Common Script Research Articles

Grinding On the Dance Floor

In this article, the author explores the gendered dynamics of “grinding,” sexualized dancing common at college parties. Drawing on the observations of student participant observers, the author describes the common script for initiating this behavior. At these parties, men initiated more often and more directly than women, whose behaviors were shaped by a sexual double standard and (hetero-) relational imperative. The heterosexual grinding script enacts a gendered dynamic that reproduces systematic gender inequality by limiting women’s access to sexual agency and pleasure, privileging men’s pleasure and confirming their higher status.

Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis

The writing systems of Persian, Urdu, and Pashto draw from a common script (Arabic) with adaptations to represent sounds specific to each language. With the aim of presenting a comparative orthographic analysis of the three languages, graphemic representations of the consonants are systematically compared and contrasted, followed by a similar analysis of the vowels. Similarities and differences among the three systems are summarized in tabular form. The comparative analysis presented here may inform computational studies of Persian, Urdu, and Pashto orthography and facilitate the teaching of reading and writing in these languages, particularly among second language learners.

INTERACTION AMONG FELLOW CRUISE PASSENGERS: DIVERSE EXPERIENCES AND IMPACTS

By employing a social‐psychological approach to the study of tourist experience, the present study investigated the social interaction between fellow cruise passengers and the impact of such interaction on cruise vacation experience as perceived by the customers. Results based on content analysis of interviews and virtual focus group discussions showed that cruise passengers had diverse experiences meeting fellow passengers, which were categorized into three broad scenarios. The levels of interaction among passengers generally followed Levinger and Snoek's (1972) model of relationship development, starting from unilateral impression, through surface contact (superficial and role‐bounded interaction), to increasing mutuality (relationship beyond that demanded by externally structured role prescription). Apparently, interaction among fellow passengers only entails special meaning when it exceeds the common role script for unacquainted travelers, and interactional partners identify each other as unique individuals. This exploratory study demonstrated that the social dimensional approach of studying tourist behavior was able to unfold a neglected aspect of the tourist experience, i.e., how interaction between tourists encountered in the tourism space contributed to the cruise experience to various extent.

New Developments in the Social History of Music and Musicians in Ancient IRAQ, SYRIA, and Turkey

cerning music and musicians. Along with a common script, a common corpus of terms (with local variants) for instruments, musicians, theory, and performance, were transmitted in various languages and dialects in the third and second millen nia BCE. Apart from later sources from ancient Greece, only ancient Egypt can compare in terms of the extent of textual information in the region.1 In contrast, the musical cultures of ancient Iran are known mostly through iconography and remains of musical instruments (Lawergren 2009). The same is true for Israel/ Palestine, where the sources are essentially material, apart from the Old Testament and a handful of other texts (Braun 2002). The first known written sources concerning music come from southern Iraq.2 These documents are spread over a time-span of approximately three thousand years before the present era. The texts are written in cuneiform script on clay tab lets, primarily in Sumerian and Akkadian languages. Akkadian is a Semitic lan guage, belonging to the same family as Hebrew and Arabic. Sumerian is an isolate (unrelated to any known language), and is probably the first attested (i.e., written) language. Akkadian was also used as a written language in various regional sites outside of Mesopotamia during the second millennium BCE, including the west ern city of Mari in present-day Syria. In the third millennium BCE the cuneiform script had also spread further west in Syria, to the city of Ebla. In Ebla, the script was mostly used to record a local Semitic language. In the second millennium BCE, the cuneiform script spread to Anatolia, and it was used to write the Indo European language now known as Hittite. Most Hittite texts were found in the city

Priest-Kings or Puritans? Childe and Willing Subordination in the Indus

One of the Indus Civilization's most striking features is its cultural uniformity evidenced by a common script, artefact forms and motifs, weights and measures, and the presence of proscribed urban plans. Early excavators and commentators utilized ideas of diffusion, and concepts of kingship and slavery remained prevalent within interpretations of the Indus. Whilst Childe questioned ideas of diffusion and hereditary rule he still identified a system of economic exploitation in which the vast majority of the population was subordinated. More recently scholars have begun to argue that small sections of the Indus population may have willingly subordinated themselves in order to secure positions of power. This article explores the dichotomy between traditional Eurocentric normative models of social organization and those derived from south Asian cultural traditions.

New Developments in the Social History of Music and Musicians in Ancient IRAQ, SYRIA, and Turkey

The ancient cultures of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey are distinguished by the existence of extensive documentation in cuneiform script, amongst which are texts concerning music and musicians. Along with a common script, a common corpus of terms (with local variants) for instruments, musicians, theory, and performance, were transmitted in various languages and dialects in the third and second millennia BCE. Apart from later sources from ancient Greece, only ancient Egypt can compare in terms of the extent of textual information in the region. In contrast, the musical cultures of ancient Iran are known mostly through iconography and remains of musical instruments (Lawergren 2009). The same is true for Israel/Palestine, where the sources are essentially material, apart from the Old Testament and a handful of other texts (Braun 2002).

Self-injurious behavior: A clinical appraisal.

A case series of self-injurious behavior (SIB) encountered in a General Hospital setting has been described. Limitations of current definition of SIB are explained. SIB is not a single clinical entity and it occurs in various psychiatric syndromes with wide range of psychopathology. Based on clinical criteria, a classification of SIB into three groups has been proposed viz 1) Mild and isolated form, 2) Moderately severe and repetitive form, and 3) Very severe and isolated form. Psychodynamic, cognitive and neurochemical explanations of SIB have been reviewed. Frustration, aggression and impulsivity appearing in helpless situation appear to be a common script across most of these models of explanations. Severity of injury seems to be determined by severity of psychopathology. Site of injury appear to have symbolic significance for a particular patient. Understanding some of these clinicopsychopathological issues helps in management of these cases.

Negotiating Poverty: women and charity in nineteenth‐century Melbourne

Drawing on the records of Melbourne’s largest outdoor relief agency, this article interrogates the nature of woman‐to‐woman charity in the late nineteenth century. Relief, it argues, took place within a relationship, unequal, but unstable, in which the boundaries between deserving and undeserving were both permeable and shifting. Actors on a common stage, charity workers and those who sought their help appropriated a common script to construct a case for aid, creating a space for compassion while simultaneously justifying and underwriting social inequality.

"The Natural Order of Creation": Naturalizing Discourses in the Christian Same-Sex Marriage Debate

Same-sex marriage is at the vortex of a vitriolic debate in mainline1 Christian denominations in the United States. Both those who advocate for same-sex marriage and those who repudiate it employ naturalizing discourses to legitimate their claims. Mainline Christian denominations bring together liberal, evangelical and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT)2 Christians who employ disparate rhetorics that are usually examined in isolation. This diversity makes mainline denominations unique sites in which to explore the naturalizing discourses employed in the same-sex marriage debate. Yanagisako and Delaney (1995) argue that naturalizing discourses are used to authorize social power. Currently, there is a struggle in many Christian denominations for the power to direct the future practices of the Church. Same-sex marriage marks the site of that struggle.As Yanagisako and Delaney (1995) point out, discourses that construct aspects of human social life as render them outside of human agency and control. Naturalizing homosexuality, in fact, allows liberal Christians to state that homosexuality is actually ordained by God (Thumma 1991). The rite of marriage, therefore, must be extended to same-sex couples if the Church is to deal with them as Jesus would. This view is understood to be in opposition to an evangelical perspective, which claims that only heterosexuality is natural while condemning homosexuality as unnatural. Evangelicals purport that in marriage men and women exist in a complementary relationship and together reflect the wholeness of God's character. Hence marriage must be reserved for heterosexual couples in order to replicate the natural order established by God at creation.LGBT Christians negotiate between these competing discourses in their churches. They contribute to the naturalizing arguments of liberals at times, while at other times, they resist them in an effort to preserve their sexual agency. Many LGBT people do, in fact, experience their sexuality as natural, arising from deep, unconscious drives rooted in innate, physical causes. Nonetheless, many of the LGBT people I talked to had previous heterosexual experiences and some confessed to the occasional heterosexual attraction. Despite the complexity of their personal sexual experiences, LGBT participante frequently naturalize sexual orientation, thereby simplifying the representation of their sexualities. There is a minority discourse, however, among the LGBT Christians I spoke with that bypasses the f amiliar categories of sexual orientation with innovative contentions for a personal sexual agency that has the potential to shift the premise of the debate.In order to explore this situation, I engaged in participant-observation in mainline churches in upstate New York from 1995 until 2000. During the year 2000,1 interviewed 64 people including 18 individuals who actively opposed the inclusion of LGBT Christians in their churches. They referred to themselves as evangelicals. I also interviewed 23 people who actively promoted including LGBT Christians in their churches. They referred to themselves as liberals. These 41 people were mostly ministers of local mainline denominations in a small, postindustrial city in upstate New York. I also interviewed 23 self-identified LGBT Christians. During the course of participant observation and interviews it became clear that the status of LGBT Christians in the mainline was, in their view, epitomized by the debate over same-sex marriage.In the United States, one common script for sexuality is founded on the presumption that sexuality is a physically predetermined, perhaps genetic, attribute of every individual. Sexuality is naturalized. Like gender, it is constructed not as a matter of personal choice or social relations, but rather, it is an inborn state, independent of and a priori to social relations (Gavanas 2001; Rubin 1984). According to this discourse, we no more choose our sexuality than we chose our genitals. …

Generalized Electronic Interviewing System (GEIS): A program and scripting method for conducting interviews in multiple modes

A program called the Generalized Electronic Interviewing System (GEIS) was developed for conducting interviews, using computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and interactive voice response (IVR) modes without the need for a programmed interface. GEIS questionnaires were prepared using a common script syntax in all supported modes. Scripted development allowed for rapid interview development without the need for programming. A GEIS script specified the following: question texts, including variable texts; answer option texts; numeric codes for answers; range check information; logical question-branching information; interview status information; do-loop information; and IVR information, such as key codes and voice messages. GEIS thoroughly checked scripts for logical or syntactical errors. GEIS required SAS Version 8.0, and survey data were accumulated within SAS data sets. An application of GEIS to conduct a survey involving CATI, IVR, and a combined hybrid method is described. The CATI results deviated in the direction expected for sensitive questions, whereas IVR obtained a small sample size, rendering the results unreliable. However, the hybrid method was found to provide more accurate telephone survey data on alcohol consumption than did CATI alone. The program may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society Web archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

A simplified database-oriented Web framework

The paper firstly analyses disadvantages in the traditional Web database systems. And then it puts forward a simplified framework called database-oriented Web framework (DOWF). In this framework, the pages and the data are all managed by database system. In order to get keywords or search a special page, which the users accessed before, users access the static pages by common script procedure (CSP), and access the dynamic pages by functional script procedure (FSP) and CSP. The article expounds the method how to implement DOWF in details. The paper also analyses the mechanism of a DOWF site by implementing a prototype system. At last, the article gives the features of DOWS in search, in security, in reuse of pages and in offline waiting, etc.

Multi‐party collaboration as social learning for interdependence: developing relational knowing for sustainable natural resource management

AbstractThis article develops a conceptual framework to theorize about and to intervene in multi‐party collaboration projects related to natural resource issues. It is a recent trend in public and private interorganizational policy that multiple actors get involved to collaborate around issues of water and soil management, nature preservation, land use, farming practices, introduction of new technologies in life sciences and related problem domains. Awareness grows that blue print planning‐ implementation approaches are no longer sufficient to obtain viable and sustainable outcomes. The technical complexity and social embeddedness of these issues, require the collaboration of public authorities, private business, scientific experts, groups of users and social interest groups, non‐governmental organizations and representatives of stakeholders in the particular ecological domain. The central concern is always an interdependent involvement of the stakeholders, the development of a shared problem definition, the coordination of the different actions on all levels and the orientation towards a shared common script and action strategy. Social psychology and particularly organizational psychology, building on theories of interorganizational collaboration and social and organizational development, are challenged to make a contribution here. The different stakeholders engage in joint practices where the acknowledgement and the development of viable interdependencies are at stake. Learning about those interdependencies is considered in this article as the critical constitutive process and form of these multi‐party projects. Through sharing problem perspectives and working with different kinds of knowledge and competencies, multiple actors or stakeholder parties co‐construct a social learning process in an emerging community of practice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lines in the Water: Nature and Culture at Lake Titicaca (review)

Benjamin S. Orlove. Lines in the Water: Nature and Culture at Lake Titicaca. Berkeley: University of California Press. Benjamin Orlove has a long list of publications in anthropology and Andean studies, dating back to the seventies. he also has shown great versatility, including experiments in non-academic narratives, such as his father's biographical memoirs, In My father's Study. In his most recent book, Lines in the Water, the memoir tone and the novelistic narrative make the volume unusually accessible and will interest readers beyond the Andean anthropological arena. This book emerged out of a revision of his old field notes, as he intended to synthesize his intellectual evolution over twenty years of work in the high Andean plateau. The volume weaves two texts in one. The first is reflected in the title's metaphor, the theme of lines as paths. Lines trace the pathways of the shore populations along Lake Titicaca and in history. These symbols also mark the directions Orlove walked as a researcher, professor, and writer. Along these interwoven lines Orlove analyzes the changes and continuities in the relationship between the settlers and their environment in the shape of environmental living memories. Orlove wants to listen to the requests people made as they gave their farewells. Don't forget me, they repeated. While the author seeks to situate these recollections in the present, we are invited to accompany him through his retrospective of the interaction between the lake and its people. Since this book also synthesizes Orlove's professional paths in the high Andean plateau, it illustrates how ethnographic writing has evolved in the last decades as well. Orlove's evolution as an ethnographer and writer shows the impact of some crucial and recent disciplinary debates on environmental anthropology. Orlove recognizes that his initial works were more oriented towards a neoMarxist position focusing on rather than More recently, he has tried to develop a synthesis of these two foci. This tendency is well exemplified in his preference for using the term instead of peasant or indian, when referring to the local fishermen. Orlove argues that the indian category implies cultural distinctions, sometimes exoticism, while peasant refers to national economic relations of inequality. The category indian has re-emerged in anthropology due to a renovated interest in ethnic identities. The author prefers the term villager because it points to space, the local dimension of interaction, closer to the way fishermen refer to themselves using place-based labels more than expressions related to class or ethnicity. Another feature that Orlove tries to incorporate is a more historical perspective, closer to what is nowadays known as historical ecology and environmental history. Over the last decades, ethnologists have explored ethnographic literary style with experimental writings that were still considered as falling within the boundaries of the discipline. The book's tone of fieldwork memoirs, plenty of metaphors and even imaginary trips (like the visit to the museum in Chapter 5) have benefited from this new freedom for anthropologists to experiment as writers. In Orlove's account, Lake Titicaca is a space of sustenance and memory, a story of changes and permanencies. The 21st century finds the lakeshore villagers in almost the same situation as they were in the previous one, marked by a marginal position with respect to the Peruvian state, fighting everyday for sustainable subsistence. This is a common script in the history of the Andes, where communities remote to the state apparatus services complain of being forgotten. Simultaneously, this border position has protected these villages from the economic swings of urban life, like inflation in the prices of manufactured products. Living at the edge of the state sometimes allowed freedom from governmental regulations in taxes and their resource management, balancing the excess of population with constant emigration to cities. …

Gender Differences in Responses to Discrepancies in Desired Level of Sexual Intimacy

Summary The purpose of the current study was to compare reports of discrepancies in the desired level of sexual intimacy in which a man was the reluctant dating partner and those in which a woman was the reluctant dating partner. To obtain information about this type of dating interaction, 139 male and 159 female unmarried heterosexual students completed the Sexual Situation Questionnaire (O'Sullivan & Byers, 1993), which provided information about a situation in which they or their partner refused a sexual advance. A higher percentage of respondents reported having had a disagreement characterized by a reluctant female than a reluctant male in the year preceding the study. However, few differences were noted in the descriptions of male-reluctant and female-reluctant disagreements, suggesting that men and women share a common script. Differences of these descriptions typically constituted actor-observer differences, rather that differences between the two types of disagreement interactions. Implications f...

Towards a Common Cursive Script: American Influences

Towards a Common Cursive Script: American Influences

Optimal Matching Methods for Historical Sequences

common script is standard historical and sociological fare. In the passage from which this quote is drawn, Rude describes a script proceeding from general grievances to triggering events and on to a fixed repertory of rick-burning, machine-breaking, and so on. Throughout his earlier chapters he presents stories of individual riots, on the evidence of which this generalized rests. But one may well ask when we can really speak of such a fixed of events. How would we identify such a quantitatively? How could we discover if the characteristic in rural riots differed sharply from that of urban disturbances? How might we analyze the effects of the occupations of participants on such sequences of events? The answers to such questions are not easily found. The problem of event in riots is typical of a much larger category of problems in history. In each case the data are lists of events. In each case the analyst wants to separate the common pattern from its particular realizations. Yet in each case the analyst wants also to understand why each particular realization took the form it did. The only practical approach to these tasks has been to generate a common pattern using an ideal type or comparative analysis, and then to consider the variations from it on an individual basis. There have been no effective quantitative methods for analyzing such sequence data, a fact that goes far

On Italic Handwriting

Previous articleNext article No AccessOn Italic HandwritingFrank N. FreemanFrank N. Freeman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Elementary School Journal Volume 60, Number 5Feb., 1960 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/459811 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1960 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

A Visit to the Gold Coast

In 1926 the Government of the Gold Coast invited me to visit that country in order to advise them regarding a common script for the leading languages and on related subjects. I arrived on the Gold Coast in February 1927, and stayed there until the middle of April. As a basis for my work I had with me a draft of the proposals of the Institute in regard to the orthography of African languages. These have now been published in the Memorandum on a Practical Orthography of African Languages.