic control (mean glycated hemoglobin 7.99±1.42%), while cluster E had the best one (mean glycated hemoglobin 7.04±1.11%). Obesity was observed mainly in clusters A (Neuropathic), C (Multiple Complications), F (Retinopathy) and G. A dashboard is available at dm2.b2slab.upc.edu to visualize the different trajectories corresponding to the 7 clusters.

Insight trajectories and their impact on psychosocial functioning: A 10-year follow-up study in first episode psychosis patients.

Insight has been considered a core symptom of psychosis and closely related to functional outcome. However, little is known regarding the role of insight and its progression in different long-term functioning subdomains among First Episode Psychosis (FEP) patients. A total of 209 participants were followed up over a 10-year period. Latent class mixed models were used to identify trajectory classes in each of the three different insight dimensions. Multivariate analyses were performed to explore predictive value of insight dimensions and its long-term trajectories in psychosocial functioning over a 10-year follow-up period including in the analyses a complete set of baseline and follow-up measures. Three different trajectories (improvement, continued awareness, and worsening) were differentiated in each of the insight dimensions, resulting continued awareness the most common trajectory. Awareness into mental illness at baseline represented one of the main predictors of very long-term instrumental and global functioning. Moreover, enhancement/maintenance of illness awareness was significantly related to better interpersonal functioning. Early intervention programs that promote the acquisition of awareness in the very early stages of the psychotic disorder could have a relevant impact on long-term functioning in FEP patients. Insight dimensions showed mostly trait-like properties although a considerable proportion of FEP patients experienced changes in insight dimensions over the follow-up period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Optimization of satellite resource scheduling under regional target coverage conditions

Abstract This study presented a mathematical description of an arbitrary shape area, and after analyzing the characteristics of the near-polar orbital co-ground trajectory constellation that satisfies the revisit interval constraint, an optimization model of the orbital parameters design of reference satellites in regional coverage constellations was constructed. Then based on the designed area covering the constellation of common ground trajectories, a simple and effective two-pulse maneuvering scheme was adopted for the needs of sudden tasks, and an existing satellite scheduling optimization model using the golden section method to constrain the boundary of substellar point coverage was constructed. Finally, the optimal design of regional coverage constellations and existing satellite dispatches was carried out for the sea areas with the most frequent tropical cyclone activities in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model and have certain practical use value.

Whitehead and Continental Philosophy in the Twenty-First Century: Dislocations

Whitehead and Continental Philosophy in the Twenty-First Century: Dislocations

A Novel Trajectory Planning Method for Parafoil Airdrop System Based on Geometric Segmentation Strategy

Reasonable trajectory planning is the precondition for the parafoil airdrop system to achieve autonomous accurate homing, and safe landing. To successfully realize the self-homing of the parafoil airdrop system, a new trajectory optimization design scheme is proposed in this paper. The scheme is based on the parafoil’s unique flight and control characteristics and adopts a segmented homing design. The current common trajectory design method faces a problem, whereby straight-line flight distance before landing is limited by the radius of the height-reducing area. The core feature of the proposed design scheme is its avoidance of this problem, thereby ensuring landing accuracy and safety. Firstly, the different starting states of the parafoil airdrop system and the landing requirements were comprehensively considered, and the homing trajectory reasonably segmented. Based on the requirements of energy control, stable flight, and landing accuracy, the optimal objective function of the trajectory was established, and the trajectory parameters, calculation methods, and constraints were given. Secondly, the cuckoo search algorithm was applied to optimize the objective function to obtain the final home trajectory. Finally, the trajectory planning under different airdrop conditions was simulated and verified. The results showed that the planned trajectories could reach the target point accurately and meet the flight direction requirements, proving the proposed scheme’s correctness and feasibility.

Racial/Ethnic and Sex/Gender Differences in Sleep Duration Trajectories From Adolescence to Adulthood in a US National Sample.

Racial/ethnic and sex/gender disparities in sleep duration have been documented in adolescence and adulthood. Identifying racial/ethnic and sex/gender differences in sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood can inform interventions on the developmental periods individuals are most at risk for short sleep duration. We examined racial/ethnic and sex/gender differences in self-reported sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood using data from waves I, III, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-2018; n= 12,593). Multigroup growth mixture modeling was used to enumerate sleep duration trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. There were 3 common trajectory types across race/ethnicity and sex/gender groups: 1) consistent increasing short sleepers (i.e., increasing probability of short sleep into adulthood) (67.3%); 2) late-onset short sleepers (i.e., no probability of short sleep duration in adolescence until adulthood) (20.2%); and 3) early-onset short sleepers (i.e., declining probability of short sleep duration from adolescence into adulthood) (12.5%). The prevalence of the consistent-increasing trajectory was highest among Black male respondents, while late onset was highest among White female respondents and early onset greatest among Latinx male respondents. Findings underscore the need to intervene in early adolescence to prevent short sleep duration in adulthood.

Four Distinct 5-Year Trajectories of Knee Function Emerge in Patients Who Followed the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Treatment Algorithm

Background: Impairments and dysfunction vary considerably after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and distinct subgroups may exist. Purpose: (1) To identify subgroups of patients with ACL injury who share common trajectories of patient-reported knee function from initial presentation to 5 years after a treatment algorithm where they chose either ACL reconstruction (ACLR) plus rehabilitation or rehabilitation alone. (2) To assess associations with trajectory affiliation. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We included 276 patients with a acute first-time complete unilateral ACL injury. All patients underwent a 5-week neuromuscular and strength training program before a shared decision-making process about treatment. Within their latest attended follow-up, 62% of patients had undergone early ACLR (<6 months after the 5-week program), 11% delayed ACLR (>6 months after the 5-week program), and 27% progressive rehabilitation alone. Patients completed the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF) at inclusion, after the 5-week program, and at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years after ACLR or completion of the 5-week program (patients treated with rehabilitation alone). We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify trajectories of IKDC-SKF and multinomial logistic regression to assess associations with trajectory affiliation. Results: Four distinct trajectories of IKDC-SKF were identified: Low (n = 22; 8.0% of the cohort), Moderate (n = 142; 51.4%), High (n = 105; 38.0%), and High Before Declining (n = 7; 2.5%). The High trajectory had higher scores at inclusion than the Moderate trajectory, but both improved considerably within 1 year and had thereafter stable high scores. The High Before Declining trajectory also started relatively high and improved considerably within 1 year but experienced a large deterioration between 2 and 5 years. The Low trajectory started low and had minimal improvement. New knee injuries were important characteristics of the High Before Declining trajectory, concomitant meniscal injuries were significantly associated with following the Low (vs Moderate) trajectory, and early/preoperative quadriceps strength and hop symmetry (measured at inclusion) were significantly associated with following the High (vs Moderate) trajectory. Conclusion: We identified 4 distinct 5-year trajectories of patient-reported knee function, indicating 4 subgroups of patients with ACL injury. Importantly, 88% of the patients who followed our treatment algorithm followed the Moderate and High trajectories characterized by good improvement and high scores. Due to eligibility criteria and procedures in our cohort, we can only generalize our model to athletes without major concomitant injuries who follow a similar treatment algorithm. Concomitant meniscal injuries and new knee injuries were important factors in the unfavorable Low and High Before Declining trajectories. These associations were exploratory but support the trajectories’ validity. Our findings can contribute to patient education about prognosis and underpin the importance of continued secondary injury prevention.

Cortico-thalamocortical interactions for learning, memory and decision-making.

The thalamus and cortex are interconnected both functionally and anatomically and share a common developmental trajectory. Interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and different parts of the prefrontal cortex are essential in cognitive processes, such as learning and adaptive decision-making. Cortico-thalamocortical interactions involving other dorsal thalamic nuclei, including the anterior thalamus and pulvinar, also influence these cognitive processes. Our work, and that of others, indicates a crucial influence of these interdependent cortico-thalamocortical neural networks that contributes actively to the processing of information within the cortex. Each of these thalamic nuclei also receives potent subcortical inputs that are likely to provide additional influences on their regulation of cortical activity. Here, we highlight our current neuroscientific research aimed at establishing when cortico-MD thalamocortical neural network communication is vital within the context of a rapid learning and memory discrimination task. We are collecting evidence of MD-prefrontal cortex neural network communication in awake, behaving male rhesus macaques. Given the prevailing evidence, further studies are needed to identify both broad and specific mechanisms that govern how the MD, anterior thalamus and pulvinar cortico-thalamocortical interactions support learning, memory and decision-making. Current evidence shows that the MD (and the anterior thalamus) are crucial for frontotemporal communication, and the pulvinar is crucial for frontoparietal communication. Such work is crucial to advance our understanding of the neuroanatomical and physiological bases of these brain functions in humans. In turn, this might offer avenues to develop effective treatment strategies to improve the cognitive deficits often observed in many debilitating neurological disorders and diseases and in neurodegeneration.