Common Source Research Articles

Perceptual similarity judgments do not predict the distribution of errors in working memory.

Population coding models provide a quantitative account of visual working memory (VWM) retrieval errors with a plausible link to the response characteristics of sensory neurons. Recent work has provided an important new perspective linking population coding to variables of signal detection, including d-prime, and put forward a new hypothesis: that the distribution of recall errors on, for example, a color wheel, is a consequence of the psychological similarity between points in that stimulus space, such that the exponential-like psychophysical distance scaling function can fulfil the role of population tuning and obviate the need to fit a tuning width parameter to recall data. Using four different visual feature spaces, we measured psychophysical similarity and memory errors in the same participants. Our results revealed strong evidence for a common source of variability affecting similarity judgments and recall estimates but did not support any consistent relationship between psychophysical similarity functions and VWM errors. At the group level, the responsiveness functions obtained from the psychophysical similarity task diverged strongly from those that provided the best fit to working memory errors. At the individual level, we found convincing evidence against an association between observed and best-fitting similarity functions. Finally, our results show that the newly proposed exponential-like responsiveness function has in general no advantage over the canonical von Mises (circular normal) function assumed by previous population coding models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Airborne 210Pb, Si, Zn and Pb as tracers for atmospheric pollution in Helsinki metropolitan area.

This study analyzed 16070 daily and 608 weekly air filter samples from the Helsinki metropolitan area collected between 1962 and 2005. The aim was to use the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) to determine potential sources of silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and radioactive isotope 210Pb. The main sources for Si and Pb were industrial activities, particularly mining, metal industry, and traffic. Common source areas for Zn and 210Pb were identified in the eastern and southeastern parts of the measuring site.

Glycerol metabolism impacts biofilm phenotypes and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium and a notorious opportunistic pathogen that forms biofilm structures in response to many environmental cues. Biofilm formation includes attachment to surfaces and the production of the exopolysaccharide Pel, which is present in both the PAO1 and PA14 laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa. Biofilms help protect bacterial cells from host defenses and antibiotics and abet infection. The carbon source used by the cells also influences biofilm, but these effects have not been deeply studied. We show here that glycerol, which can be liberated from host surfactants during infection, encourages surface attachment and magnifies colony morphology differences. We find that glycerol kinase is important but not essential for glycerol utilization and relatively unimportant for biofilm behaviors. Among downstream enzymes predicted to take part in glycerol utilization, Edd stood out as being important for glycerol utilization and for enhanced biofilm phenotypes in the presence of glycerol. Thus, gluconeogenesis and catabolism of anabolically produced glucose appear to impact not only the utilization of glycerol but also glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes. Finally, waxworm moth larvae and nematode infection models reveal that interruption of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, but not abrogation of glycerol phosphorylation, unexpectedly increases P. aeruginosa lethality in both acute and chronic infections, even while stimulating a stronger immune response by Caenorhabditis elegans.IMPORTANCEPseudomonas aeruginosa, the ubiquitous environmental bacterium and human pathogen, forms multicellular communities known as biofilms in response to various stimuli. We find that glycerol, a common carbon source that bacteria can use for energy and biosynthesis, encourages biofilm behaviors such as surface attachment and colony wrinkling by P. aeruginosa. Glycerol can be derived from surfactants that are present in the human lungs, a common infection site. Glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes do not depend on phosphorylation of glycerol but are surprisingly impacted by a glucose breakdown pathway, suggesting that it is glycerol utilization, and not its mere presence or cellular import, that stimulates biofilm phenotypes. Moreover, the same mutations that block glycerol-stimulated biofilm phenotypes also impact P. aeruginosa virulence in both acute and chronic animal models. Notably, a glucose-breakdown mutant (Δedd) counteracts biofilm phenotypes but shows enhanced virulence and stimulates a stronger immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Historical analysis of accidents in the Saudi Arabian chemical industry

AbstractThe chemical industry oversees the transformation of raw materials into products through unit operations that require appropriate organization to avoid accidents. Hence, it is important to do analyses to identify any possible mistakes, substances involved, or common sources of accidents in the industry to avoid such errors and design better safety measures to create a safer space for the chemical industry, which is hugely important and boasts a worldwide presence. This document presents an analysis of chemical industry‐related accidents in Saudi Arabia, namely fires, explosions, and toxic clouds which occurred in the chemical and petrochemical industries and while transporting hazardous materials in the last 46 years. Three databases—one for each type of accident—were created with information collected from articles, newspapers, videos, and papers. ‘Explosion’, ‘fire’, and ‘toxic clouds’ were the key words used for the research, focusing on accident taking place in Saudi Arabia. Once the information had been collected, the accidents were filtered, checked, and moved to a fourth general database. It is shown that 54.0% of all related accidents were fires, 25.4% toxic clouds, and 20.6% were explosions. The provinces with the most registered accidents were Riyadh (15), Jeddah (10), and Jubail (6).

Causal clauses as source of sentential complementation: cross-linguistic evidence and methodological issues

Abstract In many languages, causal clause markers can also function as – or are formally identical to – complement markers (e.g., Bulgarian če, Twi se, or Latin quod). This isomorphism is often explained as the result of independent developments from a common source (interrogatives, relativizers, etc.). By contrast, it is also frequently accepted that in some cases the aforementioned identity originates in a type of structural change by which causal clauses are eventually reanalysed as factive complements. However, the nature of the proposed CAUSE > COMPLEMENT development, involving both semantic adjustments and syntactic integration, is not yet fully understood, and it remains unclear how recurrent this phenomenon might be from a cross-linguistic perspective. This article aims to shed light on these questions by analysing diachronic and cross-linguistic data and assessing some of the evidence given for the development of complementation from causal adverbial clauses. The observations reveal significant documentation gaps for postulated models of the emergence of complement clauses and highlight methodological issues that qualify previous explanations about the diachronic relationship between causal and complement clauses.

Analysis of in-vehicle air quality and load factor as environmental and social dimensions of sustainable urban mobility: A case study from Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Introduction: Assessing in-vehicle air pollution and load factor is crucial in developing countries like Nepal within the environmental and social aspects of sustainable urban mobility.
 Materials and methods: In this study in-vehicle air quality of public vehicles in Kathmandu valley was monitored for three road sections based on vehicle density i.e. Ring Road Section (RRS), Urban Commercial Route 1 (UCR1), and Urban Commercial Route 2 (UCR2) using Air Visual Pro N1 Model for which validationand was done with reference Particulate Matter (PM) values obtained from the GRIMM EDM 180 analyzer. The quantitative count method was used to sample passenger load. Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) were monitored along with indoor-outdoor ratio for PM2.5 to know therelationship between indoor and outdoor air quality
 Results: A higher positive correlation between PM 2.5 and PM10 showed common sources of pollution such as road dust, and vehicle exhaust and a ratio study between them showed the dominance of coarser particles in both ambient and in-vehicle environments. RRS recorded the highest PM10 and PM2.5 exposure, possibly due to the inadequate road conditions from Kalanki to Gongabu and loose sediment deposition from roadside activities. A significant difference is observed for peak and non-peak hours due to the difference in mobility of vehicles on two different hours. Higher load factors on UCR1 and UCR2 showed the higher transportation demand on urban commercial sections for both weekdays and weekends in comparison to RRS.
 Conclusion: Both in-vehicle air quality and load factor for sections under study were not satisfactory and cannot be counted under sustainable urban mobility practices.

Unsmoothing Returns of Illiquid Funds

Abstract Funds investing in illiquid assets report returns with spurious autocorrelation. Consequently, investors need to unsmooth these funds’ returns when evaluating their risk exposures. We show that funds with similar investments share a common source of spurious autocorrelation not fully resolved by traditional unsmoothing methods and thereby leading to underestimation of systematic risk. Thus, we propose a generalized unsmoothing technique and apply it to hedge funds and private commercial real estate funds. Our method significantly improves the measurement of funds’ risk exposures and risk-adjusted performance, especially for highly illiquid funds. Overall, the average illiquid fund alpha is lower than previously thought. (JEL G11, G12, G23)

The Tale of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Mastitis Infections: The Effect of Antimicrobials and Bacterial Relatedness

Staphylococcus aureus is a common causative agent of mastitis in dairy cattle, posing a substantial threat to animal health and resulting in significant economic losses. Preventive measures are usually in place to control the spread of the organism between animals and around the dairy environment; however, mastitis outbreaks can still be recurrent. During this investigation, a total of 30 S. aureus isolates were obtained from six deceased cows, all diagnosed with chronic mastitis during an outbreak in West Texas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of the S. aureus isolates causing severe mastitis infections to iodine treatments and their antibiotic susceptibility, planktonic growth, and biofilm formation. Udder skin was inoculated with S. aureus and subjected to various iodine concentrations of 0.25%, 0.38%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, with exposure times of 15 s, 10 s, and 60 s. The same concentrations were tested on S. aureus’s biofilm formation. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test indicate that the exposure time did not influence the treatment. Lower iodine concentrations were compared with 1.00%, as the standard treatment used by the dairy for teat disinfection, and statistical difference (p < 0.001) was evident in the 0.00% iodine treatment compared to the other iodine concentrations. Moreover, a significant difference (p < 0.001) emerged when comparing the 0.25% and 0.38% iodine concentrations with 1.00%. No difference (p > 0.161) was detected between 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%. These results suggest that, under the conditions investigated, iodine can be lowered to around 50% of the currently used dose without negatively impacting microbial control. On the other hand, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, demonstrating that antimicrobial resistance does not always play a role in the persistent mastitis infections caused by S. aureus. Further microbial phenotypic typing conducted on S. aureus strains indicated a possible common source of the infections, demonstrating the potential of there being resident S. aureus strains at this dairy farm.

Characteristics and Source Analysis of Carbonaceous Aerosols in PM2.5 in Huaxi District, Guiyang

Carbonaceous aerosol, as an important component of atmospheric aerosol, has a significant impact on atmospheric environmental quality, human health, and global climate change. To investigate the characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Huaxi District of Guiyang, an in-situ observational study was conducted during different seasons in 2020, and the carbonaceous components of PM2.5 were measured using a thermal-optical carbon analyzer (DRI Model 2015). The results of the study showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5, total carbonaceous aerosol (TCA), organic carbon (OC), secondary organic carbon (SOC), and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations during the observation period were (39.7±22.3), (14.1±7.2), (7.6±3.9), (4.4±2.6), and (2.0±1.0) μg·m-3, respectively, and the mean value of OC/EC was (3.9±0.8). ρ(PM2.5), ρ(TCA), ρ(OC), ρ(SOC), and ρ(EC) showed a seasonal variation pattern with the highest in winter [(52.6±28.6), (17.0±9.6), (9.1±5.2), (6.1±3.9), and (2.4±1.2) μg·m-3, respectively] and the lowest in summer [(25.1±7.1), (11.6±3.6), (6.3±1.9), (3.7±1.2), and (1.6±0.6) μg·m-3, respectively]. The seasonal variation in OC/EC showed summer (4.2±0.8) > winter (3.8±0.9) > autumn (3.8±0.5) > spring (3.7±0.9), indicating the presence of SOC generation in all seasons in Huaxi District. SOC showed a significant correlation with OC (R2 =0.9), and the SOC concentration tended to increase with the increase in atmospheric oxidation. OC showed a good correlation with EC in all seasons, with the highest in autumn (R2 =0.9) and lower correlations in the other three seasons (R2 ranged from 0.74 to 0.75), indicating a common source. According to OC/EC ratio range, it was preliminarily determined that carbonaceous aerosol came from vehicle exhaust emissions, coal burning emissions, and biomass combustion emissions. In order to further quantify the contribution of major emission sources to carbonaceous aerosol, the results of this study using PMF to analyze the sources of carbonaceous aerosol showed that the main sources of carbonaceous aerosol in Huaxi District of Guiyang were coal combustion sources (29.3%), motor vehicle emission sources (21.5%), and biomass combustion sources (49.2%).

Meal Provision in Schools and in the Street. The Historical Roots of School Catering in Budapest

AbstractThe introduction of school meals in the 20th century has its roots in several parallel but independent initiatives. The common source of these initiatives was the practice of philanthropy and charity, based on religious upbringing. Public catering for children was first institutionalized in Budapest by a charitable organization, the Children's Society (Gyermekbarátok Egyesülete), after which several denominational associations followed suit. In the early 20th century, the City of Budapest itself also took the initiative, setting up its first daycare centers where needy children were not only fed but also participated in educational and recreational activities. Resources for social welfare were eroded during the war, thus foreign aid organizations stepped in to help the children of Budapest immediately after the war, while childcare became the sole responsibility of the public authorities from the 1920s. From then on, the state covered the entire costs of providing meals, similar to the system of soup kitchens established specifically for supplying food to destitute adults.

Vulcanian eruptions at Sakurajima Volcano: geophysical data, numerical modelling, and petrological evidence

We investigated the magma conduit system beneath three active craters that have repeatedly generated Vulcanian eruptions at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan, by analysing seismic, infrasound, and tilt data. The hypocentres of the earthquakes associated with the Vulcanian eruptions are distributed separately at shallow depths of approximately 0.5 km beneath the craters. Infrasound indicated that the swelling of the crater floor starts approximately 0.2 s after the occurrence of earthquakes and that the eruption starts about 0.3 to 0.5 s later. During an eruption, tilt vectors at a station approximately 2.7 km far from the active craters indicated a deflationary trend directed toward one of the three active craters. A 1-D conduit flow simulation indicated pressure build-up at a depth of 0.4–1.0 km beneath the crater, consistent with previously reported pressure sources during eruptions detected by geodesy. Volcanic lapilli emitted from the three craters have the same chemical composition; hence, Vulcanian eruptions of all three studied craters originate from a common magma source.

Incidence and predictors of complications in Gram-negative bloodstream infection.

The incidence of metastatic complications in Gram-negative bloodstream infection (GN-BSI) remains undefined. This retrospective cohort study examines the incidence and predictors of complications within 90days of GN-BSI. Patients with GN-BSIs hospitalized at two Prisma Health-Midlands hospitals in Columbia, South Carolina, USA from 1 January 2012 through 30 June 2015 were included. Complications of GN-BSI included endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, spinal infections, deep-seated abscesses, and recurrent GN-BSI. Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression were used to examine incidence and risk factors of complications, respectively. Among 752 patients with GN-BSI, median age was 66years and 380 (50.5%) were women. The urinary tract was the most common source of GN-BSI (378; 50.3%) and Escherichia coli was the most common bacteria (375; 49.9%). Overall, 13.9% of patients developed complications within 90days of GN-BSI. The median time to identification of these complications was 5.2days from initial GN-BSI. Independent risk factors for complications were presence of indwelling prosthetic material (hazards ratio [HR] 1.73, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.08-2.78), injection drug use (HR 6.84, 95% CI 1.63-28.74), non-urinary source (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.18-3.23), BSI due to S. marcescens, P. mirabilis or P. aeruginosa (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.05-3.03), early clinical failure criteria (HR 1.19 per point, 95% CI 1.03-1.36), and persistent GN-BSI (HR 2.97, 95% CI 1.26-6.99). Complications of GN-BSI are relatively common and may be predicted based on initial clinical response to antimicrobial therapy, follow-up blood culture results, and other host and microbiological factors.

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Single-Centre Data from Pakistan

Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Single-Centre Data from Pakistan

Respective evolution of soil and biochar on competitive adsorption mechanisms for Cd(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) after 2-year natural ageing

To reveal the respective evolution of soil and biochar on competitive heavy metal adsorption mechanisms after natural ageing, three soils and two biochars were tested in this study. The soil-biochar interlayer samples were buried in the field for 0.5, 1, and 2 years, for which competitive adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of soils and biochars in four systems (Cd, Cd+Ni, Cd+Cu, and Cd+Ni+Cu) were investigated. Results showed that physicochemical properties, adsorption capacity and mechanisms of soils and biochars all changed the most in the first 0.5 years. The properties and adsorption capacity of biochars gradually weakened with the ageing time, meanwhile, those of soils gradually enhanced. After co-ageing with acidic soil for 0.5 years, the Cd(II) adsorption capacity of modified biochar decreased by 86.59% in the ternary system; meanwhile, that of acidic soil increased by 65.52%. The contributions of mineral mechanisms decreased significantly, while non-mineral mechanisms were slightly affected by ageing. This study highlighted that when using biochar to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils, biochar should be applied at least half a year in advance before planting crops so that biochar can fully contact and react with the soil.

Autistic Individuals Do Not Alter Visual Processing Strategy During Encoding Versus Recognition of Faces: A Hidden Markov Modeling Approach.

Visual face recognition-the ability to encode, discriminate, and recognize the faces of others-is fundamentally supported by eye movements and is a common source of difficulty for autistic individuals. We aimed to evaluate how visual processing strategies (i.e., eye movement patterns) directly support encoding and recognition of faces in autistic and neurotypical (NT) individuals. We used a hidden Markov modeling approach to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of eye movements in autistic (n = 15) and neurotypical (NT) adolescents (n = 17) during a face identity recognition task. We discovered distinct eye movement patterns among all participants, which included a focused and exploratory strategy. When evaluating change in visual processing strategy across encoding and recognition phases, autistic individuals did not shift their eye movement patterns like their NT peers, who shifted to a more exploratory visual processing strategy during recognition. These findings suggest that autistic individuals do not modulate their visual processing strategy across encoding and recognition of faces, which may be an indicator of less efficient face processing.

Dalbavancin Sequential Therapy for Gram-Positive Bloodstream Infection: A Multicenter Observational Study.

Long-acting lipoglycopeptides such as dalbavancin may have utility in patients with Gram-positive bloodstream infections (BSI), particularly in those with barriers to discharge or who require prolonged parenteral antibiotic courses. A retrospective cohort study was performed to provide further multicenter real-world evidence on dalbavancin use as a sequential therapy for Gram-positive BSI. One hundred fifteen patients received dalbavancin with Gram-positive BSI, defined as any positive blood culture or diagnosed with infective endocarditis, from 13 centers geographically spread across the United States between July 2015 and July 2021. Patients had a mean (SD) age of 48.5 (17.5) years, the majority were male (54%), with many who injected drugs (40%). The most common infection sources (non-exclusive) were primary BSI (89%), skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) (25%), infective endocarditis (19%), and bone and joint infection (17%). Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 72% of index cultures, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus accounted for 18%, and Streptococcus species in 16%. Dalbavancin started a median (Q1-Q3) of 10 (6-19) days after index culture collection. The most common regimen administered was dalbavancin 1500mg as one dose for 50% of cases. The primary outcome of composite clinical failure occurred at 12.2%, with 90-day mortality at 7.0% and 90-day BSI recurrence at 3.5%. Dalbavancin may serve as a useful tool in facilitating hospital discharge in patients with Gram-positive BSI. Randomized controlled trials are anticipated to validate dalbavancin as a surrogate to current treatment standards.

Enhanced proportional integral controller for DSTATCOM with particle swarm optimization algorithm in power system

Power system expansion planning is supported by using distributed generation (DG) instead of installing new main power system generators. The portability and autonomous operation of the DG make it capable of integrating into the distribution system. Power electronics devices for home loads, mainly electric vehicles, mobile phones, and laptops, introduce harmonics and related power quality issues to the distribution system. This load creates power quality issues like an increase in total harmonic distortion (THD) and a reduction in power factor. This paper uses the DG to supply important power electronics devices for the mitigation of power quality problems in distributed systems with non-linear loads, such as electric vehicles, called the “distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM)”. Wind and photovoltaic (PV) generators supply power to a common DC source. To improve power quality D-STATCOM powered by PV and wind energy systems at the DC link is incorporated. The direct axis/quadrature axis method (DQ method) controls the real and reactive components of the power. Proportional integral (PI) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based PI controller parameter estimation are developed, and results are compared for power quality performance. In terms of improving power quality, the PSO-based parameter estimate of the PI controller performs better than the traditional PI controller.<br /><div class="extension_reset_css AnnotateNet_widget AnnotateReviewNotesButton" style="display: none; z-index: 2147483644;" data-id="ExtensionWidget"><div class="extension_reset_css AnnotateNet_widget annotateclickable" style="z-index: 8; display: none;" title="Resize" data-id="Widget"> </div></div>

Sensitization to genuine markers of timothy grass pollen (Phleum pratense) in the North-Central region of Portugal.

Background. Pollen is the main cause of respiratory allergy and its prevalence is increasing. Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) is one of the most common pollen sources, and one of the best characterized allergenic grasses. The major allergens Phl p1, Phl p2, Phl p5 and Phl p6 are considered markers of genuine grass pollen sensitization. Methods. Retrospective study. IgE levels of Phl p1 and Phl p5 in patients living in the North-Central region of Portugal were analyzed, considering age and area of residence (inland or costal). Results. Among the 188 patients with IgE results for Phl p1 and Phl p5, sensitization to Phl p1 and Phl p5b was observed in 97.87% and 63.83%, respectively. The majority demonstrated co-sensitization to both Phl p1 and Phl p5b, while 68 patients were monosensitized to Phl p1 and 4 patients were monosensitized to Phl p5b. Either patients living in costal or inland areas showed IgE levels of Phl p1 higher than Phl p5b. Conclusions. Regarding genuine grass pollen sensitization, Phl p1 sensitization is more prevalent than Phl p5b in the North-Central region of Portugal.

A Cross-Sectional Study Examining the Behavioral Patterns and Attitudes of First - and Second-Year Medical College Students in West Bengal, India, Regarding Self-Medication

BACKGROUND
 Self-medication is a pervasive habit, and drug abuse is a severe problem. Since medical students are future doctors, they give it a unique significance. The study's objectives were to assess the practice, knowledge, and attitudes of first- and second-year medical students at a medical college in West Bengal, India, about self-medication.
 METHODS
 The study was conducted in Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal. In 2021, medical students across the colleges of West Bengal conducted cross-sectional research using questionnaires. Upon being informed of the objectives and design of the study, first- and second-year MBBS students willingly agreed to participate.
 RESULTS
 In this study, 91.50% of medical students practiced self-medication. The common indication for self-medication was fever (89.2%) and headache (69.6%). Previous prescriptions for the same illness (68.87%) were the main source of information for self-medication. Common reasons for self-medication were urgency (53.33%) and quick relief (50%). Over-the-counter (88.14%) drugs were the most common sources of medications. The common preferred system of self-medication was allopathic (92.5%). The percentage of discontinuation (58.1%) of self-medication was more. The majority of them favoured oral (96.67%) media.
 CONCLUSIONS
 It was determined that more than half of the student population self-medicated for a wide range of ailments; the cause may be the increased public awareness of drugs brought on by the availability of information via books, the internet, and over-the-counter medications from pharmacists. Therefore, it is crucial to stop students from self-medicating to prevent the emergence of drug habits, resistance, and drug interactions.

Clinical and microbiological profile of Viridans group streptococcal bacteraemia; experience from South India.

Viridans Group Streptococci (VGS) are a group of distinct species that can cause bacteraemia and other invasive infections. They are also among the common organisms causing infective endocarditis. Data on the epidemiology and clinical profile of VGS is limited, especially from India. We conducted an electronic medical record-based retrospective analysis of patients with VGS bacteraemia admitted to our hospital between January 2012 to December 2021. Blood cultures were incubated by BacT/ALERT system and bacterial identification and susceptibility testing were done by using the VITEK 2 microbial identification system. Susceptibility test reporting was as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The incidence, clinical profile, source of bacteraemia, co-morbidities and antimicrobial resistance among VGS bacteraemia were analyzed. VGS were isolated in 219 patients, accounting for 3.2% of positive blood cultures during the period studied. The median age of the patients was 58 years and 69% were males. Diabetes mellitus was the most common co-morbidity (55%) followed by chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease. Patients with haematological malignancy and neutropenia were few. Intra-abdominal infections were the most common source of infection and was noted in 26%. Infective endocarditis was diagnosed in only 10% of the cases. Streptococcus mitis was the most common species isolated followed by S. gallolyticus and S. sanguinis. 9.58% of the isolates could not be identified up to the species level. Overall penicillin susceptibility was 71% and ceftriaxone susceptibility was 92%, with individual species variation. In-hospital mortality was 19%. VGS are an important cause of bacteraemia and was associated with 19% mortality in our study. High rates of penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance are a reason of concern. Molecular diagnostics like matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) identification must be increasingly applied for species identification considering that a substantial number of isolates were not identified to species level.