Common Spring Wheat Research Articles

Technological and baking properties of common spring wheat samples depending on the geographical origin

Technological and baking properties of common spring wheat samples depending on the geographical origin

Molecular and functional characterization of wheat near‐isogenic line ‘i:S29Ra’ having intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaves and auricles

AbstractNear‐isogenic line of the common spring wheat cultivar ‘Saratovskaya 29’, designated ‘i:S29Ra’, has been earlier developed during eight backcrosses and selection for the red auricle colour inherited from donor ‘Ulyanovka’. In this study, the line ‘i:S29Ra’ was characterized using 274 molecular and a number of morphological markers. It was found that the donor's genome material in ‘i:S29Ra’ is presented by a fragment on chromosome 7D flanked by the microsatellite loci Xgwm0044 and Xgwm1481 and carrying cluster of the genes Rc‐D1 (red coleoptile), Pc‐D1 (purple culm), Pls‐D1 (purple leaf sheaths), Plb‐D1 (purple leaf blades) and Ra‐D1 (red auricles), conferring intensive anthocyanin pigmentation of the coleoptile, culm, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and auricles, respectively. The Ra‐D1 is a novel locus described in wheat. The relative anthocyanin contents (OD530) in different parts of wheat plant and expression level of the anthocyanin biosynthesis (AB) structural genes in auricles were compared between ‘i:S29Ra’ and ‘S29’. In auricles of ‘i:S29Ra’, the OD530 (optical density) value was twice higher and transcription of some AB structural genes was increased in comparison with ‘S29’, suggesting regulatory role of the Ra gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis in wheat.

Runoff features of pasture and crop slopes at different rainfall intensities, antecedent moisture contents and gradients on the Chinese Loess Plateau: A solution of rainfall simulation experiments

Pastures are important components of artificial vegetations for controlling soil erosion on the hilly region of Loess Plateau of China. However, runoff features of pastures and the differences with crops are not fully understood in this region. This study focused on two widely-planted pastures including ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) and one common crop spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L), and investigated their runoff features at soil boxes under different rainfall intensities, antecedent moisture contents and slope gradients through rainfall simulation experiments. And bare ground was set as control. The results indicated that the presence of vegetation delayed time to runoff and reduced runoff coefficient. The average values of time to runoff were ranked as: ryegrass>spring wheat>alfalfa>bare slope. Contrarily, the rank for slope runoff coefficient was: ryegrass<spring wheat<alfalfa<bare ground. Time to runoff and runoff coefficient showed significant (P<0.05) correlations with rainfall intensity, antecedent moisture content, and slope gradient. Time to runoff showed a negative and exponential relationship with rainfall intensity and antecedent moisture content and a negative and linear relationship with gradient. Runoff coefficient indicated a positive and linear relationship with rainfall intensity and antecedent moisture content and a positive and power–function relationship with gradient. The results presented here could provide insights into understanding the effects of rainfall intensity, slope gradient, and antecedent moisture content on surface runoff for the Loess Plateau region.

Heritability and genetic diversity of iron, zinc and some morphological and physiological traits in some spring wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat is one of the most important cereals and main source of food in Iran and many different countries. Thirty spring common wheat genotypes from Iran were assessed for grain concentrations of Iron and Zinc and some morphological and physiological traits in 2009 and 2010. Iron showed large variation among genotypes, ranging from 17.5 µg g -1 to 48.68 µg g -1 (mean 30.79 µg g -1 ) in 2009 and from 22.74 µg g -1 to 45.60 µg g -1 (mean 30.53 µg g-1) in 2010. Similarly, Zinc concentration varied among genotypes, ranging from 22.36 µg g-1 to 52.69 µg g-1 (mean 35.79 µg g -1 ) in 2009 and from 20.74 µg g -1 to 78.60 µg g -1 (mean 42.45 µg g -1 ) in 2010. The highest heritability was exhibited by days to 50% heading (0.96) in 2009 and by stem number (0.96), spike length (0.96) in 2010. Heritability of grain iron and zinc were 0.74 and 0.61 in 2009, 0.85 and 0.92 in 2010 respectively. Four clusters formed through cluster analysis. Sistan, Akbari, Roshan and Roshan Bahareh backcross genotypes are recommended to use in multiple crossing program to reach transgressive segregants with high genetic potential of studied traits especially for chlorophyll content, grain iron and grain zinc all together. The most squared Euclidean genetic distance (75.81) observed between Niknejad and Roshan genotypes. Therefore, these genotypes can be used to plan wide crosses, to reach genetic diversity and maximize expression of hetrosis. Mahdavi and Bahar genotypes had the most squared Euclidean genetic distance (556.45) for grain iron and zinc content.

Evaluation of resistance to Fusarium head blight in spring wheat genotypes belonging to various Triticum species

Response of 35 spring wheat varieties and lines (of four Triticum species) to spray inoculation with Fusarium culmorum was evaluated in field experiments over three years (2010&amp;ndash;2012). Data on mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) content were complemented by symptom scores and determination of the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels and percent reduction of thousand grain weight and of grain weight per spike due to infection. Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) determined on the basis of the five mentioned traits was variable in all the examined genotype groups and very high only in the non-adapted check variety Sumai 3. The common wheat landrace Červen&amp;aacute; perla, four T. dicoccum genotypes (May Emmer, Weisser Sommer, T&amp;aacute;bor, and Rudico), T. spelta (Ruzyně), and the commercially grown bread wheat variety V&amp;aacute;nek can be considered as moderately resistant to FHB. DON accumulation was significantly higher in the modern common wheat varieties than in the other Triticum species and common wheat landraces. The latter nonetheless showed similar average reductions in grain weight per spike due to infection as did current spring wheat varieties. It is particularly important that DON content was found to be low and least variable not only in Sumai 3 but also in some T. dicoccum (Rudico and T&amp;aacute;bor) and T. spelta (Ruzyně) genotypes. It was documented that FHB-resistant emmer and spelt wheat materials have some outstanding grain-quality parameters (e.g. very high protein content) and can be progressively utilized particularly in breeding wheat for alternative use and growing in organic farming systems. It is important to make substantial progress towards developing resistance in common spring wheat, because most current varieties other than V&amp;aacute;nek and Trappe were found to be moderately susceptible or susceptible to FHB.

Genetic Analysis of Adult Plant Resistance to Yellow Rust and Leaf Rust in Common Spring Wheat Quaiu 3.

Identifying and utilizing rust resistance genes in wheat has been hampered by the continuous and rapid emergence of new pathogen races. A major focus of many wheat breeding programs is achieving durable adult plant resistance (APR) to yellow (stripe) rust (YR) and leaf (brown) rust (LR), caused by Puccinia striiformis and P. triticina, respectively. This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of resistance to YR and LR in the common spring wheat 'Quaiu 3'. To that end, we evaluated 198 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), derived from a cross of susceptible 'Avocet-YrA' with Quaiu 3, for APR to LR and YR in artificially inoculated field trials conducted in Mexico during the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. High narrow-sense heritability (h2) estimates, ranging between 0.91 and 0.95, were obtained for both LR and YR disease severities for both years. The quantitative and qualitative approaches used to estimate gene numbers showed that, in addition to known resistance genes, there are at least two to three APR genes associated with LR and YR resistance in the RIL population. The moderately effective race-specific resistance gene Lr42 and the pleiotropic slow-rusting APR gene Lr46/Yr29 were found to interact with additional unidentified APR genes. The unidentified APR genes should be of particular interest for further characterization through molecular mapping, and for utilization by wheat breeding programs.

Генетическая дифференциация сортов мягкой пшеницы с использованием множественных аллелей глиадинкодирующих локусов

The alleles ofgliadin-coding loci have been identified in 105 spring common wheat cultivars bred in Omsk and Saratov by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has been shown that 49% of the Omsk cultivars and 40% of the Saratov cultivars are heterogeneous, i.e., composed of several biotypes that differ in alleles of the gliadin-coding loci. A total of 278 genotypes have been determined (170 in the Saratov cultivars and 112 in the Omsk cultivars); in these two groups of cultivars, four genotypes are identical. Due to this heterogeneity, the cultivars bred in Omsk and Saratov can be differentiated in a statistically significant manner despite their close kinship, which allows them to be ascribed an accession to a particular breeding center based on the gliadin pattern and the number or frequency of biotypes, as well as to determine its species affiliation with a 95% probability. Close relations prevent 5% of the Saratov cultivars and 4.4% of the Omsk cultivars from being distinguished within populations, since they have identical alleles of gliadin-coding loci.

Identification of markers linked to the race Ug99 effective stem rust resistance gene Sr28 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici can cause devastating yield losses in wheat. Over the past several decades, stem rust has been controlled worldwide through the use of genetic resistance. Stem rust race TTKSK (Ug99), first detected in Uganda in 1998, threatens global wheat production because of its unique virulence combination. As the majority of the currently grown cultivars and advanced breeding lines are susceptible to race TTKSK, sources of resistance need to be identified and characterized to facilitate their use in agriculture. South Dakota breeding line SD 1691 displayed resistance to race TTKSK in the international wheat stem rust nursery in Njoro, Kenya. Seedling screening of progeny derived from SD 1691 crossed to susceptible LMPG-6 indicated that a single resistance gene was present. Allelism and race-specificity tests indicated the stem rust resistance gene in SD 1691 was Sr28. The chromosome arm location of Sr28 was previously demonstrated to be 2BL. We identified molecular markers linked to Sr28 and validated this linkage in two additional populations. Common spring wheat cultivars in the central United States displayed allelic diversity for markers flanking Sr28. These markers could be used to select for Sr28 in breeding populations and for combining Sr28 with other stem rust resistance genes.

Comparison of the chemical composition of spring durum wheat grain (Triticum durum) and common wheat grain (Triticum aestivum ssp. Vulgare)

The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm in Felin, property of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, in 2007–2009. The experiment was located on soil of good wheat complex. The research included the spring form of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) – breeding line LGR 896/23 (selected at ULS, Lublin) and cultivars Lloyd (American), Chado and Kharkivska 27 (Ukrainian), which were compared with spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) cv. Torka. In the study, the chemical composition of durum wheat grain and common wheat grain was analysed. The content of total protein, fibre, fat, ash, nitrogen–free extracts, macronutrients (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (copper, iron, manganese, zinc) was determined. Variation coefficients and coefficients of correlation were also calculated. All the lines and cultivars of spring durum wheat were characterised by a higher content of total protein and zinc compared to common wheat. Common wheat showed a higher content of copper and manganese in grain compared to durum wheat. Among the quality traits of wheat grain, regardless of the species, the content of nitrogen–free extracts was the least variable (cv=1.5%), whereas the highest variability (cv=37.2%) characterised the content of manganese. Significant correlations were shown in wheat grain for the following pairs of quality traits: protein–nitrogen–free extracts, protein–ash, and ash–protein–free extracts. The results of the qualitative evaluation of the wheat species show that the line and cultivars of durum wheat as well as the cultivars of common wheat fulfil the protein content norms set for raw material for pasta production. Higher ash levels in flour may cause a risk of obtaining darker colour pasta.

Registration of 70 Common Spring Wheat Germplasm Lines Resistant to Stripe Rust

Seventy common spring wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum L.) germplasm lines (Reg. No. GP‐873, PI 660056—Reg. No. GP‐942, PI 660125) that are resistant to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) were developed from crosses of 66 common and 4 durum [T. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat lines originating from 28 countries. Among the new lines, 4 have all‐stage resistance that is effective against the currently predominant races in the United States, 11 have high‐temperature adult‐plant (HTAP) resistance, 13 have effective all‐stage resistance and possibly HTAP resistance, and 42 have HTAP resistance and ineffective all‐stage resistance. Based on their origins and reactions to stripe rust, the majority of the 70 lines may have different genes for stripe rust resistance. These lines were also selected for their relatively good agronomic traits, such as excellent tillering, plump spikes, lodge resistance, proper height, and early maturity and should be useful in diversifying resistance genes used in breeding programs for developing wheat cultivars with stripe rust resistance.

The after-effect of long-term reduced tillage systems on the biodiversity of weeds in spring crops

A strictly controlled field experiment on traditional and reduced tillage systems as well as herbicide treatment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Uhrusk in the years 2007-2011. In the last year of the experiment, the effect of different tillage systems on the level of weed infestation and biodiversity of weeds was determined in all the plots for the crop of common spring wheat &lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L., spring durum wheat &lt;i&gt;Triticum durum&lt;/i&gt; Desf., and oat &lt;i&gt;Avena sativa&lt;/i&gt; L. at two growth stages: tillering (23/24 on BBCH scale) and dough stage (83/85). A higher number and higher air-dry weight of weeds were determined at tillering than at the dough stage. Long-term reduced tillage increased the number of weeds per 1m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; at the tillering stage, contrary to herbicide treatment. At the dough stage, a higher number of weeds was observed in the herbicide treatment and reduced tillage plots compared to traditional tillage. The air-dry weight of weeds at the tillering and dough stages of cereals was significantly higher in the case of herbicide treatment than under the traditional and reduced tillage systems. Weed communities in spring wheat, durum wheat and oat included mostly annual weeds. A higher number of weed species was determined in the plot with long-term herbicide treatment than in the plots with reduced and traditional tillage systems.

Important agronomic traits of Omskaya 37 lines of spring wheat cultivar carrying wheat-rye translocation 1RS.1BL

Lines of the spring common wheat Omskaya 37 were studied, and wheat-rye translocations were determined by genomic in situ hybridization 1RS. 1BL. This translocation was transferred to Omskaya 37 from the wheat cultivar Kavkaz. An assessment of crop productivity, grain quality, and resistance to leaf pathogens in these lines was carried out compared to the cultivar Omskaya 37. All lines were highly resistant to leaf rust. Five lines out of 20 demonstrated comprehensive resistance to leaf pathogens and high crop productivity and grain quality. These lines are considered to be the most promising for further application in breeding. A comparative study of the active tripsin inhibitor content in grain was carried out in lines of cultivars Omskaya 37, Omskaya 29, and Omskaya 38 with the wheat-rye translocation and in spring common wheat lines without this translocation. It was shown that the wheat-rye translocation in the karyotypes of the spring common wheat line does not result in an increase in the active tripsin inhibitor in grain. Thus, the short arm of rye chromosome 1RS of the Petkus cultivar, which is part of the wheat-rye translocation, does not impair the nutritive quality of grain assessed from the active tripsin content.

The contribution of genotype-environmental effects to the formation of qualitative traits of inbred and outbred plants

An assumption about the epigenetic nature of genotype-environment interaction is made and proven. When genetic variances in descendants of various ages are analyzed, this interaction manifests itself as epistasis. Study of inbred (common spring wheat) and outbred (hybrid maize) forms shows that their contribution of genotype-environmental factors to quantitative traits in hybrids is less than in homozygous forms. With regard to the substantially epigenetic nature of the genotype-environmental interaction, this trend can be explained in terms of the epigenetic balance hypothesis.

Yr45, a new wheat gene for stripe rust resistance on the long arm of chromosome 3D

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the most effective approach to control the disease, but only a few genes confer effective all-stage resistance against the current populations of the pathogen worldwide. It is urgent to identify new genes for diversifying sources of resistance genes and for pyramiding genes for different types of resistance in order to achieve high levels of durable resistance for sustainable control of stripe rust. The common spring wheat genotype 'PI 181434', originally from Afghanistan, was resistant in all greenhouse and field tests in our previous studies. To identify the resistance gene(s) PI 181434 was crossed with susceptible genotype 'Avocet Susceptible'. Adult plants of 103 F(2) progeny were tested in the field under the natural infection of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Seedlings of the parents, F(2) and F(3) were tested with races PST-100 and PST-127 of the pathogen under controlled greenhouse conditions. The genetic study showed that PI 181434 has a single dominant gene conferring all-stage resistance. Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the gene. A linkage map of 8 RGAP and 2 SSR markers was constructed for the gene using data from the 103 F(2) plants and their derived F(3) lines tested in the greenhouse. Amplification of the complete set of nulli-tetrasomic lines and selected ditelosomic lines of Chinese Spring with an RGAP marker and the two SSR markers mapped the gene on the long arm of chromosome 3D. Because it is the first gene for stripe rust resistance mapped on chromosome 3DL and different from all previously named Yr genes, the gene in PI 181434 was designated Yr45. Polymorphism rates of the two closest flanking markers, Xwgp115 and Xwgp118, in 45 wheat genotypes were 73.3 and 82.2%, respectively. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the eight wheat genotypes sharing both flanking markers. The RGAP markers and potential SNP markers should be useful in incorporating the gene into wheat cultivars and in pyramiding it with other genes for durable resistance.

Triton X-100 induces heritable changes of morphological traits in Triticum aestivum L.

The effect of the nonionic detergent polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ester (Triton X-100, TX-100) on the spring common wheat cultivar Alem was studied under laboratory and field conditions. Treatment of seeds and vegetating plants with 0.1 or 0.01% TX-100 (aqueous solution) changed the spike morphology in all plants of the first posttreatment generation. The changes were inherited by the second generation without additional treatment with TX-100. Square-headed dense spikes with doubled spikelets of the duospiculum type (an additional spikelet at the top of the main one), elongate dense and lax spikes, mid-dense spikes, and fusiform spikes were observed. An epigenetic nature was assumed for the observed changes.

Classification of common spring wheat varieties according to genetic quality potential (grain hardness and high molecular weight glutenin subunits)

It is shown that common spring wheat varieties and specimens of Kazakhstan and of the KASIP-4 regional network are mainly classified as medium-hard and hard, with the exception of vars. Lutescens 54, Lutescens 30–94, and E-607. A considerable part of the gene pool is represented by potentially high-quality varieties with the formula 2*7+9 5+10 (9 points), 30%; 1 7+9 5+10 (9 points), 4%; 1 7+8 5+10 (10 points), 7%. An original subunit 5.5+10 on chromosome 1D was found in varieties Akmola 3, Tselinogradka, and Tselinnaya 24.

Refrigerated Storage of Yellow Alkaline Durum Noodles: Impact on Color and Texture

ABSTRACTDurum wheat straight‐grade flour samples, representing the cultivars Commander and Strongfield, a composite cargo mixture of Canada Western Amber Durum cultivars and a Japanese commercial durum flour were used to make yellow alkaline noodles. A Canada Western Red Spring common wheat composite straight‐grade flour was included in the study for comparative purposes. Alkaline noodles were prepared using 1% w/w kansui reagent (sodium and potassium carbonates, 9:1) and stored for 1, 2, 3 and 7 days at 4°C to duplicate a normal convenience store operation. The raw noodle color of the durum alkaline noodles exhibited significantly better noodle brightness, L*, and yellowness, b*, as compared to noodles prepared from common wheat at all storage periods. The number of discolored specks in the durum flour based noodles was significantly lower as well as significantly lighter than those of common wheat at all time intervals. Noodles prepared from Commander, Strongfield, or the cargo composite flours displayed significantly lower water uptake during cooking than both the commercial durum flour and the common wheat noodles. The commercial durum flour noodles displayed the thinnest cooked noodles, while the common wheat flour noodles were the thickest. Evaluation of cooked noodle texture, immediately after production and subsequent storage of the raw noodles at 4°C for 1, 2 and 3 days before cooking showed a general increase in maximum cutting stress (MCS) with storage. Noodles prepared from Commander flour consistently display MCS values exceeding those of CWRS as well as the highest resistance to compression (RTC) and recovery (REC) measurements. The visual improvements in noodle brightness, enhanced yellowness, reduced speck numbers and darkness in combination with equivalent to improved cooked noodle texture attributes compared with common wheat flour suggests that durum flours are an ideal material for fresh, refrigerated yellow alkaline noodles.

Dependency of water absorption speed in common spring wheat seeds with different ecotypes on temperature of the environment

Specific features of the water absorbing capacity in common spring wheat seeds with different ecotypes, connected with their ecological-geographic origin, have been disclosed in the course of sprouting as dependent on the temperature of the environment. The highest speed of water absorption by seeds at low temperatures was found in varieties of the West-Siberian forest steppe ecotype, while somewhat lower values were found in varieties of the North-Russian forest ecotype. The results of research might be used in breeding work to create wheat varieties for the conditions of forest steppe in Middle Povolzhye and Orenburg Cisurals.

Development of Dasypyrum Genome Specific Marker by Using Wheat Microsatellites

One hundred and two SSR primer pairs, distributed in chromosome 1A to 7A, 1B to 7B, 1D to 7D of Triticum aestivum, were investigated on Dasypyrum breviaristatum, D.villosum, wheat-Dasypyrum amphiploids and its derivatives, with the control of common wheat Chinese Spring and elite wheat cultivars. A specific polymorphic DNA fragment of about 400 bp (415 bp-long by sequenced, named Xgwm301/415) amplified by primer pair Xgwm301 was obtained in all lines containing Dasypyrum chromosomes, but there were not the case in the tested common wheat. Furthermore, PCR analysis was performed on a set of T. aestivum-Dasypyrum addition, the result showed that all the seven pairs of villosum chromosomes contain Xgwm301/415. Therefore, Xgwm301/415 is a genome-specific polymorphic DNA segment for genera of Dasypyrum, and it could be used as a molecular marker for detection of chromosomes of Dasypyrum in wheat.

Construction of Immune Lines with Complex Resistance to Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew in Common Spring Wheat Cultivar Saratovskaya 29

Immune lines resistant both to leaf rust and to powdery mildew were constructed on the basis of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29. Synthetic wheat Triticum timopheevii/Aegilops squarrosa (AAGGDD, 2n = 42) of Savov (Bulgaria) was used as a source of resistance genes. Using cytological analysis of BC2, we selected resistant plants (21") free from meiosis 1 (M1) defects. With these plants and continuous selection, BC8-BC9 immune lines were obtained. The lines were shown to carry new resistance genes differing from the known ones, and were proposed as donors of immunity to the diseases.